Effects Of Alcohol Research Articles

Effects of Alcohol on EEG Activity: A Systematic Review Focused on Sex-Related Differences in Youth.

Most electroencephalographic (EEG) investigations on alcohol have focused on adults, and scarce data is available about the potential of EEG measurements to detect young people at high-risk, as well as, to understand possible sex differences in alcohol impact on the brain. This systematic review aimed to explore sex-related differences in EEG among young people with alcohol misuse, alcohol use disorder (AUD), and offspring of families with AUD. A systematic review of the literature was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. Review protocol was registered in Prospero (ID: CRD42024511471). After article selection process and quality assessment, 25 studies were included in our review. The search included participants between 12 and 30 years old with problematic alcohol consumption, as defined by DSM, AUDIT, or specific alcohol misuse questionnaires. It seems that beta was generally higher in young males with AUD, and they usually exhibited greater interhemispheric connectivity (interHC), whereas young females with AUD tended towards enhanced intraHC. P3 appears to be particularly sensitive to alcohol misuse, with males typically exhibiting a lower amplitude than young females. Other event related potentials (ERPs) such as N415, P640, and the error-related negativity (ERN) lacked sufficient methodological support to draw conclusions regarding sex differences, N340 and P540 suggested avenues for expanding research on memory processing, indicating differences in amplitude between males and females. Considering sex variables in clinical research will enhance our understanding of alterations in brain function and structure with the goal of tailoring treatment strategies for AUD.

Effects of amino alcohols-intercalated MgAl-LDH nanocomposites on the properties of sulfoaluminate cement-based materials

Sulfoaluminate cement-based materials (SCBMs) have low mechanical properties in the early stages when they are used in grouting reinforcement engineering. The mechanical properties of cement-based materials can be improved by nanotechnology. Hydrotalcite is a layered anionic clay with adjustable interlayer anions and nanometer spacing. To date, the effect of amino alcohols (ethanolamine (MEA), diethanolamine (DEA), and triethanolamine (TEA))-intercalated MgAl-layered double hydroxides (LDH) nanocomposites (denoted as MgAl-LDH-TEA, MgAl-LDH-DEA, and MgAl-LDH-MEA) on the properties of SCBMs have not been studied. Herein, we demonstrate that intercalated MgAl-LDH exhibit a decrease in crystallinity, an increase in particle size, and improved early mechanical properties compared to unmodified LDHs. MgAl-LDH modified by TEA, DEA, and MEA all have a nucleation effect and provide nucleation sites for ettringite. Simultaneously, the intercalated hydrotalcite can release higher concentrations of magnesium ions into the slurry, forming a magnesium-containing ettringite phase and accelerating the hydration of SCBMs. Modified MgAl-LDH can also release amino alcohols, affecting the hydration process of the paste. The modified LDHs affect the hydration and compressive strength of SCBMs owing to the combined action of the nucleation of LDHs and the release of magnesium ions and amino alcohols compounds.

An innovative process for clean ammonium-free vanadium precipitation and one-step preparation of vanadium dioxide based on hydrothermal enhancement of organic alcohols

As a transition metal oxide, VO2 has excellent optical and electrical properties and is widely used in many fields. The production of VO2 by the reduction of NH4VO3 and V2O5 will inevitably produce ammonia–nitrogen wastewater and NH3 emission during the production of NH4VO3 and V2O5, which will cause serious environmental pollution and will increase economic costs. The large-scale and low-cost synthesis of VO2 still faces great challenges. In this paper, VO2(B) was successfully prepared by a one-step hydrothermal method using NaVO3 as the vanadium source and CH3CH2OH as the reducing agent, and the optimal conditions for vanadium precipitation are as follows: vanadium concentration = 30 g/L, CH3CH2OH dosage = 20 % (percentage of solution volume), initial pH = 1, reaction temperature = 220 °C, reaction time = 12 h. The vanadium precipitation efficiency under the optimal conditions could reach 98.93 %, and the purity of VO2(B) could reach 98.59 %. The precipitation products were characterized by XRD, TG, FTIR, XPS, and SEM-EDS. The mechanism of VO2(B) preparation by ethanol reduction was proposed. This process is characterized by green, clean, and high efficiency. At the same time, the vanadium precipitation effect and vanadium precipitation products of various alcohols were studied to provide technical and theoretical support for the preparation of VO2(B).

Mitochondrial quality control in alcohol-associated liver disease.

