Generation Of Aldehydes Research Articles

The Mitris RESILIA Valve: New Skin for a Proven Design.

By incorporating the best features of the Carpentier-Edwards PERIMOUNT Magna Mitral Ease valve (Edwards Lifesciences Corporation, Irvine, California) and INSPIRIS RESILIA tissue (Edwards Lifesciences Corporation, Irvine, California), the mitris valve inherits the advantages of the remarkable hemodynamic performance of the former and the durability of the latter. In this paper, we will summarize the process that led to the creation of this new valve and report on the first implant's feasibility and first impression. The mitris valve has an overall implantability profile, overlapping the previous generation with no added challenges, but compared to the PERIMOUNT Magna Mitral Ease valve, the mitris valve boasts a more pliable saddle-shaped sewing cuff that is specifically tailored to fit the complex structure of the mitral valve with a lower stent height. This could be particularly beneficial in the context of double-valve replacement, as it may prevent any disturbance to the bioprosthesis located in the aortic position in small annulus. This could also prevent some rare but unpleasant complications such as left ventricle outflow obstruction or rupture of the atrioventricular sulcus. In addition, it could allow for better adherence to the saddle-shaped annulus of the mitral valve with the possibility of less stress (and therefore fibrosis) on the valve tissue, while further reducing the degeneration time. Furthermore, thanks to the possibility of being temporarily adjusted inwards, it is possible to ensure greater implantability compared to the previous generation of Magna Edwards mitral valves. Thanks to INSPIRIS technology, which prevents the generation of free aldehydes that promote oxidation and calcification of pericardial tissue, it is possible to assume that the durability will probably also improve. This reinforces the trustworthiness of the mitris valve.

Unveiling the cocoa-carob flavour gap in dark chocolates via instrumental and descriptive sensory analyses

Roasted carob pulp (Ceratonia siliqua) is a cocoa substitute known for its faint cocoa-like resemblance. However, the cocoa-carob flavour gap remains poorly uncharacterised. This study aimed to elucidate the sensory and molecular aspects of this flavour gap in a 70 % dark chocolate formulation via a two-pronged instrumental-sensorial approach. Descriptive Sensory Analysis (DSA) revealed carob-based chocolate was significantly sweeter, less sour and astringent than conventional dark chocolate due to the high total sugar content (45–50 % DM; HPLC/RID), low titratable acidity and tannin content, respectively. As for aroma, a distinct, albeit weak, cocoa-like aroma was present in carob-based chocolate. HS-SPME-GC-MS/FID revealed this was attributed to branched-chain Strecker aldehyde generation during roasting (2-methylbutanal, 1.17 μg/g; 3-methylbutanal, 2.89 μg/g). Notably, there was a distinct lack of alkylpyrazines. Additionally, a distinct woody, tree bark-like odour was uniquely associated with carob-based chocolates. This was due to furfural generation during roasting (2.33 μg/g). In conclusion, the aroma and taste gap between cocoa and carob was successfully characterised in this study. These findings substantiate the potential of carob application in chocolate manufacturing, thus empowering confectioners to make evidence-based decisions when evaluating cocoa substitutes.

Addition of olive by-product extracts to sunflower oil: Study by 1H NMR on the antioxidant effect during potato deep-frying and further in vitro digestion

Potatoes were fried in sunflower oil enriched or not with Chetoui olive by-product extracts (leaves and olive mill wastewater), and afterwards submitted to in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. Frying oils and fried potato lipids before and after digestion were analyzed using proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy. Potential differences on lipid composition, oxidative status and after digestion also lipolysis degree, were studied. During deep-frying with oil replenishment, a higher generation of aldehydes was observed in non-enriched oils. During digestion, in the lipids of digested potatoes fried in non-enriched oil a higher degradation of linoleic chains and a higher generation of cis,trans-hydroperoxy- and cis,trans-hydroxy-octadecadienoates (primary oxidation compounds) and of alkanals was observed. A slightly higher lipolysis degree was reached in the lipids of potatoes fried in enriched oils. These findings suggest that the addition of both extracts could exert a potential antioxidant effect during frying and digestion, enhancing the quality, safety and nutritional value of fried food.

Tandem One-Pot Biocatalytic Oxidation and Wittig Reaction in Water.

