Addition Of Alcohol Research Articles

The Effect of Polyvinyl Alcohol Addition on the Solid Carbon Infusion in Zirconia-Toughened Alumina

This study examines the effect of adding various amount of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) from 1 wt. % to 5 wt. % as function to produce porosity of the microstructure on Zirconia-Toughened Alumina (ZTA). Porosity is required in this study which aims to increase the efficiency of carbon infiltration on the porous composite through chemical vapor infiltration (CVI). Moreover, carbon production from empty fruit bunch (EFB) was used as a reinforcement on ceramic composites in this system. The microstructure of samples was characterised by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The density shows the lowest at 2.864 g/cm3 when the percentage of binder is increased at 4wt.% of PVA without carbon infiltration but shows the highest density value which is 4.107 g/cm3 after carbon is infiltrated. Vickers hardness was used to identify the hardness of samples. It was found that ZTA composite with infiltrated carbon has better hardness (2053HV) with addition of 4wt.% of PVA. However, firing shrinkage showed no effect on the composite with or without carbon infiltration. The structure of crystalline carbon in composite was analyses by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). Nevertheless, no peak for carbon is observed due to low carbon content and another alternative such as Raman spectroscopy was used to identify the presence of diffused carbon. Based on the result, carbon infiltration on composite will produce better physical and mechanical properties with the help of binders that produce pores for carbon to infiltrate.

Investigation of the effects of high-carbon alcohol addition to camelina oil methyl ester on the performance parameters and soot emission of a diesel engine

Abstract Reasons such as environmental problems and price instability have increased the interest in alternative energy sources. Biodiesel, which is a renewable alternative to diesel fuel, is among the most popular alternative fuels. Biodiesel is a biofuel obtained from the esterification of various oils such as vegetable, animal, waste frying and microalgae oils. In this study, the camelina plant, which has great potential in biodiesel production with its outstanding economic and agricultural characteristics, was preferred. The biodiesel was obtained from the camelina oil by the transesterification method, and the effects of adding different amounts of high-carbon alcohol (n-pentanol) to the biodiesel on the performance and formation of soot emissions of a diesel engine were investigated. High-carbon alcohols exhibit better fuel properties compared to low-carbon alcohols such as methanol and ethanol. Due to the increase in the number of carbons in the structure of alcohol, the cetane number and heat value increase, while the self-ignition temperature and the tendency to knock decrease. The engine experiments were carried out with four different fuels, namely diesel fuel (D100), biodiesel (B100), 10% pentanol added biodiesel (B90P10) and 20% pentanol added biodiesel (B80P20), at full-load variable-speed conditions. The experimental results revealed an improvement in the engine performance with the addition of 10% pentanol to biodiesel, while the performance parameters get worse with increasing pentanol ratio. In addition, due to the oxygen content of pentanol, it has been determined that it has positive effect on reducing the smoke emissions.

Long-term storage stability of type A and type B gelatin gels: The effect of Bloom strength and co-solutes

For gelatin-based confectionery, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical products, storage stability is important for maintaining textural properties during transportation and throughout the shelf life of the final product. Exposure to elevated temperatures causes degradation of the gelatin molecule, which results in a reduction in the average molecular weight, further impacting its mechanical properties. In this study, the long-term stability of gelatin systems prepared with different gelatins (type B from bovine, type A from pig skin, or type A from fish skin) stored below and above the sol-gel transition temperature was compared. The effect of storage temperature, Bloom strength, and the inclusion of co-solutes (sugar alcohols or gum arabic) on storage stability was evaluated. The long-term stability was investigated using small amplitude oscillatory shear measurements and molecular weight analyses via size-exclusion chromatography coupled with online multiangle laser light scattering. The storage modulus of the gels and the average molecular weight of the gelatin indicated that incubation above or close to the equilibrium sol-gel transition temperature resulted in an increased degradation rate of gelatin. Type A gelatin gels exhibited better storage stability than type B gelatin gels. In addition, gels prepared with high Bloom strength gelatins exhibited improved storage stability compared to low Bloom strength gelatins. The addition of sugar alcohols increased stability, whereas gum arabic did not have a large impact on the long-term stability of the type B gelatin gel.

