Alcohol-free Mouthwash Research Articles

GARLING WITH A SOLUTION OF ACACIA CARPA HONEY SOLUTION OF 10% CONCENTRATION ON THE DEGREE OF SALIVA ACIDITY AND THE TOTAL PLATE COUNT (TPC) OF THE NORMAL FLORA OF THE ORAL CAVITY IN CHILDREN

Saliva functions as a buffer that can prevent a decrease in pH or an increase in mouth acidity. Alcohol-free mouthwash containing herbs using honey solution which is made from natural ingredients and is safe for children can be used as an appropriate preventive measure to maintain oral hygiene. The normal flora of the oral cavity consists of microorganisms including bacteria, fungi, mycoplasma, protozoa and possibly viruses. The aim of the research was to analyze the effect of gargling with a 10% concentration of Acacia Carpa (Acacia Crassicarpa) honey solution on the degree of saliva acidity and Total Plate Count (TPC) of normal oral flora and Gram bacteria in children aged 8-9 years. Method: True experimental research type, with a group pre-test post-test with control group design. The sampling technique was carried out by simple random sampling of 30 children. The degree of acidity of saliva is measured using litmus paper, bacterial colonies are incubated on Nutrient Agar media for 24 hours and counted. Test the normality of the data using the one sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Data were analyzed using the Paired T-test if it was normally distributed and the Kruskal Wallis test if it was not normally distributed. Results: The 10% concentration honey gargle group resulted in the average degree of acidity before, namely 7.00, after 6.98, then the average Total Plate Count (TPC) result for normal oral flora, namely before, was 100.47 CFU/ml, whereas after, it was 69.67. CFU/ml. Paired T-Test test results for the 10% honey gargle group Sig. 0.003 (< 0.05), so there is a significant difference between the Total Plate Count (TPC) before and after gargling honey with a concentration of 10%. Conclusion: There is an effect of gargling honey with a concentration of 10% on Total Plate Count of normal oral flora

Anticandidal Activity of Cajuput and Lemongrass Essential Oils Supplemented in Alcohol-Free Mouthwash Against Candida albicans Biofilm Formation on 96-Well Plate and Acrylic Surfaces

The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of alcohol-free mouthwash containing cajuput and lemongrass essential oils and their synergistic effect on eliminating Candida albicans biofilm formation, the most common causative agent of denture stomatitis. The inhibitory activity against C. albicans ATCC10231 biofilm formation on 96-well plate and acrylic surfaces of this formula was significantly different from 0.12% chlorhexidine solution at 20 minutes (P < 0.0001). At one hour and eight hours of immersion, the activity of this formula was similar to the activity of 0.12% chlorhexidine mouthwash. After treatment with this formula, there were less densely active cells and biofilm compared to the negative control, and the action was close to that of 0.12% chlorhexidine mouthwash. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of cajuput and lemongrass essential oils were 2 and 4 µL/mL (for 0.2% and 0.4% v/v, respectively). For chequerboard assays, the fractional inhibitory concentrations of these oils were 0.5 and 0.25 µL/mL, respectively. The combination of cajuput and lemongrass oils in this formula exhibited partial synergism against C. albicans ATCC10231 biofilm formation with a fractional inhibitory concentration index of 0.75. This study demonstrated the inhibitory activity of this formula against C. albicans biofilm formation on 96-well plate and acrylic surfaces after quantitated by colony enumeration and the XTT reduction assay resembled 0.12% chlorhexidine mouthwash. In conclusion, that C. albicans could be inhibited by the partial synergism of these essential oils in this mouthwash formula. Keywords: Inhibitory activity, Natural essential oils, Candida albicans, Microbial biofilm, Solid surface

Evaluation of alcohol-free mouthwash for studies of the oral microbiome.