Excessive alcohol consumption is a leading cause of alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD), a significant global health concern with limited therapeutic options. Understanding the key factors contributing to ALD pathogenesis is crucial for identifying potential therapeutic targets. Central to ALD pathogenesis is the intricate interplay between alcohol metabolism and cellular processes, particularly involving mitochondria. Mitochondria are essential organelles in the liver, critical for energy production and metabolic functions. However, they are particularly vulnerable to alcohol-induced damage due to their involvement in alcohol metabolism. Alcohol disrupts mitochondrial function, impairing ATP production and triggering oxidative stress, which leads to cellular damage and inflammation. Mitochondrial quality control mechanisms, including biogenesis, dynamics, and mitophagy, are crucial for maintaining optimal mitochondrial function. Chronic alcohol consumption disrupts mitochondrial quality control checkpoints, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction that impairs fatty acid oxidation and contributes to hepatic steatosis in ALD. Moreover, alcohol promotes the accumulation of damaged mitochondria and the release of proinflammatory components, exacerbating liver damage and inflammation. Preserving mitochondrial health presents a promising therapeutic approach to mitigate ALD progression. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the effects of alcohol on mitochondrial function and quality control mechanisms, highlighting their role in ALD pathogenesis. Understanding these mechanisms may pave the way for the development of novel therapeutic interventions for ALD.

Patterns of alcohol use in Belgium, 2013-2020

Abstract Despite numerous efforts worldwide to reduce the harmful effects of alcohol, its impact on health remains significant, contributing significantly to the loss of healthy life years. In Belgium, alcohol use is still a major public health concern, ranking among the highest in alcohol consumption across Europe. This study aims to use available nationally representative data to estimate and evaluate the time trends of alcohol use patterns in Belgium from 2013 to 2018. We used repeated cross-sectional survey data from the Belgian Health Interview Survey (BHIS), which includes self-reported alcohol use and sociodemographic data, to create a time series of annual consumption from 2013 to 2018. This included current and former drinkers, and lifetime abstainers by year, sex, region, and age groups. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model, using the Integrated Nested Laplace Approximation to create the time series and forecast trends for 2020. In Belgium, the prevalence of current drinking remained at a similar level of 80% from 2013 to 2020, with similar rates observed in the Flemish (FL) and Walloon (WA) regions. However, the Brussels-Capital region (BR) had a slightly lower prevalence of 70%. Trends remained relatively stable across all regions during this period. The national level of former drinkers increased from 5% in 2013 to 8% in 2020, with BR and FL showing similar increases, while WA experienced a decline. Abstainer rates rose from 15% in 2013 to 19% in 2020 nationally, with varying increases in each region. Specifically, abstainer rates in FL increased from 13% to 17% and in WA from 14% to 20%, while BR saw an increase from 19% to 22%. Overall, declining trends were evident, with men exhibiting higher prevalence rates across all categories. Time trends from the BHIS reveal consistent and high use of alcohol in Belgium over 7 years, emphasizing the ongoing public health challenge. Urgent policy interventions are needed to reduce the impact of alcohol on health Key messages • Alcohol use in Belgium is still a pressing public health issue, with high prevalence rates of current drinking in the population. Different patterns of alcohol use can be seen between regions. • Understanding the role of alcohol on population health as an attributable burden can improve health monitoring.

Mobile street clinics and harm reduction: pathways to provide care to homeless people in Brazil

Abstract Homeless people (HP) are defined as a heterogeneous group that lives in extreme poverty, with weakened or severed family ties, lacking access to conventional housing, and using public spaces as residence. In terms of health, mental health conditions are prominent as a primary treatment demand, with care aimed at addressing needs arising from the use of alcohol and other drugs being a priority in serving HP. In this context, mobile street clinics (MSC) provide health services directly in street environments, focusing on individuals who use alcohol and other substances through harm reduction approaches. Harm reduction is defined as a set of practices aimed at minimizing the adverse health effects of alcohol and drug use without necessarily eliminating usage. Moreover, it represents an ethical and political direction in care, confronting the logic of criminalization and compulsory abstinence, enhancing access to health care for alcohol and other drug users through strategies that foster autonomy development. In the current study, we conducted an integrative review assessing the facilitators and barriers for HP access to mental health services. Preliminary results indicated that MSC, the connection between healthcare workers and the HP they serve, and the implementation of local street-based actions were the main facilitators of access for individuals who engage in harmful use of alcohol and other drugs to mental health services. Conversely, stigma, services’ lack of adjustment to the lifestyles of homeless people, and excessive bureaucracy were identified as the principal barriers of access. MSC, through their harm reduction activities, have emerged as a potential care technology to facilitate access to health services for homeless people. This research aims to present harm reduction as an ethical and political direction of care through the actions of mobile street clinics, as a way to facilitate access to health services for the homeless people. Key messages • Homeless people require mental health care tailored to the use of alcohol and other drugs, and harm reduction strategies implemented through mobile street clinics prove to be an effective form of care. • Mobile street clinics and harm reduction are important care technologies that enhance access to health services for the homeless population.