Cu-catalyzed asymmetric addition of alcohols to \u03b2,\u03b3-alkynyl-\u03b1-imino esters for the construction of linear chiral N,O-ketals

N,O-acetals are part of many synthetic intermediates and important skeletons of numerous natural products and pharmaceutical drugs. The most straightforward method of the synthesis of N,O-acetals is the enantioselective addition of O-nucleophiles to imines. However, using this method for the synthesis of linear chiral N,O-ketals still remains challenging due to the instability of raw materials under acidic or basic conditions. Herein, we developed a Cu-catalyzed asymmetric addition of alcohols to β,γ-alkynyl-α-imino esters under mild conditions, providing the corresponding linear chiral N,O-ketals with up to 96% ee. The method tolerates some variation in the β,γ-alkynyl-α-imino ester and alcohol scope, including some glucose and natural amino acid derivatives. Computational results indicate that the Boc group of the substrates assist in the extraction of hydrogen atoms from the alcohols to promote the addition reactions. These products could be synthesized on a gram-scale and can be used in several transformations. This asymmetric addition system provides an efficient, mild, gram-scale, and transition-metal-catalyzed synthesis of linear chiral N,O-ketals.

The Mood Boost from Tobacco Cigarettes is More Erratic with the Additions of Cannabis and Alcohol.

A large body of literature indicates that nicotine results in an acute mood "boost," including increased positive affect and decreased negative affect. Young adults frequently engage in polysubstance use of cigarettes with cannabis and alcohol-a trend that is likely to accelerate with the expanding legalization of cannabis. However, little is known about whether polysubstance use, defined here as combustible tobacco cigarette use within the same hour as cannabis and alcohol, is associated with changes in the nicotine mood boost. The present study aimed to address this gap. Young adults (N = 202, 52% female, mean age = 21 years at time 1) provided ecological moments assessment (EMA) reports of cigarette use over two 7-day bursts spaced 1 year apart. In each report, participants rated mood levels before and after smoking, and indicated cannabis and alcohol use. Mixed-effects location-scale modeling simultaneously tested changes in mood levels and variability related to smoking events with cannabis and/or alcohol compared with smoking-only events. From before to after smoking, positive affect increased and negative affect decreased, on average. Overall, the additions of cannabis and/or alcohol had nonsignificant associations with these mean changes. However, polysubstance use, as well as cigarette-cannabis co-use, were each associated with significantly greater within-person variability in the positive and negative affect changes related to smoking. The mood benefits associated with smoking were more erratic in the contexts of polysubstance use and cigarette-cannabis co-use. Potential implications for young adults' long-term nicotine use trajectories are discussed. Among young adults who smoke cigarettes, the mood "boost" from smoking may be more erratic-which is to say, more likely to be either amplified or attenuated-with the additions of cannabis and alcohol together, or cannabis alone. On occasions when young adults seek out cannabis and alcohol to enhance their smoking mood boost, but instead experience a dampening effect, they might consume more nicotine, contributing over time to greater dependence. Future investigation is warranted, with particular attention to nicotine-cannabis co-use.