We explore biocatalytic aldehyde generation under aqueous conditions, concomitantly delivering access to a one-pot Wittig reaction using stabilized phosphoranes and granting diverse alkene products. Using a recombinant choline oxidase mutant, we first undertake biocatalytic alcohol oxidation across a range of functional aliphatic primary alcohols, demonstrating a remarkable substrate tolerance for this enzyme, including chloride, bromide, azide, S-methyl, and alkynyl groups. Following this, we extend capability and deliver a practicable milligram-scale one-pot Wittig reaction in water.

Overcoming thermostability challenges in mRNA–lipid nanoparticle systems with piperidine-based ionizable lipids

Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have emerged as promising platforms for efficient in vivo mRNA delivery owing to advancements in ionizable lipids. However, maintaining the thermostability of mRNA/LNP systems remains challenging. While the importance of only a small amount of lipid impurities on mRNA inactivation is clear, a fundamental solution has not yet been proposed. In this study, we investigate an approach to limit the generation of aldehyde impurities that react with mRNA nucleosides through the chemical engineering of lipids. We demonstrated that piperidine-based lipids improve the long-term storage stability of mRNA/LNPs at refrigeration temperature as a liquid formulation. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis and additional lipid synthesis revealed that amine moieties of ionizable lipids play a vital role in limiting reactive aldehyde generation, mRNA–lipid adduct formation, and loss of mRNA function during mRNA/LNP storage. These findings highlight the importance of lipid design and help enhance the shelf-life of mRNA/LNP systems.

Lipid changes and volatile compounds formation in different processing stages of dry-cured Spanish mackerel

Abstract This study delves into the alterations in lipids and major flavor compounds occurring throughout various drying stages (raw fish, dry-cured for 4 d, 8 d, and 12 d) of dry-cured Spanish mackerel (DCSM) and elucidates the mechanism behind their formation. The findings exhibit a notable reduction in phospholipid (PL), triacylglycerol (TAG), heptanal, t-2-hexenal, and dimethyl disulfide contents in the samples observed four days before processing. The peroxide value (POV) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) witnessed a significant surge after 4-8 days, concomitant with the generation of numerous volatile compounds, encompassing alcohols, aldehydes, and ketones. Substantial quantities of 2-methylbutyraldehyde, thiazole, butyl acetate, and trimethylpyrazine emerged during the 8-12 days processing phase. Furthermore, C18:1n-9, C20:5n-3, and C22:6n-3 demonstrated noteworthy correlations with the development of 21 compounds. Principal Component Analysis (PCA), grounded in lipid and volatile compound content, adeptly classified the DCSM drying process into lipolysis and flavor preparation (0-4 d), lipid oxidation and flavor formation (4-8 d), and maturation (8-12 d). The ripening stage played a crucial role in shaping the comprehensive flavor profile. This study offers valuable insights to enhance the traditional DCSM flavor processing and regulation.

Dual iron- and organophotocatalyzed hydroformylation, hydroacylation and hydrocarboxylation of Michael-acceptors utilizing 1,3,5-trioxanes as C1-Synthone

A protocol based on photocatalytic cycles of both iron(III)chloride and 9,10-dicyanoanthracene (DCA) is developed for the masked hydroformylation, hydroacylation, and hydrocarboxylation of Michael-Acceptors utilizing readily available 1,3,5-trioxanes. Initiated by the LMCT of [FeCl4]– to generate chlorine radicals that promote hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) from the trioxanes, 9,10-dicyanoanthracene is used as co-photocatalyst to accelerate the formation of the desired products by facilitating the reoxidation of iron(II) to iron(III). The methodology is robust, allowing the generation of aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids either by altering the trioxane and deprotection strategy or by subsequent photocatalyzed conversion of the initially obtained aldehydes.

Air-Promoted Light-Driven Hydrogen Production from Bioethanol over Core/Shell Cr2O3@GaN Nanoarchitecture.