Oral bacteria play important roles in human health and disease. Oral samples collected using ethanol-containing mouthwash are widely used for oral microbiome studies. However, ethanol is flammable and not ideal for transportation/storage in large quantities, and some individuals may avoid ethanol due to the burning sensation or due to various personal, medical, religious, and/or cultural factors. Here, we compared ethanol-free and ethanol-containing mouthwashes using multiple microbiome metrics and assessed the stability of the mouthwash samples stored up to 10 days before processing. Forty volunteers provided oral wash samples collected using ethanol-free and ethanol-containing mouthwashes. From each sample, one aliquot was immediately frozen, one was stored at 4°C for 5 days and frozen, while the third aliquot was stored for 5 days at 4°C and 5 days at ambient temperature to mimic shipping delays and then frozen. DNA was extracted, the 16S rRNA gene V4 region was amplified and sequenced, and bioinformatic processing was performed using QIIME 2. Microbiome metrics measured in the two mouthwash types were very similar, with intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for alpha and beta diversity metrics greater than 0.85. Relative abundances of some taxa were significantly different, but ICCs of the top four most abundant phyla and genera were high (> 0.75) for the comparability of the mouthwashes. Stability during delayed processing was also high for both mouthwashes based on alpha and beta diversity measures and relative abundances of the top four phyla and genera (ICCs ≥ 0.90). These results demonstrate ethanol-free mouthwash performs similarly to ethanol-containing mouthwash for microbial analyses, and both mouthwashes are stable for at least 10 days without freezing prior to laboratory processing. Ethanol-free mouthwash is suitable for collecting and shipping oral wash samples, and these results have important implications for planning future epidemiologic studies of the oral microbiome.

Investigation of Cajuput and Lemongrass Essential Oils Supplemented in Alcohol-Free Mouthwash: Anti-Inflammation on Human Gingival Fibroblast Cells In Vitro

Alcohol-free mouthwash containing essential oils is a helpful adjunct to self-performed oral hygiene of patients with periodontal disease due to its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. This study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of cajuput and lemongrass essential oils supplemented in alcohol-free mouthwash on human gingival fibroblast cells and RAW 264.7 macrophages, which were incubated in a complete medium. In the current in vitro study, 3 types of mouthwash, including 12 % (v/v) alcohol-free mouthwash, 0.8 % (v/v) cajuput essential oil and 0.4 % (v/v) lemongrass essential oil supplemented in alcohol-free mouthwash, and 0.12 % chlorhexidine mouthwash, were evaluated. All 3 types were determined for cytotoxicity by MTT assay. The sub-IC50 concentration of each mouthwash was calculated to investigate anti-inflammatory activities via the inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-activated nitric oxide production, cyclooxygenases-2, interleukin-1β and interleukin-6 gene expression. The wound healing rate was determined by scratch assay. The results demonstrated that the sub-IC50 concentrations of essential oils in 0.8 % (v/v) cajuput essential oil and 0.4 % (v/v) lemongrass essential oil supplemented in alcohol-free mouthwash significantly inhibited nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages and reduced the gene expression of cyclooxygenases-2, interleukin-1β and interleukin-6 in lipopolysaccharide-activated human gingival fibroblast cells, while stimulating the migration of human gingival fibroblast cells, similar to the sub-IC50 concentration of 0.12 % chlorhexidine mouthwash. These findings suggested that essential oils contained in this mouthwash formula exhibited an anti-inflammatory effect and promoted oral wound healing, which might be used as an alternative agent for patients with periodontal disease. HIGHLIGHTS Cajuput and lemongrass essential oils supplemented in alcohol-free mouthwash expressed anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting nitric oxide production in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages and reducing COX-2, IL-6 and IL-1β expression in LPS-activated HGFs, as well as by promoting oral wound healing, similar to chlorhexidine mouthwash, which is a common, well-known agent in dental treatment Our findings suggested that this novel mouthwash may be an alternative agent in preventing oral inflammatory diseases, especially periodontal disease GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Xylityl Sesquicaprylate Efficacy as an Antiseptic Ingredient for Oral Care Products (Mouthwash): An In Vitro Screening Investigation against Eight Microorganisms.