Purification of Glucomannan from Porang (Amorphophallus oncophyllus) Tuber Flour through Hydrolysis of Hydrochloric Acid

Porang (Amorphophallus oncophyllus) is a local perennial plant that commonly grown in Indonesian forest. Its tuber contains a lot of glucomannan that has many benefits as food ingredient or as functional food. Glucomannan has a lot of health benefits, such as anti-diabetic effect, low glycemic index, prebiotic effect, etc. Despite that, the extraction is still a problem because it is difficult to get pure glucomannan extract out of Porang flour. Thus, in this study we are going to use hydrocloric acid to extract the glucomannan from the porang flour through hydrolysis extraction. This research will test the effect of hydrochloric acid concentration on the purity of glucomannan extract obtained from porang flour, to study the effect of nonsolvent, ethanol and isopropyl alcohol on glucomannan concentration, and to obtain the optimal condition to get high concentration of glucomannan using extraction with pretreatment hydrochloric acid hydrolysis.

Impact of Alcohol Consumption on Lifespan: a Mendelian randomization study in Europeans

Alcohol is widely used but recognized as a risk factor for several adverse health outcomes based on observational studies. How alcohol affects lifespan remains controversial, with no trial to make such an assessment available or likely. We conducted a Mendelian randomization (MR) to assess the effect of alcohol on lifespan in men and women, including a possible role of smoking and education. Strong (p < 5e− 8), independent (r2 < 0.001) genetic predictors of alcohol consumption in 2,428,851 participants of European ancestry from the Sequencing Consortium of Alcohol and Nicotine use (GSCAN) consortium genome wide association study (GWAS) were applied to sex-specific GWAS of lifespan (paternal and maternal attained age) and age at recruitment to the UK Biobank. We used multivariable MR to allow for smoking and education, with systolic and diastolic blood pressure as control outcomes. Inverse variance weighted was the primary analysis with sensitivity analysis. Alcohol consumption decreased lifespan overall (− 1.09 years (logged alcoholic drinks per week), − 1.89 to − 0.3) and in men (− 1.47 years, − 2.55 to − 0.38), which remained evident after adjusting for smoking (− 1.81 years, − 3.3 to − 0.32) and education (− 1.85 years, − 3.12 to − 0.58). Estimates from sensitivity analysis were similar, and when using the genetic variant physiologically associated with alcohol use. Alcohol consumption was associated with higher blood pressure as expected. Our study indicates that alcohol does not provide any advantages for men or women but could shorten lifespan. Appropriate interventions should be implemented.

Mechanisms of Differential Sensitivity to Ethanol-Induced Apoptosis in Mouse Spinal Cord at Different Developmental Stages-Akt/GSK Signaling and BAX.

The current study investigated differences in ethanol-induced apoptosis of spinal cord dorsal horn neurons at different developmental stages and the molecular mechanisms involved. A mouse ethanol intervention model was established on postnatal days 4, 7, and 12. Primary cells were derived from the spinal cord at postnatal day 4. Western blotting, immunofluorescence, and flow cytometry were used to detect apoptosis-related proteins in the spinal cord and primary cells. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes originating from the Gene Expression Omnibus dataset GSE184615 was conducted. Effects on Akt/GSK3β pathway proteins were investigated using the GSK3β inhibitor AR-A014418, and the Akt inhibitor DHA. Lentiviral knockdown and overexpression of intervening GSK3β were used in HT22 cell lines to investigate the effects of alcohol on GSK 3β and caspase proteins. J-aggregates, reactive oxygen species assays, and calcein-AM assays were used to investigate mitochondrial function and cell viability. Ethanol caused downregulation of Akt activity and upregulation of GSK3β activity and apoptosis. DHA, AR-A014418, and knockdown of GSK3β effectively counteracted ethanol-induced apoptosis, whereas overexpression of GSK3β enhanced the injury process. PI3K activity was unchanged during these processes. Fluorescence colocalization analysis indicated that BAX was translocated to mitochondria during the apoptotic process. BAX was downregulated as the spinal cord developed, consistent with a reduced susceptibility to ethanol-induced apoptosis. Akt/GSK3β signaling and BAX together determine the direction of alcohol-induced apoptosis and its susceptibility to change during developmental stages in the spinal cord.