Light-driven hydrogen production from biomass derivatives offers a path towards carbon neutrality. It is often however operated with the limitations of sluggish kinetics and severe coking. Herein, a disruptive air-promoted strategy is explored for efficient and durable light-driven hydrogen production from ethanol over a core/shell Cr2O3@GaN nanoarchitecture. The correlative computational and experimental investigations show ethanol is energetically favorable to be adsorbed on the Cr2O3@GaN interface, followed by dehydrogenation toward acetaldehyde and protons by photoexcited holes. The released protons are then consumed for H2 evolution by photogenerated electrons. Afterward, O2 can be evolved into active oxygen species and promote the deprotonation and C-C cleavage of the key C2 intermediate, thus significantly lowering the reaction energy barrier of hydrogen evolution and removing the carbon residual with inhibited overoxidation. Consequently, hydrogen is produced at a high rate of 76.9 mole H2 per gram Cr2O3@GaN per hour by only feeding ethanol, air, and light, leading to the achievement of a turnover number of 266,943,000 mole H2 per mole Cr2O3 over a long-term operation of 180 hours. Notably, an unprecedented light-to-hydrogen efficiency of 17.6 % is achieved under concentrated light illumination. The simultaneous generation of aldehyde from ethanol dehydrogenation enables the process more economically promising.

Air‐Promoted Light‐Driven Hydrogen Production from Bioethanol over Core/Shell Cr2O3@GaN Nanoarchitecture

AbstractLight‐driven hydrogen production from biomass derivatives offers a path towards carbon neutrality. It is often however operated with the limitations of sluggish kinetics and severe coking. Herein, a disruptive air‐promoted strategy is explored for efficient and durable light‐driven hydrogen production from ethanol over a core/shell Cr2O3@GaN nanoarchitecture. The correlative computational and experimental investigations show ethanol is energetically favorable to be adsorbed on the Cr2O3@GaN interface, followed by dehydrogenation toward acetaldehyde and protons by photoexcited holes. The released protons are then consumed for H2 evolution by photogenerated electrons. Afterward, O2 can be evolved into active oxygen species and promote the deprotonation and C−C cleavage of the key C2 intermediate, thus significantly lowering the reaction energy barrier of hydrogen evolution and removing the carbon residual with inhibited overoxidation. Consequently, hydrogen is produced at a high rate of 76.9 mole H2 per gram Cr2O3@GaN per hour by only feeding ethanol, air, and light, leading to the achievement of a turnover number of 266,943,000 mole H2 per mole Cr2O3 over a long‐term operation of 180 hours. Notably, an unprecedented light‐to‐hydrogen efficiency of 17.6 % is achieved under concentrated light illumination. The simultaneous generation of aldehyde from ethanol dehydrogenation enables the process more economically promising.

Alkaline wet oxidative pretreatment and acid hydrolysis of wheat straw for squalene and monomethyl branched chain fatty acids rich lipid production in Lentibacillus salarius BPIITR

Lignocellulosic biomass has high potential for use as a carbon substrate in microbial fermentation. However, the generation of various lignin-derived phenolic compounds, benzoic acids, and carbohydrate-derived furan aldehydes poses a major bottleneck. In this study, wheat straw was subjected to sequential alkaline wet oxidative pretreatment (AWOP) and acid hydrolysis to extract hemicellulose sugars. After statistical optimization, 251.50 mg/g total sugar (228.57 mg/g pentose, 22.93 mg/g hexose) and 19.64 mg/g hydrolysis by-products were achieved, with a theoretical pentose recovery of 89.57% and residual cellulose of 72.1%. The lignin-rich and carbohydrate-rich liquids from the AWOP treatment and acid hydrolysis, respectively, were valorised to produce squalene and branched chain fatty acid rich lipid using Lentibacillus salarius BPIITR. The lipid of 100.9 ± 3.53 and 235.75 ± 10.39 mg/g of dcw rich in squalene up to 3121.17 ± 25.49 and 676.41 ± 134.27 μg/g of lipid was produced in AWOP and acid hydrolysate, respectively. In the AWOP hydrolysate, lignin content was reduced by 63.78%, compared to a 40.18% reduction in the acid hydrolysate. GC-MS analysis of the lignin monomer and metabolites suggests the potential influence of lignin monomers on the biosynthetic pathway of squalene and carbohydrate content on the branched chain fatty acids accumulation in the halophilic bacterial lipid of L. salarius BPIITR.

Carbonylation as a Key Step in New Tandem Reactions - A Route to BODIPYs.

Herein, a highly efficient five-step reaction sequence to BODIPYs is presented. The key step is the combination of transition metal-catalyzed in-situ generation of aldehydes and their subsequent organocatalytic activation to yield dipyrromethanes, which are further converted to the corresponding BODIPY. Classic syntheses towards BODIPYs have relied on aldehydes or acid chlorides, which are often not commercially available and rather sensitive to handle. The presented approach starts from readily available and stable alkenes or aryl-bromides, which allows to extend the range of readily available BODIPYs that can be tailored for their specific use. The synthesis of 55 derivatives with overall yields of up to 78 % demonstrates the wide applicability and advantages of the presented method.