For dental caries and periodontal diseases initiated by dental plaque (as bacterial communities) and to inhibit the growth of oral pathogenic bacteria, oral care products containing antiseptic active ingredients are highly recommended, nonetheless, side effects of such actives are a concern (teeth discoloration/staining and taste perception, for example). In this context, we challenged xylityl sesquicaprylate, an antiseptic compound from natural resources, as an active ingredient to be used in an alcohol-free mouthwash formulation. The xylityl sesquicaprylate sample was compared to a respective blank mouthwash formulation and one containing triclosan. The in vitro efficacy was screened by the time-kill assay against eight microorganisms. The xylityl sesquicaprylate-containing mouthwash (0.45% w/w) presented a particularly interesting profile of efficacy against Actinomyces viscosus, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Tannerella forsythia, with results of greater magnitude to reduce the log10 of those microorganisms in comparison with the triclosan sample.

Evaluation of Water Sorption and Solubility of Nano Titania Enriched Glass Ionomer Cement Considering the Storage Solution and Time

Background: A biocompatible additive to glass ionomer cement types without affecting their stability in moisture and dry conditions in demand.TiO2NPs are stable and bioactive nanoparticles that improved the mechanical properties of GICs, but their impact on water sorption and solubility remains undetermined. Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the water sorption/solubility of glass ionomer cement incorporating titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) in different storage solutions over time. Methods: A total of 60 glass ionomer discs were fabricated, and they were divided into two groups (n=30); conventional glass ionomer (control), TiO2 NPs modified glass ionomer. Each group was subdivided into three subgroups according to the type of storage solution used (n=10); artificial saliva, mouthwash with alcohol, and mouthwash without alcohol. Water sorption% and solubility% were recorded after immersion of specimens in the storage solutions according to the subdivided groups; at 24hrs, 1 week, and 1 month. Results: TiO2NPs were associated with a significant decrease in sorption% in artificial saliva at 1 week, alcohol at 24hrs, and a significant decrease in solubility% in all storage solutions at 24hrs and artificial saliva at 1 week. There was a significant decrease in water uptake associated with both materials in artificial saliva, also with TiO2NPs modified type in alcohol-free mouth washes. There was a gradual significant increase in solubility% for conventional GIC in artificial saliva and TiO2NPs modified type in alcohol (p≤0.05). Conclusion: TiO2NPs may play a promising role in improving water sorption and solubility of conventional GIC, considering the type of storage solution and time.

The Effects of Selected Mouthwashes on the Surface Microhardness of a Single-shade Universal Resin Composite: In Vitro Study

Aim: To investigate the effects of selected alcohol-free mouthwashes with different formulations (zinc-hydroxyapatite, hydrogen peroxide, and sodium fluoride) on the surface microhardness of a single-shade universal resin composite. Materials and Methods: Forty disc-shaped specimens (8 × 2 mm) from the universal resin composite (Omnichroma®), and a nano-hybrid composite (Tetric® N-Ceram) were prepared. After polymerization, baseline surface microhardness values were recorded using Vickers microhardness tester. The samples from each material were randomly assigned to 4 groups ( n = 10) and immersed in 20 ml of the mouthwashes: Biorepair®, Listerine®, Colgate® Optic White, and distilled water (control). The samples were kept in the immersion solutions for 24 hours, and post-immersion microhardness values were recorded. Data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA and paired sample t-tests at p < .05. Results: Significant reduction in microhardness was observed in all resin composite groups after immersion in the mouthwashes compared to baseline values ( p < .0001). The highest microhardness reduction in Omnichroma® group was observed after immersion in Colgate® Optic White; and Tetric® N-Ceram group after immersion in Listerine® mouthwash. For both materials, the least reduction in microhardness was observed after immersion in Biorepair®. Microhardness values for Omnichroma were significantly higher than Tetric® N-Ceram ( p < .0001). However, Omnichroma exhibited a significantly greater reduction in microhardness after immersion in the tested mouthwashes. Conclusion: In vitro simulated use of the investigated mouthwashes negatively affected the surface microhardness of both tested resin composites. The observed effects were both mouthwash and material dependent.