The utilization of strong alcoholic beverages while processing semi-smoked sausage

The use of strong alcohol in the processing of semi-smoked sausages is proposed in order to impart aroma and taste to ready-made sausages, as well as to expand the assortment list of manufactured products. In the course of the study, 5 variants of semi-smoked sausages were processed under the State Standard 34162-2017 “Processing semi-smoked sausages. General processing terms”. The formulations of the prototypes include balsam, liqueur, cognac and rum in the amount of 4% by bulk of unsalted raw materials. Alcohol has denaturing properties with respect to protein, accompanying meat softening when marinated. It has been found that the addition of strong alcoholic beverages did not have any negative effect on the quality indicators of semi-smoked sausages. By organoleptic and physicochemical indicators all product items cooked corresponded to the state standard. Each sample made had an attractive exterior and were highly appreciated by the tasting committee. The tasting committee awarded the highest points for the exterior, color and taste the semi-smoked sausage cooked with the addition of 4% of rum. The use of rum in the formulation of semi-smoked sausage in the amount of 4% of the bulk of unsalted raw materials led to an increase in the total score for the organoleptic assessment of the product quality from 50.15 to 50.86 points. In the samples of items with the addition of alcohol, an increase in the bulk proportion of protein and bulk proportion of fat has been noted, the energy value of final food stuffs also increased with a decrease in the bulk proportion of moisture in them. Further studies on the processing of a semi-smoked sausage formulation with an optimal rate of introduction of the most successful version of a strong alcoholic product – rum seems to be promising.

ОЦЕНКА МЕТОДОВ ПОДАЧИ СПИРТА В ЦИЛИНДРЫ ДИЗЕЛЬНОГО ДВИГАТЕЛЯ ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНОЙ УСТАНОВКОЙ

The main problem of modern internal combustion engines at present is the growing shortage of fuel and the increase in environmental safety requirements. To solve this problem, the authors suggest adding alcohol to diesel fuel. This additive – ethanol or methanol – will help reduce harmful emissions of combustion products into the atmosphere and increase the efficiency of the internal combustion engine in the main operating modes. The method of feeding the mixture into the combustion chamber will have a great effect on the combustion process of the fuel-air mixture with alcohol. There is a large number of ways to supply alcohol to the engine, but their comparative characteristics have not been fully studied yet. To evaluate various methods of introducing alcohol into a diesel engine, an experimental installation including an electric brake balanced machine and a diesel engine has been developed. The installation allows the diesel engine to be loaded to the required torque value and makes it possible to record the main mechanical parameters of the engine. In this study, the authors considered the supply of alcohol in the diesel engine cylinders with two methods: in the form of an emulsion with fuel and with air on the intake stroke (in the intake manifold). The unit will quantify at different engine operating modes and the proportion of alcohol delivered both as an emulsion and with air. The research will help assess the feasibility of using alcohol additives and adjust the theoretical justification of the processes occurring during the combustion of the fuel-alcohol mixture in the cylinder.

Membranes adsorber from oil palm empty fruit branches (OPEFB): preparation and fabrication

Oil Palm empty fruit branches (OPEFB) are solid waste that are numerous produced from palm oil mills. OPEFB is economically and potentially used as membrane adsorber material due to has good thermal stability, chemical resistance and biodegradability. The objectives of this work is to preparate and fabricate the OPEFB membrane adsorber which is activated by physical activation. The OPEFB has been cleaned and dried, subsequently heated at 500 °C for 30 min via pyrolysis. The activated OPEFB was sieved using 200-400 mesh and followed by the addition of 2-propanol, NH4Cl, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) to become a mixture. The activated OPEFB ratio were varied in the mixtures to obtain the best composition in order to produce a good membrane adsorber texture for casting. FTIR shows on wavenumber at 1082 cm−1 indicates that there is O-H stretching functional groups and bands at 943 cm−1 correspons to C=O functional group. It is concluded that the membrane mixtures can be employed as membrane adsorber due to carbon content which creates strong matrix applied for gas separation.

