Alcian Yellow Research Articles

Assessment of morphological changes in the gastroduodenal area of patients with chronic pancreatitis in comorbidity with chronic viral hepatitis C

Background. Viral hepatitis C (HCV) is not only as a liver disease but also as a systemic (generalized) infection that affects ot­her organs, in particular, the pancreas and gastroduodenal zone. The state of the gastrointestinal mucosa in combined course of chronic pancreatitis (CP) and chronic HCV is little studied, but extremely relevant, as it is important for the clinical course, the quality of life of patients, as well as for assessing the safety of the performed (etiotropic, etc.) and planned restorative comprehensive treatment of such patients. The purpose is to evaluate the morphological changes of the gastroduodenal mucosa of patients with chronic pancreatitis associated with chronic viral hepatitis C who were treated etiotropically. Materials and methods. Thirty patients with CP and 65 patients with CP in comorbidity with chronic HCV after etiotropic treatment of HCV were examined. Regardless of the HCV genotype, they received a course of treatment with sofosbuvir at a dose of 400 mg and velpatasvir 100 mg in the morning after meals for 3 months (some patients took daclatasvir at a dose of 60 mg also in the morning after meals for 3 months instead of velpatasvir). The period after diagnosed and treated HCV before the examination was on average (2.35 ± 0.61) years. All patients underwent a morphological study of gastric and duodenal biopsy samples obtained by esophagogastroscopy. The prepared samples were evaluated according to the international OLGA and OLGIM systems based on the evaluation of 5 gastric biopsies (1 from the corner of the stomach, 2 from the body, and 2 from the antrum) with a description of the main pathomorphological changes evaluated on a visual analog scale. Alcian yellow and toluidine blue were used to detect H.pylori. An own system for assessing the morphological state of the gastroduodenal mucosa was also proposed. Results. The detected structural changes indicate the presence of chronic atrophic gastritis with moderate dysplasia of the glandular epithelium. Stage of chronic gastritis according to the OLGA system was III. Stage of chronic gastritis according to the OLGIM system was III. Thus, the practically asymptomatic course of quite significant gastroduodenal changes in CP combined with chronic HCV requires additional therapeutic influence, as well as an assessment of comprehensive treatment based on the effect on the gastroduodenal mucosa. In case of changes in gastroduodenal mucosa in CP on the background of chronic HCV, in contrast to those with isolated CP, a significantly higher level of inflammatory infiltrate density (moderate (2+) vs. mild (1+)) is determined, which is accompanied by moderate neutrophilic infiltration (2+) vs. mild (1+) and mild lymphohistiocytic infiltration (1+) versus no such infiltration (0), the appearance of intestinal metaplasia (2+) and moderate non-metaplastic glandular atrophy (2+) versus the absence of metaplasia (0) and mild non-metaplastic glandular atrophy (1+), as well as zones of metaplastic atrophy (1+), which was manifested by the appearance of Paneth cells and goblet cells. In CP with chronic HCV, mucosa has atrophic changes. Metaplasia is manifested by a change in cellular phenotype: complete intestinal metaplasia type I–II is manifested by the appearance of Paneth cells and goblet cells; incomplete — by the presence of columnar epithelium and goblet cells; colonic metaplasia — by enlargement of the glands and the absence of Paneth cells. Conclusions. It was proved that the state of the gastric and duodenal mucosa in the group of patients with CP and chronic HCV was significantly severe than that in isolated CP: lymphohistiocytic infiltration of the mucous membrane was detected 2.68 times more often, non-metaplastic infiltration glandular atrophy (there was practically no glandular atrophy in the group of isolated CP) — 12.65 times more often, metaplastic atrophy (it was not detected in the group of CP) — 10.64 times more often, acute leukocyte infiltration — 2.31 times more often, dysplasia of the mucosal epithelium (with isolated CP, mild dysplasia was detected) — 7.30 times more often, erosion of the mucosal epithelium — 3.07 times more often, focal hyperplasia of the glands — 3.88 times more often, intestinal metaplasia — 12.89 times more often, which was practically absent in CP. In general, the total number of pathological signs of the mucous membrane in the group of CP with comorbid chronic HCV was found to be 2.76 times higher than that in isolated CP.