Effects of various cleaning agents on polypropylene and copolyester thermoplastic orthodontic retainer materials

ObjectivesThis study aimed to evaluate and compare the effects of four cleaning agents on the flexural modulus and light transmittance properties of polypropylene and copolyester thermoplastic retainer materials after long-term exposure. MethodsA total of 120 pieces of standardized copolyester and polypropylene retainer materials were tested after being thermoformed. They were divided equally into six subgroups: as-received, artificial saliva, chlorhexidine, alcohol-based and alcohol-free mouthwashes, and Retainer Brite®. The pieces were subjected to a cleaning process involving 15 minute immersion three times weekly for 3 months. The flexural modulus and light transmittance were then measured for all specimens with three point bending tests and spectrophotometry, respectively. One-way ANOVA and independent samples t-test were applied to compare the means, and Tukey's post hoc test was used in cases of significant differences. The threshold for significance was 0.05. ResultsFor each retainer type, the statistical results revealed that the flexural modulus values of the copolyester retainer material significantly differed from those of polypropylene material under chlorhexidine mouthwash, alcohol-based mouthwash, and Retainer Brite® conditions. Copolyester and polypropylene showed significant differences in light transmittance under all conditions. No significant difference in flexural modulus values was observed among conditions, whereas significant differences in light transmittance were observed between alcohol-based mouthwash and the other conditions for copolyester material. ConclusionsAccording to our results, any cleaning agent can be safely used for both materials without affecting the elastic modulus. However, alcohol-based mouthwash decreases the light transmittance of copolyester retainer material.

Evaluating the Effect of Different Mouthwashes on the Titanium and Nickel Ions Released from Ordinary and Blue NiTi Archwires (An In-vitro Study)

Objectives: This studywas carried out to evaluate the effect of alcohol present in mouthwash on the Ni and Ti ions release from ordinary andblue NiTiarchwire.Materials and Methods: Sixty specimens of 2cm length from 0.017×0.025 inch maxillary Flexy and Blue Flexy NiTi archwire (30 per each archwires) were immersed in 15 ml. distilled water, alcoholic and alcohol-free Corsodyl mouthwashes (10 per immersing media for each archwire) for one and half hour. After that, Ni and Ti ions released in mouthwashes and distilled waterwere measured using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Unpaired sample t-test and one way ANOVA test were used for comparison between the archwire types and among different immersion media.Results: Regarding Ni ion, the release of this ion washigher significantly in distilled water followed by alcohol-free Chlorhexidine while the least amount released in alcoholic Chlorhexidine. For Ti ion, the higher amount of Ti ion was released significantly from alcoholic Chlorhexidine followed by alcoholfree Chlorhexidine and the least amount was released in distilled waterin both types of archwires.Both ions were released significantly more from conventional NiTi archwire in all mouthwashes.Conclusions: Ions released from the tested archwires appear to be low with blue NiTi archwire. Ni ion was released more with alcohol-free mouthwash and just the opposite forTiion.

Comparative Evaluation of Viability and Function of Albino Rabbit Periodontal Ligament Fibroblasts in Various Media (In Vitro Study)

Background: Tooth avulsion is one of traumatic injuries that cause damage to periodontal ligament (PDL) tissues. Avulsed tooth should be stored in a suitable storage medium to preserve the vitality of the PDL fibroblasts (PDLFs).Aim: To assess and compare the effect of various media on albino rabbit’s PDLFs viability and basic fibroblast growth factor (b-FGF) protein and gene expressions at different time intervals.Material and methods: periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) were isolated from molars of albino rabbit then differentiated into PDLFs. The PDLFs were cultured in different media (contact lens solution, skimmed milk, Dentosafe and alcohol free mouthwash) for 1h, 12h and 24h. Phosphate buffered saline (PBS) was used as control medium. Cell viability was assessed by MTT assay. b-FGF protein and gene expression levels were detected by immunofluorescence (IF) staining and Quantitative Real Time-Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR) respectively. Data from MTT assay and H-score of IF staining were statistically analyzed using ANOVA test and multiple two groups comparisons pos hoc test.Results: examination of isolated PDLSCs at different passages showed various shapes of cells from rounded to spindle shaped. The differentiated PDLFs showed positive IF reaction. Statistical analysis of tested media at different time intervals represented that; PBS had the highest mean of fibroblastic cell viability% and H-score, followed by Dentosafe, skimmed milk, contact lens solution and mouthwash respectively. Gene expression of b-FGF was up-regulated in Dentosafe and skimmed milk while it was down-regulated in mouthwash.Conclusions: Dentosafe is more effective in maintenance of PDLFs viability and function than the other tested media. Mouthwash is not recommended as a storage media for PDLFs.