The impressive photocatalytic performance of TiO2/CeCoO3/PMO-IL nanohybrid toward the selective generation of aldehydes under a visible-LED light source

The construction of perovskite-based wide bandgap semiconductors with uniform dispersion is one of the main strategies to improve the catalytic activity of semiconductor materials. Here, a heterojunction catalyst was obtained by nucleating TiO2 on CeCoO3 nanopowders and producing TiO2/CeCoO3 hetero nanostructures at 450 °C. Then by putting them on the PMO-IL as a porous substrate, TiO2/CeCoO3/PMO-IL nanohybrid was prepared. The properties of nanohybrid were characterized by FE-SEM, EDS, XRD, BET, XPS, HRTEM, SAED, FT-IR, DRS, and PL spectroscopy. The photocatalytic efficiency of TiO2/CeCoO3 and TiO2/CeCoO3/PMO-IL toward the selective fabrication of aldehydes was studied under the irradiation of visible light. The synthesized nanohybrid demonstrated excellent catalytic activity compared to TiO2/CeCoO3 and PMO-IL alone. Therefore, this nanohybrid could be used as a capable heterogeneous photocatalyst due to its high activity, selectivity, and recyclability.

In situ Generation of Aldehydes for Subsequent Biocatalytic Cascade Reactions in Whole Cells

AbstractAldehydes represent valuable precursors for chemical compounds. However, the incorporation of aldehydes in whole‐cell‐based synthetic enzyme cascades is problematic. Due to their toxicity, they are metabolized to the corresponding alcohols or carboxylic acids by the host enzymatic background. Previous research has shown that these endogenous side reactions can be reversed by alcohol dehydrogenase (AlkJ, Pseudomonas putida) and carboxylic acid reductase (CARNi, Nocardia iowensis) in Escherichia coli. Thereby, the aldehyde is available for further enzymatic conversion to a product of choice. Three different enzymes were incorporated into the concept for the transformation of the aldehyde intermediate: A pyruvate decarboxylase (PDCApE469Q, Acetobacter pasteurianus), ω‐transaminase (ω‐TAVf, Vibrio fluvialis) and imine reductase (IREDCf, Cystobacter ferrugineus). (R)‐Phenylacetylcarbinol and a range of primary and secondary amines were obtained as final products. Either the alcohol, the carboxylic acid or a 50 : 50 mixture could be employed as starting material.

Controllable oxidative depolymerization of lignin to produce aromatic aldehydes and generate electricity under mild conditions with direct biomass fuel cells as flexible reactors

Lignin was oxidized and depolymerized by a direct biomass fuel cell (DBFC) for electricity generation and production of aromatic aldehydes. The yield of aromatic aldehydes could be easily controlled by changing the anodic catalyst, cathodic oxidants and external loading. Cobalt and (VO2)2SO4 were screened as the most suitable anodic catalyst and cathodic oxidant, respectively. A maximum power density of 199.8 mW/cm2 was obtained under the optimized conditions for electricity generation; however, the yield of the aromatic aldehydes was greatly dependent on the type of lignin used, reaction conditions and the external loading (output voltage) of the DBFC. At a lignin concentration of 0.5 g/L, aromatic aldehydes yield of 7.8 % was obtained at an output voltage of 0.9 V. The formation of aromatic aldehydes was mainly caused by cleavage of β-O-4 linkage and oxidation of side chains by the hydroxyl radicals formed via oxidation of OH– by Co3+ on the anode.

Dynamic variation and interrelation in the volatile and non-volatile fractions of deep-fried green onion (Allium fistulosum L.) oil with different frying temperatures

The flavor of deep-fried green onion oil (FO) changed significantly at 155 °C, with decreased fresh onion-like aroma and green scent, and increased savory and burnt notes. A total of 144 odorants were identified in FO samples. The total content of sulfur-containing odorants was highest at 155 ℃, while the total content of target furans and aldehydes/ketones peaked at 165 ℃. UFA accounted for approximately 95 % of the non-volatile fractions in FO, mainly in the form of PUFA. The oxidation degradation of UFA at high temperatures promoted the generation of small molecule aldehydes. Odorants in FO predominantly originated from reactions between sugars and amino acids, contributing to the enticing aroma.