Histoquímica e ultra-estrutura da ontogênese dos tetrasporângios de Hypnea musciformis (Wulfen) J. V. Lamour. (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta)

Tetraspore development was studied in Hypnea musciformis (Wulfen) J. V. Lamour. using light and electron microscopes, and techniques of histochemistry. Tetrasporangial differentiation arises from a cortex cell that enlarges. This cell undergoes mitosis to form a tetrasporangial mother cell and a stalk cell. The histochemichal study indicated that the cell wall layers are composed mainly of acidic polysaccharides, reacting with toluidine blue O, alcian blue and alcian yellow. The tetrasporangial mother cell is also stained with periodic acid Schiff, that detect neutral carbohydrates, and with coomassie brilliant blue, that detect proteins. The transformation of cortical cells into mature tetrasporangia involves a series of structural changes, especially of the chloroplasts and dictyosomes. The tetrasporangial mother cell rapidly becomes elongated, and a distinctive cell wall is formed before the onset of meiosis. During this elongation phase there is also an increase in the number of chloroplasts. The meiotic tetrasporocyte is characterized by extensive development of the perinuclear endoplasmic reticulum. Throughout meiosis, there is a continuous replication of chloroplasts as well as a synthesis of starch and the formation of vesicles with electron-dense contents. Cytokinesis begins with the formation of the cleavage furrow, produced by the infurrowing of the plasma membrane. This cleavage furrow formation is followed by mucilage deposition surrounding the tetraspores.

New Stains for Helicobacter pylori to Replace Alcian Yellow and Toluidine Blue

Alcian yellow and toluidine blue form one of the most popular non-silver methods for routine staining of Helicobacter pylori. Because of the shortage of Alcian yellow, a procedure with two new dyes is presented that duplicates the colors and contrast of the original stains. Hp Yellow stains neutral mucus pale to bright yellow in a Schiff-type reaction. Hp Blue stains bacteria and most cellular components dark blue via ionic forces. The method is as simple and quick as the original. (The J Histotechnol25:131,2002)Submitted: April 16, 2002; Accepted with revisions June 17, 2002

Alcian yellow as a fluorescent dye

Fluorescence characteristics of the cationic dye Alcian yellow are described. Under ultraviolet excitation, the chromatin and basophilic cytoplasm from cell smears show a blue-white emission, which depends on the presence of nucleic acids. Glycosaminoglycans-containing structures (mast cell granules, cartilage matrix) appear brightly fluorescent. The excitation at 320 less than or equal to lambda less than or equal to 340 nm is the most suitable, and the emission wavelength shows dependence on the dye concentration.

Comparative cytochemistry of the developing ovarian follicles of the dog, rabbit, and mouse: Origin of the zona pellucida

AbstractThe reactivity of the glycoproteins of ovarian follicles of the dog, rabbit, and mouse were compared, using the Alcian blue (pH 0.5) and Alcian yellow (pH 2.5) technique at the light‐microscope level and the periodic acid‐chromic acid‐silver methenamine technique at the electron‐microscope level.In paraffin sections, the rabbit and mouse show the appearance of both zona pellucida and follicular fluid in the earliest growing follicles. In the dog, there is a sequence of development with the follicular fluid appearing late, after much of the zona has been secreted. The zona and follicular fluid are highly sulfated in all animals. Zonae pellucidae of atresia appear to lose all traces of sulfation and become highly acidic. At the electronmicroscope level, oocytes contain little if any reactive glycoprotein material which can be related to zona pellucida formation. The initial appearance of the zona material occurs between follicle cell membranes extending outwards and away from the oocyte. Follicle cells of all species consistently contain a variety of reactive Golgi bodies and granules, with exocytotic vesicles, suggesting active synthesis and secretion of zona material.Our observations suggest that in the early stages of oogenesis, the follicular epithelium is responsible for at least part of the synthesis of the zona pellucida. It is possible therefore that both the oocyte and its follicle cells participate, probably on the sequential basis, in the synthesis of the mammalian zona pellucida.

Alcian dyes: I.C.I. cease manufacture and release details of composition.

ICI (the developers and main suppliers) have ceased manufacture of Alcian dye stuffs. Authentic information on the constitution and formulation of Alcian blues and Alcian yellow has been released and is set out in this note.

Effects of early and late treating of corneae after the death of animals on the staining properties of corneal acid mucopolysaccharides (AMPS).

The effects of early and late treating of the corneae on the staining properties of acid mucopolysaccharides (AMPS) were studied. The eyes of various animals were enucleated at various intervals, i.e., immediately after death, 30 min, 2 hours and 6 hours after death, and then were fixed with formol-calcium chloride. Paraffin sections were stained with Alcian blue at pH 1.0 and 2.5, colloidal Fe3+, Alcian blue at pH 0.5—Alcian yellow at pH 2.5, 1% Alcian blue in increasing concentrations of MgCl2, and toluidine blue at pH 4.5. The staining of AMPS in the corneae of various animals was mainly dependent on the time interval between the death of the animal and fixation of the tissue. The staining of AMPS of the corneae fixed immediately after death demonstrated the staining of partially dehydrated corneae. In the corneal stroma only faint staining of carboxyl groups was observed. With increasing time intervals, the progressive hydration of tissue was observed. In this case very distinct staining of carboxyl and also staining of sulphate groups was found. There were no qualitative differences in the staining of corneal AMPS among animals used.