Cannabinoids infused mouthwash products are as effective as chlorhexidine on inhibition of total-culturable bacterial content in dental plaque samples

BackgroundDental plaque is a global health problem affecting people of various age groups. Cannabinoids are gaining enormous research attention due to its beneficial properties for various applications. A preliminary observation on antimicrobial property of cannabinoids against dental plaque bacteria has been reported recently. As a follow-up research, here we report the in vitro evaluation of cannabinoids infused mouthwash products against total culturable (aerobic) bacterial content from dental plaque samples.MethodsWe tested two cannabinoid-infused mouthwash products containing cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabigerol (CBG) respectively (each mouthwash containing < 1% cannabinoid by weight) in vitro against total-culturable bacteria from dental plaque samples collected from 72 adults aged between 18 and 83 years. The participants were grouped on the basis of Dutch periodontal screening index (DPSI) score. To compare the efficacy of our products, we included two most commonly available products over the counter (Product A and Product B) to represent commercially available mouthwash products and the gold standard chlorhexidine digluconate 0.2% as a positive control. The product A represents mouthwash containing essential oils and alcohol, and Product B represents alcohol-free mouthwash that contains fluoride. All the mouthwash products were evaluated directly as such without any dilution through disc diffusion and agar well diffusion approaches and the diameter of zone of inhibition was measured. The limitation in methodology was that, the samples were open-label and the person who performed the manual measurements was unblind to test and control products used.ResultsOn average, the cannabinoids infused mouthwash products showed the similar bactericidal efficacy as that of chlorhexidine 0.2%. Both chlorhexidine 0.2% and cannabinoids infused mouthwash products were effective against all the samples tested. Product A did not show any significant antimicrobial activity in any of the samples tested, except that a very marginal inhibition with a zone of 7-8 mm was observed only in 9 samples. Product B did not show any detectable inhibition zone at all in any of the samples tested. The ranges of zones of inhibition (and their average) were 8–25 mm (18.1 mm) for CBD-mouthwash, 8–25 mm (17.7 mm) for CBG-mouthwash; 12–25 mm (16.8 mm) for chlorhexidine 0.2%; 0–8 mm (0.1 mm) for Product A; and 0 mm for Product B. Although the difference in performance was slightly higher than chlorhexidine in both the cases, the difference was statistically significant for CBD-mouthwash and near significant for CBG-mouthwash. No significant difference was observed between CBD- and CBG-mouthwash. No significant difference in performance was found between DPSI score groups for any of the product tested. To our knowledge this is the first report on such efficient mouthwash product with natural key ingredients including cannabinoids and without any kind of fluoride or alcohol.ConclusionsOur in vitro results demonstrate the potential of cannabinoids in developing efficient and safer mouthwash products and next generation oral care products without fluoride and alcohol.

Compressive Strength of Dental E-Glass Microfiber-Reinforced Composite Resin in Mouthwash Immersion

