Albicans Antigen Research Articles

Comparative Analysis of Intralesional Immunotherapy and Conventional Treatments for Non-Genital Warts: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis.

Warts, benign skin growths caused by various human papillomavirus strains, are categorized as genital and non-genital. Non-genital warts often lack noticeable symptoms but can lead to psychological distress due to factors like embarrassment. Traditional treatments, including physical and chemical methods, show limitations, prompting the exploration of novel approaches like intralesional immunotherapy. The clinical challenge lies in selecting the most effective modality. In our study, we used the network meta-analysis (NMA) as a statistical tool to explore the most effective intralesional immunotherapy interventions. Comprehensive searches of Web of Science, PubMed, Cochrane, and Scopus databases were conducted until December 2023. Eligible studies were analyzed for outcomes presented as risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Treatments were ranked using the P-score in an NMA performed with R software. We included 68 RCTs in our study. For complete response, needling showed a significant difference compared to Candida albicans antigen (RR= 0.13, 95% CI [0.02; 0.99]) and Mw (RR= 0.12, 95% CI [0.02; 0.94]). In overall response, both bleomycin and furosemide with digoxin were significant compared to autoimplantation (RR= 0.46, 95% CI [0.24; 0.88]) and (RR= 0.40, 95% CI [0.18; 0.91]) respectively. Similarly, both were significant compared to cryotherapy (RR= 0.45, 95% CI [0.27; 0.76]) and (RR= 0.40, 95% CI [0.19; 0.82]) respectively. This NMA indicates needling, furosemide with digoxin, and PBP antigen stimulants as effective for non-genital warts, surpassing traditional treatments in complete and overall response. Direct comparisons in future research are warranted to confirm their superiority.

Fingertip ischemia following intralesional injection of Candida albicans antigen for treatment of a subungual wart.

Subungual or periungual cutaneous warts are caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). These lesions can be refractory to destructive therapy, necessitating the use of intralesional immunotherapies such as Candida albicans antigen. In this case report, we present a 23-year-old female who sustained distal fingertip soft tissue necrosis following intralesional injection of Candida albicans antigen for the treatment of a refractory subungual wart. While this patient recovered appropriately with conservative bedside debridement and local wound care, intralesional injections to the digit, or hand are not without sequela. It's important to inject intradermally while avoiding the digital vasculature underneath. In this case, the radial digital vessels were traumatized upon injection, leading to digital ischemia and soft tissue necrosis. While isolated soft tissue ischemia without compromised perfusion can be treated conservatively, these injuries should be evaluated by a hand surgeon to determine the need for emergent revascularization, or future soft tissue reconstruction.

Istradefylline, an adenosine A2a receptor antagonist, inhibits the CD4+ T-cell hypersecretion of IL-17A and IL-8 in humans

Extracellular adenosine produced from ATP plays a role in energy processes, neurotransmission, and inflammatory responses. Istradefylline is a selective adenosine A2a receptor (A2aR) antagonist used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. We previously showed using mouse models that adenosine primes hypersecretion of interleukin (IL)-17A via A2aR, which plays a role in neutrophilic inflammation models in mice. This finding suggests that adenosine is an endogenous modulator of neutrophilic inflammation. We, therefore, investigated the in vitro effect of istradefylline in humans. In the present study, using human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), we tested the effect of adenosine, adenosine receptor agonists and istradefylline on cytokine responses using mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR), PBMCs, CD4+ T cells, and Candida albicans antigen (Ag)-stimulated PBMCs. We showed that adenosine and an A2aR agonist (PSB0777) promoted IL-17A and IL-8 production from human PBMCs, and istradefylline suppressed this response. In addition, istradefylline inhibited not only the IL-17A and IL-8 production induced by adenosine but also that from C. albicans Ag-stimulated PBMCs. These results indicate that adenosine-mediated IL-17A and IL-8 production plays a role in neutrophilic inflammation, against which istradefylline should be effective.

Quantity of the antigens of Streptococcus mutans serotype e and Candida albicans and its correlation with the salivary flow rate in early childhood caries.

Background:Streptococcus mutans involved in caries pathogenesis is classified into four serotypes, namely serotypes c, e, f, and k. Candida albicans can be found in the plaque of children with early childhood caries (ECC). Aims: The aim of this study was to analyze the quantity of the antigens of S. mutans serotype e and C. albicans and its correlation with the salivary flow rate in ECC.Materials and Methods:The antigen quantities of caries plaque samples and caries-free were determined using an enzyme-linked immunoassay with 450-nm optical density.Results:There was a significant difference between the quantity of S. mutans serotype e and C. albicans antigens in each salivary flow rate category (P < 0.05). The relationship between the antigen quantity of S. mutans serotype e and C. albicans was r = 0.624 (P > 0.05) for caries plaque samples and r = 0.628 (P > 0.05) for caries-free samples.Conclusion:the antigen quantities of S. mutans serotype e and C. albicans and the salivary flow rate might correlate to the pathogenesis of ECC.