Aromatic hydrocarbons rich bio-oil production from Miscanthus pyrolysis by coupling torrefaction and MoO3/ZSM-5 dual catalysis process

The valorization of Miscanthus pyrolysis by coupling torrefaction and MoO3/ZSM-5 dual catalysis process was studied to generate the aromatic hydrocarbons rich bio-oil, biochar, and combustible gas. With the optimal conditions of torrefied Miscanthus at 280 °C, MoO3/ZSM-5 catalysis process converted 24.17 % bio-oil, 30.27 % biochar, and 45.56 % gas. The coupled system accessed bio-oil phase deoxygenation by reducing the oxygen-containing compound content to 6.27 %. The aromatic yield reached 91.38 %, with an outstanding benzene, toluene and xylene (BTX) selectivity of 52.24 %. Isolating investigations revealed that torrefaction declined the oxygen content of Miscanthus to 5.24 %, increasing their calorific value and promoting subsequent catalytic pyrolysis through deoxygenation. When only using the ZSM-5 catalyst, the increase in torrefaction temperature enhanced aromatic hydrocarbon compounds conversion in the bio-oil, leading to a boost in their content from 55.01 % to 75.97 %. Correspondingly, MoO3 promoted deoxygenation, decreased the ketone content from 40.4 % to 21.92 %, and inhibited the generation of aldehydes. The combination of MoO3 and ZSM-5 with torrefaction delivered a superimposed effect on yielding aromatic hydrocarbons and BTX, which allowed a promising product upgrading method for obtaining high-quality bio-oil.

Integrated analysis of transcriptome, metabolome and physiology revealed the molecular mechanisms for elevated pH-mediated-mitigation of aluminum-toxicity in Citrus sinensis leaves

The contribution of aluminum (Al)-pH-interaction-responsive metabolites and genes to Al-tolerance in Citrus leaves is still poorly understood. Seedlings of ‘Xuegan’ (Citrus sinensis) were supplied with nutrient solution at a pH of 4.0 or 3.0 and an Al concentration of 1 or 0 mM for 18 weeks. Thereafter, we investigated the impacts of Al-pH interactions on plant growth; Al concentrations in leaves and roots; and metabolome, transcriptome, and related physiological indices in leaves. Elevated pH ameliorated Al-toxicity-induced reduction of seedling (leaf) growth. Here, we screened 867 upregulated and 1041 downregulated genes, and 43 [eight primary metabolites (PMs) + 35 secondary metabolites (SMs)] and 28 downregulated (23 PMs + five SMs) in pH 3.0 + 1 mM Al-treated leaves (P3AL) vs. pH 3.0 + 0 mM Al-treated leaves (P3L); and 410 upregulated and 149 downregulated genes, and 75 upregulated (20 PMs + 55 SMs) and 32 downregulated (25 PMs + seven SMs) metabolites in pH 4.0 + 1 mM Al-treated leaves (P4AL) vs. pH 4.0 + 0 mM Al-treated leaves (P4L), implying that elevated pH ameliorated Al-toxic impacts on gene expression, but it enhanced the adaptability of metabolites to Al-stress. Further analysis suggested that raised pH-mediated-amelioration of leaf Al-stress involved the several aspects, including: (a) decreased accumulation of callose and low methylesterified pectin, increased accumulation of high methylesterified pectin, and enhanced cell wall stability; (b) less alterations of lipid metabolism and downregulation of PMs; (c) increased biosynthesis and accumulation of SMs; and (d) enhanced ability to maintain energy, phosphate and cell redox homeostasis, and less oxidative injury due to higher ability to maintain the balance between reactive oxygen species and aldehyde generation and detoxification. Some metabolic pathways such as glycolysis / gluconeogenesis and phenylpropanoid pathway; metabolites such as callose and phenolic compounds; and genes such as xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolases, purple acid phosphatases, phytochelatin synthase 3, and cysteine synthase, might involve in raised pH-induced amelioration of leaf Al-stress. Also, some similarities and differences existed between leaves and roots in Al-pH-interaction-responsive metabolites and genes.