Exploring the Association of Smoking and Alcohol Consumption with Presence of and Severe Coronary Artery Calcification.

Despite the majority of studies have identified smoking as a risk factor for coronary artery calcification (CAC), some studies have not identified this relationship. Differences on results reached by studies on the association of alcohol consumption with CAC exist. Moreover, studies have almost exclusively investigated the association between smoking and alcohol consumption independently. Whether an interaction effect of alcohol on the association of smoking and CAC exists has hardly been investigated. The data of 2431 adult patients who visited Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences from September, 2001 to December, 2023 and had Agaston coronary artery calcification score (CACS) reported were utilized. Patients who (1) underwent percutaneous coronary intervention, coronary bypass graft and heart transplantation, or (2) were complicated by acute medical conditions, chronic kidney disease or malignant neoplasms were excluded. Data from 1528 patients were eventually analyzed. Logistic regression was employed to investigate the association of smoking and alcohol consumption with presence of CAC and severe CAC. Interaction effects of alcohol consumption history on the association of current smoking and both presence of and severe CAC were examined. Smoking history was significantly associated with presence of CAC and severe CAC. Current alcohol consumption was also significantly associated with presence of CAC and severe CAC. After adjusting for confounders, alcohol consumption history demonstrated an interaction effect on the association of current smoking with both presence of and severe CAC. Using non-alcohol consumers not smoking at the time of the study as reference, current smokers with an alcohol consumption history suffered from an increased risk of presence of CAC and severe CAC. Both smoking history and current alcohol consumption were associated with presence of and severe CAC. Alcohol consumption history demonstrated an interaction effect on the association of current smoking with both presence of and severe CAC.

Experimental Study on the Protective Effect of High Alcoholysis Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) Solution Spraying on Loess Fill Slopes

Loess has high water sensitivity and exhibits poor characteristics such as weak cementation and high porosity. Under heavy rainfall, loess fill slopes are prone to erosion and landslides, posing serious threats to public safety and property. In light of these serious threats, this study employed the method of spraying polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solution to improve loess fill slopes and systematically examine its protective effects. Through field investigations and combined laboratory and outdoor tests, this study comprehensively evaluated the mechanical properties, anti-aging and anti-erosion performance of loess after PVA solution spraying. Scanning electron microscopy was used to reveal the mechanism of PVA action at the microscopic level. The results showed that after treatment with PVA solutions of varying concentrations, the mechanical properties of loess samples were significantly enhanced, while also exhibiting excellent anti-aging and water resistance performance. Additionally, PVA-treated loess fill slopes exhibited excellent rain erosion resistance. A microscopic structural analysis showed that PVA fills the internal pores of loess, strengthens inter-particle bonding, and uses its hydrophobic groups’ water-repellent action to effectively enhance slope stability and erosion resistance. In conclusion, PVA treatment not only significantly enhances the protective effects of loess fill slopes but also holds important value in improving soil sustainability and environmental protection.

Effect of Benzyl Alcohol on Main Defense System Components of Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera).

Benzyl alcohol (E1519) is an aromatic alcohol used in the pharmaceutical and food industry. It is used to protect food products against microorganisms during storage, as a flavoring in the production of chocolate and confectionery products, as an important ingredient in fragrance, and as a preservative in medical products. However, little is known of its effect on insects. The main aim of this study was to determine the influence of benzyl alcohol on the defense systems of the wax moth Galleria mellonella, i.e., its cuticular lipid composition and critical elements of its immune system. A gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis found benzyl alcohol treatment to elicit significant quantitative and qualitative differences in cuticular free fatty acid (FFA) profiles. Our findings indicate that benzyl alcohol treatment increased the levels of HSP70 and HSP90 and decreased those of HSF1, histamine, and cysteinyl leukotriene. Benzyl alcohol application also increased dismutase level in the hemolymph and lowered those of catalase and 8-OHdG. The treatment also had negative effects on G. mellonella hemocytes and a Sf9 cell line in vitro: 48-h treatment resulted in morphological changes, with the remaining cells being clearly spindle-shaped with numerous granules. The high insecticidal activity of compound and its lack of toxicity towards vertebrates suggest it could be an effective insecticide.

Do the effects of alcohol excise taxes differ by drinking level and by income level?