Optimization of the pH of mosquito repellent from citronella using response surface methodology

Citronella is a source of essential oil obtained from steam distillation. The production of citronella oil is quite high; therefore, it can be applied in various fields. One of its applications is as an active substance in mosquito repellent creams. The citronella oil used in this study contained 11.59% citronellol content at a retention time of 16.544 minutes and citronellol content of 14.78% at a retention time of 27.165 minutes using the Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry method. In the manufacture of mosquito repellent creams, there are still mismatches in the composition between variables, so there is a need for optimization in this study. Optimization in this study using Response Surface Methodology model Central Composite Design on Statistica 10 software with 19 treatments. The method used was the addition of independent variables, citronella oil (2-4%), stearic acid (10-16%) and cetyl alcohol (4-6%) processed using the RSM-CCD method to determine the optimum pH. Optimization results with RSM at pH resulted in optimum conditions for citronella oil content of 2.1591%, stearic acid 18.045% and cetyl alcohol 6.6818% with a pH of 6.1.

The use of high molecular iso-amyl alcohol as an alternative fuel for compression ignition engines

Currently, many studies are being conducted to improve the emissions and combustion of diesel fuels of diesel vehicles. The majority of these studies consist of alcohol-derived fuels. Alcohol fuels are usually composed of butanol, methenol, and ethanol fuels. However, a high molecular alcohol such as iso-amyl with a high calorific value, which can be produced from sugar beet pulp, is the focus of more attention. Iso-amyl alcohol, chemical formula (CH3)2CH-CH2CH2-OH, oxygen rich, can mix with solvents such as ether, photography, pharmaceutical industry, milk oil quantity determination and synthesis, used in a colorless, foul-smelling liquid. In this study, the effects of the addition of iso-amyl alcohol to diesel fuel in order to reduce Diesel engine emissions were examined. For this purpose, 5%, 10%, and 20% iso-amyl alcohol were added to the diesel fuel. The resulting mixtures were subjected to full fuel analysis, unlike other studies. After that, the fuel mixtures in a Diesel engine at different engine speeds at full load (1400 rpm, 1700 rpm, 2000 rpm, 2300 rpm, 2600 rpm, 2900 rpm. and 3200 rpm) were tried. As a result of the experiments, it was determined that the contribution of iso-amyl alcohol caused a 1% -3% reduction in cylinder pressure, 12-20% in power, and 8-25% in torque. Furthermore, when examined in terms of exhaust gas emissions, it decreased in NOx emission by 1-10%, in smoke opacity by 9-36%, and in HC emission by 6-44%.

t BuOLi-promoted terminal alkyne functionalizations by aliphatic thiols and alcohols

Selective radical addition to terminal alkynes is always a difficult task to achieve because it gives a mixture of stereo- and regioisomers. Herein we describe the selective addition of aliphatic thiols or alcohols to N-phenylpropiolamides (terminal alkynes) using lithium tert-butoxide (tBuOLi) in ethanol as a promoter. Mechanistically, it has been shown that the reaction proceeded through the generation of a thiyl radical intermediate, and the amide group in N-phenylpropiolamide could help in the activation of the alkyne, which led to thioacetalization via the formation of a (Z)-selective anti-Markovnikov vinyl sulfide. The (Z)-selectivity during the formation of vinyl sulfides was controlled by an intramolecular sulfur⋯oxygen interaction.

Biosynthesis of artemisinic acid in engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its attractiveness to the mirid bug Apolygus lucorum

Artemisia annua is an important preferred host of the mirid bug Apolygus lucorum in autumn. Volatiles emitted from A. annua attract A. lucorum. Volatile artemisinic acid of A. annua is a precursor of artemisinin that has been widely investigated in the Chinese herbal medicine field. However, little is known at this point about the biological roles of artemisinic acid in regulating the behavioral trends of A. lucorum. In this study, we collected volatiles from A. annua at the seedling stage by using headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis showed that approximately 11.03±6.00 and 238.25±121.67 ng h−1 artemisinic acid were detected in volatile samples and milled samples, respectively. Subsequently, a key gene for artemisinic acid synthesis, the cytochrome P450 gene cyp71av1, was expressed in engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae to catalyze the production of artemisinic acid. After the addition of exogenous artemisinic alcohol or artemisinic aldehyde, artemisinic acid was identified as the product of the expressed gene. In electroantennogram (EAG) recordings, 3-day-old adult A. lucorum showed significant electrophysiological responses to artemisinic alcohol, artemisinic aldehyde and artemisinic acid. Furthermore, 3-day-old female bugs were significantly attracted by artemisinic acid and artemisinic alcohol at a concentration of 10 mmol L−1, whereas 3-day-old male bugs were attracted significantly by 10 mmol L−1 artemisinic acid and artemisinic aldehyde. We propose that artemisinic acid and its precursors could be used as potential attractant components for the design of novel integrated pest management strategies to control A. lucorum.