Fiber-reinforced composite resin (FRC) is gaining popularity as dental filling material. In the oral cavity, it will contact with the oral environment including oral cleansing agents. This research was aimed to determine the effect of mouthwash on the compressive strength of FRC. The materials used were E-glass FRC (EverX Posterior, GC Corp, Japan), alcohol mouthwash (Original Listerine, Johnson&amp;Johnson, Indonesia), alcohol-free mouthwash (Listerine Cool Mint Zero, Johnson&amp;Johnson, Indonesia). Forty-five FRCs were made in cylindrical shapes. Specimens were divided into 2 groups of mouthwash immersion: alcohol and alcohol-free mouthwash. The groups were sub-grouped by 0, 6, 12, and 24 h immersion. Samples were recorded for compressive strength by Universal Testing Machine. The data were analyzed by ANOVA. The result of compressive strength values (MPa) were (alcohol mouthwash): 293.59±30.54 (0 h), 284.43±46.91 (6 h), 268.71±44.66 (12 h), 252.19±31.49 (24 h); (alcohol-free mouthwash): 294.12±28.17 (0 h), 287.30±35.56 (6 h), 273.32±41.94 (12 h), 260.82±40.67 (24 h). Statistical analysis revealed there was no significant influence of mouthwash type (alcohol or alcohol-free mouthwash), immersion duration (0, 6, 12, 24 h), and combination of mouthwash type and immersion duration (p&gt;0.05) to the compressive strength of FRCs. The conclusions were the mouthwash types, immersion duration, and combination of mouthwash type and immersion duration did not influence the compressive strength of E-glass FRC

Impact of oral cleansing strategies on exhaled volatile organic compound levels.

The analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) within exhaled breath potentially offers a non-invasive method for the detection and surveillance of human disease. Oral contamination of exhaled breath may influence the detection of systemic VOCs relevant to human disease. This study aims to assess the impact of oral cleansing strategies on exhaled VOC levels in order to standardise practice for breath sampling. Ten healthy volunteers consumed a nutrient challenge followed by four oral cleansing methods: (a) water, (b) saltwater, (c) toothbrushing, and (d) alcohol-free mouthwash. Direct breath sampling was performed using selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry after each intervention. Proposed reactions suggest that volatile fatty acid and alcohol levels (butanoic, pentanoic acid, ethanol) declined with oral cleansing interventions, predominantly after an initial oral rinse with water. Concentrations of aldehydes and phenols (acetaldehyde, menthone, p-cresol) declined with oral water rinse; however, they increased after toothbrushing and mouthwash use, secondary to flavoured ingredients within these products. No significant reductions were observed with sulphur compounds. Findings suggest that oral rinsing with water prior to breath sampling may reduce oral contamination of VOC levels, and further interventions for oral decontamination with flavoured products may compromise results. This intervention may serve as a simple and inexpensive method of standardisation within breath research.

Antimicrobial Activity of a Formulation of &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Libidibia ferrea&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; L. against Microorganisms of the Dental Biofilm

This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the extract of Libidibia ferrea L. (228.022-INPA) and a mouthwash formulation against microorganisms of the dental biofilm. The extract of Libidibia ferrea L. was prepared and formulated with an alcohol-free mouthwash. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration—MIC was determined by microdilution and cell viability was evaluated through fluorescence. The MICs for the extract were 4.375 μg/mL (Streptococcus mutans), 3.750 μg/mL (Streptococcus oralis), 4.375 μg/mL (Lactobacillus casei). In contrast, for the mouthwash, the MICs were 6.000 μg/mL (bacteriostatic against Streptococcus mutans and bactericidal against Streptococcus oralis). In 1.250 μg/mL of the extract, the number of viable cells measured by fluorescence tests was 16.47% and 14.12% for Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus casei, respectively. For the mouthwash (1.000 μg/mL), 20.60% of viable cells for Streptococcus mutans, and 9.60% for Lactobacillus casei were observed. It can be concluded that the extract and its mouthwash containig Libidibia ferrea L. showed antibacterial activity against microorganisms from the dental biofilm.

Antibacterial properties and side effects of chlorhexidine-based mouthwashes. A prospective, randomized clinical study