Do the effects of alcohol excise taxes differ by drinking level and by income level?

Dyadic cannabis use, alcohol use and relationship satisfaction: A daily diary study

ObjectiveIntimate relationships are important contexts for understanding individuals’ substance use patterns and trajectories. Using a dyadic daily diary design reporting over 14 consecutive days, the present study examined the association between cannabis use, alcohol use, and momentary relationship satisfaction among adult couples MethodEligible individuals on Prolific were invited to participate. We identified 33 couples where both partners participated. Participants completed a baseline survey and a 14-day daily diary study assessing their daily cannabis use, alcohol use, and relationship satisfaction. Multilevel modeling was used, within an Actor-Partner Interdependence Model (APIM), to evaluate the individual and interactive effects of one’s own use and their partner’s use on relationship satisfaction ResultsSignificant actor and partner effects of alcohol and cannabis use were found using both baseline and daily report data. For individuals who use cannabis more heavily among sampled couples, cannabis and alcohol co-use was associated with reduction in their own next-day relationship satisfaction while alcohol-only use was significantly associated with increased next-day satisfaction. There were no significant effects of one’s own or their partner’s effects for individuals who use cannabis more lightly. ConclusionsFindings replicate and extend prior research by demonstrating the dynamic nature of dyadic substance use and highlighting the unique impact of alcohol and cannabis co-use on daily relationship functioning.

Decreasing brain activity caused by acute administration of ketamine and alcohol - A randomized, controlled, observer-blinded experimental study.

Substance abuse is a major public health problem. In recent years, ketamine, which is a parenteral anesthetic, has been consumed increasingly as an illicit drug together with alcohol, although little is known of how this association alters brain activity. The present study investigated the influence of progressive doses of ketamine, associated with alcohol, on electrophysiological activity. For this, 72 late-adolescent (8-10-week-old) male Wistar rats received either ketamine only, at low (10mg/kg), intermediate (20mg/kg) or high (30mg/kg) doses via intraperitoneal injection, or alcohol (2mL/100g) via oral gavage followed by ketamine (at low, intermediate, and high doses). Electroencephalograms (EEG) and electromyographic recordings were obtained 5min after the final application of the drug. When administered alone, ketamine resulted in an increase in delta, theta, beta, and gamma brainwaves, with a more pronounced effect being detected at the highest dose (30mg/kg) in the case of the delta, beta, and gamma waves. The amplitude of the alpha brainwaves was reduced at all doses of ketamine, but less intensively at the highest dose. When administered alone, alcohol reduced all the brainwaves, with the reduction in the alpha waves being exacerbated by ketamine at all doses, and that of the theta and beta waves being boosted at the lowest dose. The intermediate dose of ketamine (20mg/kg) reverted the alcohol-induced reduction in the theta and gamma waves, whereas the high dose increased delta, theta, beta, and gamma bandpower. Overall, then, while ketamine enhances the depressant effects of alcohol on the alpha brainwave at all doses, a low dose intensified this effect on the theta and beta 175 waves, whereas a high dose produces neuronal hyperexcitability in the theta and 176 gamma bandpower.

Examining the causal genetic effects of substance use on aging.

Substance use shortens lifespan, impedes health, and accelerates the biological aging process. We found widespread genetic correlations between alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, and opioid use and use disorders with indices of aging across the lifespan. There was evidence of tobacco and alcohol use and use disorders causally impacting physical, cognitive, and biological aging, with the effects of alcohol being more dependent on quantity of consumption; evidence of reverse causality was scant.

Rapid preparation of anti-retrogradation starch by choline chloride based deep eutectic solvents: A comparative study

Legumes are a widespread and cheap source of starch. However, legume starches are prone to retrogradation in applications. Therefore, enhancing the resistance to retrogradation is important to ensure the quality of starch products. In this study, the effects of amines, alcohols, and carboxylic acids deep eutectic solvents (DESs) on the retrogradation properties of pea starch (PS) were investigated. The results showed that the starches treated with carboxylic acid DESs for only 30 min exhibited low paste viscosity, high paste clarity and anti-retrogradation. The carboxylic acid DESs treatment resulted in holes or cracks appearing on the starch surface, a decrease in molecular ordering, relative crystallinity, and amylose content. The thermal enthalpy of starch as well as the pasting viscosity were substantially reduced after the treatment. The paste clarity and the resistance to retrogradation were significantly improved. Conversely, the structure, pasting and retrogradation properties of starch treated with amine and alcohol DESs exhibited only slight differences compared to PS. The carboxylic acid DESs took a short time for the starch modification, and the modified starch paste with low viscosity, high clarity, and resistance to retrogradation. The study could provide an environmentally-friendly and cost-effective method for the preparation of starch with well anti-retrogradation properties.