РАЗРАБОТКА ВАКЦИННОГО ПРЕПАРАТА ДЛЯ СПЕЦИФИЧЕСКОЙ ПРОФИЛАКТИКИ ГНОЙНО-НЕКРОТИЧЕСКИХ ПОРАЖЕНИЙ ДИСТАЛЬНЫХ ОТДЕЛОВ КОНЕЧНОСТЕЙ КОРОВ

The causes of purulent-necrotic lesions in cows have been established. The causes of purulent-necrotic lesions of the distal parts in cows in one of the large farms, in addition to an unbalanced diet and disturbances in maintenance, are pathogenic strains of Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphilococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. An associated vaccine from local strains of S. pyogenes, St aigees and E. coli was designed and tested on laboratory animals and cows, with the addition of an immunomodulator prepared with polysaccharides of strain C. albicans No. 253. The vaccine prepared from local strains of Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphilococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and deposited strain C. albicans No. 253 has immunogenic properties and protects laboratory animals from infection with pathogenic cocci and Escherichia. The introduction of Candida albicans antigens containing a polysaccharide-peptidoglycan complex into the associated vaccine increases the immunogenicity of the drug. Currently, the experimental vaccine is undergoing further clinical trials at the Trudovaya stud farm to determine its therapeutic and preventive effectiveness on two groups of animals:1. group – sick cows (with purulent-necrotic lesions of the limbs) – 40 heads; 2. group – clinically healthy cows (for the prevention of the disease) – 40 heads; The first group was vaccinated twice, with an interval of 14 days, with simultaneous local treatment of limb lesions with sulfanilamide preparations and antibiotics. The vaccine was administered to the second group of animals for prophylactic purposes intramuscularly, at a dose of 5.0 ml per head, twice, with an interval of 10-14 days. Preliminary positive results were obtained.

Dissection of the anti-Candida albicans mannan immune response using synthetic oligomannosides reveals unique properties of \u03b2-1,2 mannotriose protective epitopes

Candida albicans mannan consists of a large repertoire of oligomannosides with different types of mannose linkages and chain lengths, which act as individual epitopes with more or less overlapping antibody specificities. Although anti-C. albicans mannan antibody levels are monitored for diagnostic purposes nothing is known about the qualitative distribution of these antibodies in terms of epitope specificity. We addressed this question using a bank of previously synthesized biotin sulfone tagged oligomannosides (BSTOs) of α and β anomery complemented with a synthetic β-mannotriose described as a protective epitope. The reactivity of these BSTOs was analyzed with IgM isotype monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) of known specificity, polyclonal sera from patients colonized or infected with C. albicans, and mannose binding lectin (MBL). Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and multiple analyte profiling (MAP) were used. Both methods confirmed the usual reactivity of MAbs against either α or β linkages, excepted for MAb B6.1 (protective epitope) reacting with β-Man whereas the corresponding BSTO reacted with anti-α-Man. These results were confirmed in western blots with native C. albicans antigens. Using patients’ sera in MAP, a significant correlation was observed between the detection of anti-mannan antibodies recognizing β- and α-Man epitopes and detection of antibodies against β-linked mannotriose suggesting that this epitope also reacts with human polyclonal antibodies of both specificities. By contrast, the reactivity of human sera with other α- and β-linked BSTOs clearly differed according to their colonized or infected status. In these cases, the establishment of an α/β ratio was extremely discriminant. Finally SPR with MBL, an important lectin of innate immunity to C. albicans, classically known to interact with α-mannose, also interacted in an unexpected way with the protective epitope. These cumulative data suggest that structure/activity investigations of the finely tuned C. albicans anti-mannose immune response are worthwhile to increase our basic knowledge and for translation in medicine.

Oxidation inhibits autophagy protein deconjugation from phagosomes to sustain MHC class II restricted antigen presentation

LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP) contributes to a wide range of cellular processes and notably to immunity. The stabilization of phagosomes by the macroautophagy machinery in human macrophages can maintain antigen presentation on MHC class II molecules. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in the formation and maturation of the resulting LAPosomes are not completely understood. Here, we show that reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) stabilize LAPosomes by inhibiting LC3 deconjugation from the LAPosome cytosolic surface. NOX2 residing in the LAPosome membrane generates ROS to cause oxidative inactivation of the protease ATG4B, which otherwise releases LC3B from LAPosomes. An oxidation-insensitive ATG4B mutant compromises LAP and thereby impedes sustained MHC class II presentation of exogenous Candida albicans antigens. Redox regulation of ATG4B is thereby an important mechanism for maintaining LC3 decoration of LAPosomes to support antigen processing for MHC class II presentation.