Aim Chlorhexidine (CHX) is commonly used in clinical applications, including plaque control and gingivitis treatment. The im of this study was to evaluate the clinical properties, in terms of plaque control, bleeding and discoloration levels, of six CHX mouthwashes that differ in the following characteristics: CHX concentration, presence/absence of alcohol and presence/absence of an anti-discoloration system (ADS). Materials and methods A single-center, prospective, double-blind randomized clinical trial was carried out on 78 consecutive patients. Six mouthwashes (CHX 0.12% alcohol free; CHX 0.20% alcohol free; CHX 0.12% alcohol free with ADS; CHX 0.20% alcohol free with ADS; CHX 0.12% with alcohol; CHX 0.20% with alcohol) were tested. Plaque Index (PI) and Bleedind Index (BI) were recorded, along with tooth staining (spectrophotometry) at T0 (beginning), at T1 (after 7 days), at T2 (after 14 days), and T3 (after 21 days). Data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis. Results All CHX mouthwashes significantly reduced PI (p<0.0001), while only alcohol free CHX 0.20% significantly reduced BI (p<0.0001). Only the CHX 0.12% with alcohol and CHX 0.20% with alcohol mouthwashes showed a significant presence of extrinsic tooth staining (p<0.05). Conclusions Within the limitations of the present study, the alcohol-free mouthwash CHX 0.20% allows a good control of the clinical indices, in particular the bleeding index.

Characteristics of an alternative antibacterial biomaterial for mouthwash in the absence of alcohol

Background/purposeThe purpose of this study was to investigate whether poly-gamma-glutamic acid (γ-PGA), a naturally derived biomaterial, was suitable as an alternative antibacterial mouthwash in the absence of alcohol. Materials and methodsThree bacterial strains, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, were used for testing the antibacterial activity of mouthwashes. In addition, cell viability, cytotoxicity, and genotoxicity experiments were conducted for testing the toxicity of mouthwashes. ResultsWe demonstrated that 10000 ppm of γ-PGA without alcohol could efficiently inhibit 99% of bacterial growth. In addition, γ-PGA did not cause any cytotoxicity or genotoxicity. Conclusion10000 ppm of γ-PGA in an alcohol-free mouthwash is an alternative biomaterial for mouthwashes.

INFLUENCE OF ORAL RINSE SOLUTIONS AND TOOTH BRUSHING ON STAIN ABILITY OF THERMOPLASTIC TOOTH COLORED PROSTHETIC MATERIALS

Objectives: The present study aimed to comparatively evaluate the influence of oral rinse solutions and tooth brushing on stainability of thermoplastic tooth colored prosthetic materials, using computerized spectrophotometry before and after immersion. Materials and Methods: Fifty-six samples (Twenty-eight samples of each material); Acetal resin and polyether ether keton(PEEK) were constructed in the form of discs (10 mm in diameter and 2 mm in thickness). Samples were randomly divided into 4 subgroups (n=7) according to the oral rise solutions (chlorhexidine, benzydamine HCl, alcohol-free mouthwash) and artificial saliva as control. Simulated tooth brushing of samples for 4 min with rotary instruments was applied before immersion in mouth rinses. The mean of color values (L*,a*,b*) of each specimen were measured before and one week after exposure with a Reflective spectrophotometer. Results: regardless to staining solutions totally it was shown that Acetal resin material group recorded higher color change mean value (4.75±0.52 ΔE) than PEEK material group mean value (4.64±0.66 ΔE).The difference between both materials groups means values was statistically non-significant as indicated by two-way ANOVA (F=0.31, P=0.5748>0.05). On the other hand Listerine zero recorded the highest color change mean value (5.05±0.5 ΔE) followed by Tantum V solution mean value (4.91±0.37ΔE) then CHX solution mean value (4.52±0.7 ΔE) while A. saliva solution recorded the lowest color change mean value (4.29±0.52 ΔE). Conclusions:1- There was a highly significant difference between alcohol free, benzydamine HCL & CHX mouth rinses. The listerine zero showed the highest value in staining potential while CHX was the lowest regarding acetal 2- Among the two thermoplastic restorative materials and although statisticaly non significant, PEEK was found to be the higher color stable material and the higher stain was taken up by acetal resin. 3- There were no significant differences between the discoloration effects of different mouth washes used in this study on PEEK material.

Transcriptome changes induced invitro by alcohol-containing mouthwashes in normal and dysplastic oral keratinocytes.