Acid etching-induced Ce3+−O − Mn4+ active sites of SmCe0.1Mn1.9O5 mullite for enhanced elimination of Hg0 and chlorobenzene

The efficient control of co-existing Hg0 and chlorobenzene in flue gas through catalytic oxidation is a major challenge in the field of energy-intensive industry. In this study, a porous SmCe0.1Mn1.9O5 catalyst is prepared via a sol–gel method followed with acid etching for the synergistic elimination of Hg0 and chlorobenzene. The optimized Ce-SM-E exhibits near 100% removal efficiency of Hg0 within 100–400 °C and 90% chlorobenzene conversion above 275 °C as well as excellent performance under complex flue gas conditions. The Ce substituting Mn3+ in the mullite structure enables favorable electron transfers from SmMn2O5 to CeO2 while causing more active defects. Subsequent acid etching removes the surface Sm species and modulates the electronic state of Mn atoms, inducing formation of more Ce3+-O-Mn4+ active sites, consequently enhancing the redox cycle. Especially, the generation of aldehydes, aromatic rings, maleate species and monodentate carbonate species are considered as the main rate-limiting steps in the chlorobenzene degradation path. The influence of complex flue gas components (SO2, NO, H2O, etc) on the distribution of reaction by-products is analyzed. The sulfation poisoning from SO2 consumes reactive oxygen species and promotes more dichlorobenzenes through electrophilic reactions. The presence of NH3/NO and H2O are found to promote the generation of NH4Cl and HCl, respectively, but the addition of which also generates much oxygen-containing byproducts such as acetophenone, benzoyl chloride and benzenecarboxylic acid via the Friedel-Crafts reaction. These results provide a promising approach for engineering efficient catalysts and benefit the evaluation of environmental risk under industrial conditions.

Efficient aerobic oxidation of alcohols and sulfides using an M-doped (M: Mn and Ni) zinc oxide nanostructure

The generation of aldehydes and sulfoxides through selective oxidation process plays an essential role in different organic synthesis. However, using or toxic solvents under harsh reaction conditions leads to wastes and undesired by-products. With this background, ultrafast one-step fabrication of Ni/Mn doped-ZnO was developed under ultrasonic agitation for the first time. The resulting nanostructure was characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, and BET analysis. According to data, a single-phase ZnO structure (wurtzite type) with uniform morphology, and acceptable surface area was obtained for the prepared nanocatalyst. Next, the catalytic activity of the nanostructure was investigated in aerobic oxidation of aliphatic and benzylic alcohols and sulfides. Notably, the present work is the first report of using ultrasound-engendered Ni/Mn doped-ZnO for selective aerobic oxidation reactions. It was found that the proposed nanostructure represented a novel chemical function for catalyzed alcohols and sulfides oxidation with excellent yields and selectivity without using any additives.

Influences of the Reaction Temperature and Catalysts on the Pyrolysis Product Distribution of Lignocellulosic Biomass (Aspen Wood and Rice Husk).

It is important to clarify the distribution of pyrolysis products from lignocellulosic biomass for its thermal transformation to produce high-quality bio-oil. Influences of the reaction temperature and catalysts on the pyrolysis product distribution from aspen wood (AW) and rice husk (RH) were studied by pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). The difference in components from the lignocellulosic biomass results in different pyrolysis characteristics of the biomass raw materials. The reaction temperature significantly influences the product distribution from AW and RH pyrolysis. In all AW catalysis experiments, acids (8.35%), ketones (3.79%), phenols (4.73%), and esters (1.50%) have the lowest content while carbohydrates (48.75%) demonstrate the highest content when taking zinc chloride (ZnCl2) as the catalyst; the HZSM-5 molecular sieve (HZSM-5) promotes the generation of esters (7.97%) and N-compounds (22.43%) while inhibiting production of aldehydes (2.41%); addition of an MCM-41 molecular sieve (MCM-41) is conducive to increasing the contents of aldehydes (21.29%), furans (5.88%), ketones (22.30%), acids (20.46%), and hydrocarbons (4.85%), while reducing the contents of alcohols (0) and carbohydrates (0). In all RH catalysis experiments, the addition of ZnCl2 helps increase the content of carbohydrates (39.16%) and decrease the contents of ketones (3.89%), phenols (5.20%), alcohols (2.34%), esters (1.13%), and N-compounds (3.09%); when applying HZSM-5 as the catalyst, hydrocarbons (18.28%) and alcohols (6.66%) reach their highest content while acids (13.21%) have the lowest content; MCM-41 promotes the generation of aldehydes (25.33%) and furans (5.55%) while inhibiting that of carbohydrates (1.42%).