Effect of the addition of alcohol for improving carotenoid production with Thraustochytrium

Effect of the addition of alcohol for improving carotenoid production with <i>Thraustochytrium</i>

Metal-free hydroalkoxylation of ynesulfonamides with alcohols.

Efforts for developing a convenient and expeditious method for synthesizing alkoxy-substituted enamides via nucleophilic addition of alcohols to ynesulfonamides are described. This sequence is completely regioselective and highly stereoselective, and leads to the hydroalkoxylation products in high yields under mild reaction conditions.

Influence of Alcohol Addition in Pyrolytic Oil To Upgrade its Properties: A Fuel to Ci Engine

Influence of Alcohol Addition in Pyrolytic Oil To Upgrade its Properties: A Fuel to Ci Engine

Effect of temperature on the reverse self-assembly of lecithin and sugar alcohol mixtures in a nonpolar solvent

It has been shown that the addition of sugar alcohols to lecithin solutions induces a transformation from reverse spherical micelles into reverse cylindrical micelles, resulting in the formation of viscoelastic Maxwell fluids. Herein, we systematically investigated the effects of temperature on the rheological parameters, such as the plateau modulus (Gp), relaxation time (tR), and zero-shear viscosity (η0), of lecithin and sugar alcohol mixtures in decane. The rheological properties upon heating of mixtures of lecithin and sugar alcohols with different numbers (3–6) of hydroxyl (–OH) groups and concentrations were studied in detail. Gp, tR, and η0 for all reverse cylindrical micelles decreased with temperature. This decrease can be attributed to a reduction in the lengths of the reverse cylindrical micelles, as evidenced by the small-angle X-ray scattering results at different temperatures. More importantly, the decay rates of Gp, tR, and η0 upon heating decreased more rapidly when the hydrogen bonds between the lecithin and sugar alcohol molecules were weaker as the hydrogen bonds were closely associated with the formation of the reverse self-assembled structure. This indicates that the driving force for the formation of reverse cylindrical micelles can be weakened by increasing the temperature.

Experimental Investigation on the Effects of Ethanol-Enhanced Steam Injection Remediation in Nitrobenzene-Contaminated Heterogeneous Aquifers

Steam injection is an effective technique for the remediation of aquifers polluted with volatile organic compounds. However, the application of steam injection technology requires a judicious selection of stratum media because the remediation effect of hot steam in heterogeneous layers with low permeability is not suitable. In this study, the removal effect of nitrobenzene in an aquifer was investigated through a series of two-dimensional sandbox experiments with different stratigraphic structures. Four types of alcohols were used during steam injection remediation to enhance the removal effect of nitrobenzene (NB)-contaminated heterogeneous aquifers. The principle of the removal mechanism of alcohol-enhanced organic compounds is that alcohols can reduce the surface tension of the contaminated water, resulting in Marangoni convection, thereby enhancing mass and heat transfer. The addition of alcohol may also reduce the azeotropic temperature of the system and enhance the volatility of organic compounds. The study revealed that all four alcohol types could reduce the surface tension from 72 mN/m to &lt;30 mN/m. However, among these, only ethanol reduced the azeotropic temperature of NB by 15 °C, thereby reducing energy consumption and remediation costs. Therefore, ethanol was selected as an enhancing agent to reduce both surface tension and azeotropic temperature during steam injection. In the 2-D simulation tank, the interface between the low-and high-permeability strata in the layered heterogeneous aquifer had a blocking effect on steam transportation, which in turn caused a poor remediation effect in the upper low-permeability stratum. In the lens heterogeneous aquifer, steam flows around the lens, thereby weakening the remediation effect. After adding ethanol to the low-permeability zone, Marangoni convection was enhanced, which further enhanced the mass and heat transfer. In the layered and lens heterogeneous aquifers, the area affected by steam increased by 13% and 14%, respectively. Moreover, the average concentration of NB was reduced by 51% in layered heterogeneous aquifers and by 58% in low-permeability lenses by ethanol addition. These findings enhance the remediation effect of steam injection in heterogeneous porous media and contribute to improve the remediation efficiency of heterogeneous aquifers by steam injection.