The role of alcohol-containing mouthwash as a risk factor for the development of oral cancer is a subject of conflicting epidemiological evidence in the literature despite alcohol being a recognised carcinogen. The aim of this study was to use invitro models to investigate mechanistic and global gene expression effects of exposure to alcohol-containing mouthwash. Two brands of alcohol-containing mouthwash and their alcohol-free counterparts were used to treat two oral cell lines derived from normal (OKF6-TERT) and dysplastic (DOK) tissues. Genotoxicity was determined by Comet assay. RNA-seq was performed using the Ion Torrent platform. Bioinformatics analysis used R/Bioconductor packages with differential expression using DEseq2. Pathway enrichment analysis used EnrichR with the WikiPathways and Kegg databases. Both cell lines displayed dose-dependent DNA damage in response to acute exposure to ethanol and alcohol-containing mouthwashes as well as alcohol-free mouthwashes reconstituted with ethanol as shown by Comet assay. The transcriptomic effects of alcohol-containing mouthwash exposure were more complex with significant differential gene expression ranging from >2000 genes in dysplastic (DOK) cells to <100 genes in normal (OKF6-TERT) cells. Pathway enrichment analysis in DOK cells revealed alcohol-containing mouthwashes showed common features between the two brands used including DNA damage response as well as cancer-associated pathways. In OKF6-TERT cells, the most significantly enriched pathways involved inflammatory signalling. Alcohol-containing mouthwashes are genotoxic invitro to normal and dysplastic oral keratinocytes and induce widespread changes in gene expression. Dysplastic cells are more susceptible to the transcriptomic effects of mouthwash.

Influence of alcohol-containing mouthwash and alcohol-free mouthwash towards the hybrid composite restoration materials surface hardness

Mouthwash is widely used by the community to maintain oral health. Beside the benefit provided, both alcohol-containing mouthwash and alcohol-free mouthwash have negative effects on the composite resin restorative materials, which can affect the surface hardness. One of composite types is hybrid type which is superior in physical and mechanical properties as a restorative material. The aim of this study was to determined the effect of alcohol-containing mouthwash and alcohol-free mouthwash towards the surface hardness of hybrid composite restorative material. This study used 15 disc-shaped specimens of hybrid composite with the size of 6 mm diameter and 4 mm thickness and divided into three treatment groups immersion, in the alcohol-containing mouthwash (A), alcohol-free mouthwash (B), and artificial saliva (C) as control for 12 hours, which surface hardness was further tested using Vickers hardness test. The mean of hardness values of group: A 24.9 VHN; B: 27.2 VHN; and C: 28.4 VHN. The results of statistical tests One-Way ANOVA showed there were significant differences in the hardness values among the three treatment groups (p&lt;0,05). From this study concluded that both alcohol-containing mouthwash and alcohol-free mouthwash were decreasing the surface hardness of hybrid composite restorative material.

The effect of alcohol-containing mouthwash and alcohol-free mouthwash towards the power chains force decay

Introduction: Power chains is the common device used in fixed orthodontic treatment. Force decay in power chains is a problem that can affect the teeth movement due to a continuous force cannot be maintained. Force decay in power chain can be affected by the use of alcohol-containing mouthwash or alcohol-free mouthwash. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of alcoholic-containing mouthwash, alcohol-free mouthwash, and artificial saliva towards the power chains force decay. Methods: This research was an experimental analytic laboratory in-vitro with the comparative approach. The sample in this study were 40 power chain, short A (SA); 40 power chain, short B (SB); 40 power chain, long A (LA); and 40 power chain, long B (LB), which divided into 5 groups that were consecutively exposed to the artificial saliva as control group; Minosep® with 0.1% of chlorhexidine gluconate; Listerine® with 0% of alcohol; Hexadol® with 9% of alcohol; and Listerine® with 26.9% of alcohol. The measurement of force decay was performed with digital force gauge on day 0, 1, 14, and 28. The statistical analysis was done by using the Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney tests. Result: There was a significant difference (p&lt;0.05) between the force decay of power chain that exposed to the alcohol-containing mouthwash, alcohol-free mouthwash, and the artificial saliva. Conclusion: The force decay level of power chain that exposed to an alcohol-containing mouthwash was higher compared to the force decay level of power chain that exposed to an alcohol-free mouthwash and an artificial saliva.