Relationship between friction reduction effect and solubility in base oil of organic friction modifiers

This study explored the relationship between the solubility of additives in base oils and their friction-reduction efficacy using cetyl alcohol as a model additive. Atomic force microscope friction tests demonstrated that the friction-reduction effect of cetyl alcohol varied significantly across the base oils. The solvation free energy was computed to evaluate the solubility of cetyl alcohol. A direct proportional relationship between friction-reduction and solvation free energy was observed, indicating additives with lower solubility have better friction-reduction performance. Neutron reflectometry experiments and molecular dynamics simulations revealed that lower solubility correlates with stronger adsorption. This study quantitatively clarified the relationship between solubility, adsorption, and friction reduction, providing insights into optimizing lubricant formulations and contributing to a deeper understanding of boundary lubrication mechanisms.

The Safety of Alcohol Pharmacotherapies in Pregnancy: A Scoping Review of Human and Animal Research.

Alcohol pharmacotherapies pose unknown teratogenic risks in pregnancy and are therefore recommended to be avoided. This limits treatment options for pregnant individuals with alcohol use disorders (AUD). The information on the safety of these medications during pregnancy is uncertain, prompting a scoping review. The objective of this review was to investigate available information on the safety of alcohol pharmacotherapies in pregnancy. Studies published between January 1990 and July 2023 were identified through searches in BIOSIS, Embase, PsycINFO and MEDLINE databases, using terms related to pregnancy and alcohol pharmacotherapies. The alcohol pharmacotherapies investigated were naltrexone, acamprosate, disulfiram, nalmefene, baclofen, gabapentin and topiramate. Studies were screened by two independent reviewers. Covidence software facilitated the management, screening and extraction of studies. A total of 105 studies were included in the review (naltrexone: 21, acamprosate: 4, disulfiram: 3, baclofen: 3, nalmefene: 0, topiramate: 55, gabapentin: 32) with some studies investigating multiple medications. Studies investigating naltrexone's safety in pregnancy focussed on opioid use disorders, with limited evidence regarding its safety in the context of AUD. Despite concerns about higher rates of some pregnancy complications, studies generally indicate naltrexone as a safer option compared with opioid agonists or alcohol during pregnancy. Acamprosate was not clearly associated with adverse effects of exposure in pregnancy, with two pre-clinical studies suggesting potential neuroprotective properties. Disulfiram has a high risk of congenital anomalies when used in pregnancy, believed to be due to its mechanism of action. Prenatal topiramate has also been associated with an increased risk of congenital anomalies, particularly oral clefts. There were mixed results concerning the safety of prenatal gabapentin and little to no literature investigating the safety of baclofen or nalmefene during pregnancy. There is insufficient research on the safety of alcohol pharmacotherapies in pregnancy. Despite this, given alcohol's teratogenic effects, naltrexone could be considered to help maintain abstinence in pregnant individuals with AUD, particularly when psychosocial treatments have failed.

Bidirectional associations between sleep and cannabis and alcohol (co-)use in daily life.

Poor sleep is common in the context of cannabis use, but experimental and daily-life studies provide mixed evidence for whether cannabis use helps or disturbs same-night sleep. Despite a high prevalence of co-use of alcohol and cannabis, most studies of cannabis use and sleep do not consider alcohol use. We sought to add to this literature by examining associations between cannabis and sleep in the context of alcohol co-use and to examine these associations bidirectionally using ecological momentary assessment. Participants were 88 adults reporting cannabis use at least 3×/week and simultaneous alcohol and cannabis use at least 2×/week. For 14 days, participants completed morning surveys assessing hours slept and perceived sleep quality from the night before. In morning surveys, random surveys, and substance-specific surveys, participants also reported on alcohol and cannabis craving, use, and amounts. Primary results from multilevel models demonstrated that cannabis use was not independently associated with sleep (duration or quality). However, cannabis use attenuated alcohol's negative effects on sleep quality. Results question the utility of cannabis use to improve sleep but highlight the attenuated negative effects of alcohol as a potential reinforcer of alcohol-cannabis co-use. Future work should continue to consider polysubstance use and integrate additional self-report and objective measures of sleep health to further clarify how cannabis use affects sleep.