The influence of butanol on the brass surface morphology during the electrochemical treatment in phosphoric acid solutions

The polarization and gravimetric investigations of the anodic behavior of brass in phosphate-butanol solutions have been carried out. It has been shown that the addition of butyl alcohol to the phosphate electrolyte conditions causes the origination of the effect of electrochemical polishing. The polarization dependencies of the brass anode in the electrolytes containing butanol are peculiar for the metals prone to the passive state transition. The sections of polarization dependences correspond to the active dissolution domain, active–passive state domain, passive brass state domain and the domain of a joint progress of the process of alloy dissolution and oxygen release. The obtained experimental data show the reasonability of the addition of butanol to the phosphate electrolyte to obtain a high quality brilliant metal surface.

One-Pot Preparation of Metal-Polymer Nanocomposites in Irradiated Aqueous Solutions of 1-Vinyl-1,2,4-triazole and Silver Ions.

Metal–polymer nanocomposite polyvinyltriazole–silver nanoparticles were obtained using one-pot synthesis in irradiated aqueous solutions of 1-vinyl-1,2,4-triazole (VT) and silver ions. Gel permeation chromatography data show that upon radiation initiation, the molecular weight of poly(1-vinyl-1,2,4-triazole) increases with increasing monomer concentration. To study the kinetics of polymerization and the features of the radiation–chemical formation of nanoparticles, UV-Vis spectroscopy was used. TEM images show a relatively small average size of the forming nanoparticles (2–3 nm) and a narrow size distribution, which shows the effective stabilization of nanoparticles by triazole substituents at a molar ratio of VT and silver ions of 25/1. The addition of ethyl alcohol was used to increase the efficiency of synthesis and suppress the crosslinking of macromolecules in solution. The results of the work show that aqueous–alcoholic solutions of 1 wt.% VT can be used to obtain soluble nanocomposite materials. 10 wt.% monomer solutions have prospects for use in the preparation of polymer gels filled with nanoparticles.

Catalytic Asymmetric Hydroalkoxylation of C-C Multiple Bonds.

Asymmetric hydroalkoxylation of alkenes constitutes a redox-neutral and 100% atom-economical strategy toward enantioenriched oxygenated building blocks from readily available starting materials. Despite their great potential, catalytic enantioselective additions of alcohols across a C–C multiple bond are particularly underdeveloped, especially compared to other hydrofunctionalization methods such as hydroamination. However, driven by some recent innovations, e.g., asymmetric MHAT methods, asymmetric photocatalytic methods, and the development of extremely strong chiral Brønsted acids, there has been a gratifying surge of reports in this burgeoning field. The goal of this review is to survey the growing landscape of asymmetric hydroalkoxylation by highlighting exciting new advances, deconstructing mechanistic underpinnings, and drawing insight from related asymmetric hydroacyloxylation and hydration. A deep appreciation of the underlying principles informs an understanding of the various selectivity parameters and activation modes in the realm of asymmetric alkene hydrofunctionalization while simultaneously evoking the outstanding challenges to the field moving forward. Overall, we aim to lay a foundation for cross-fertilization among various catalytic fields and spur further innovation in asymmetric hydroalkoxylations of C–C multiple bonds.