Candida antigen immunotherapy versus steroid in the treatment of alopecia areata.

Alopecia areata (AA) is an autoimmune hair follicle disorder that is challenging to treat. Although there are multiple topical immunotherapeutic agents, their side effects limit their use. Candida antigen can serve as another immunotherapeutic treatment, with an easier application and fewer side effects. To evaluate the efficacy of Candida antigen versus intralesional steroids for the treatment of AA. About 48 adult patients with AA were divided into two groups. The Candida group included 24 patients who were injected monthly with 0.1 mL of Candida albicans antigen in one patch of alopecia, and the intralesional corticosteroid group included 24 patients who were injected monthly with 0.1 mL of triamcinolone acetonide, as a control group, in all alopecia patches. After 5 months, there was a highly significant decrease in the severity of AA in both groups with no significant difference between them. In the Candida group, 8 patients showed complete hair regrowth and 9 patients showed partial regrowth. Side effects were mild and transient such as pain during injection, which was significantly lower in the Candida group than in the corticosteroid group. Intralesional Candida antigen is a promising effective treatment for AA with differing severities.

Measuring oxidation within LC3-associated phagosomes that optimizes MHC class II restricted antigen presentation.

LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP) uses components of the molecular machinery of macroautophagy and is involved in the presentation of extracellular antigens by Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class II molecules. It is initiated by receptor-mediated phagocytosis and results in the formation of LAPosomes: single-membrane vesicles that are decorated with the macroautophagy protein LC3B. LAPosomes have been described to prolong antigen presentation in macrophages but the molecular mechanism of this process is just beginning to be understood. Known key regulators of LAPosome formation are Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), which can modulate the pH and the oxidative state within LAPosomes. Here, we present two complementary methods to monitor oxidation in LAPosomes and to study its function in MHC class II restricted antigen presentation, both in primary human macrophages: (I) Coating the LAP-trigger zymosan with OxyBURST allows semi-quantitative assessment of oxidation levels within LAPosomes by confocal microscopy. (II) The co-culture of macrophages with CD4+T cells to assess the effects of LAP on Candida albicans antigen presentation by measuring IL-17A and IFN-γ secretion.

S. mutans Serotype c, C. albicans, Oral Hygiene, and Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth in Early Childhood Caries

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the quantity of Streptococcus mutans serotype c and Candida albicans antigens from dental plaque and their relationship with the Oral Hygiene Index Score (OHI-S) and Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth (DMFT) in Early Childhood Caries (ECC) and Severe Early Childhood Caries (S-ECC). Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study, including 5 ECC and 32 S-ECC subjects. ECC was classified as a DMFT score &lt; 4, and S-ECC was classified as a DMFT score ≥ 4 at 71 months of age. S. mutans serotype c and C. albicans antigens from dental plaque of ECC and S-ECC patients were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The optical density ​​of S. mutans serotype c and C. albicans antigens was determined at 450 nm. Correlations between S. mutans serotype c and C. albicans antigens and OHI-S in ECC and S-ECC were analyzed. Results: There were no significant differences in S. mutans serotype c and C. albicans antigens between ECC and S-ECC patients or between patients with moderate and good OHI-S scores. There was a negative correlation between S. mutans serotype c and C. albicans antigens in ECC patients (r = -0,62; p &lt; 0.05). Conclusion: The increase in C. albicans suppresses S. mutans serotype c growth in ECC but not in S-ECC. The findings of this study could be used to discover the molecular mechanisms involved in bacterial-fungal relationships and the contribution of new technologies to reduce ECC.

Comparative study of efficacy of Candida albicans antigen immunotherapy and cryosurgery in the treatment of common warts

Comparative study of efficacy of Candida albicans antigen immunotherapy and cryosurgery in the treatment of common warts

A comparative study of intralesional injection of Candida albicans antigen, bleomycin and 5-fluorouracil for treatment of plane warts

Background Several therapeutic modalities for the treatment of verruca plana (VP) are available, but none has achieved complete cure in all cases with associated risk of side effects. Objective To evaluate efficacy and safety of intralesional injection of Candida albicans (C. albican) antigen, bleomycin and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in treatment of VP. Methods Sixty patients with VP were randomly divided into three equal groups who were treated using C. albicans antigen, bleomycin or 5- FU injections every 2 weeks till complete clearance of the lesions or for a maximum of four sessions and followed up for additional 8 weeks. Results A statistically significant higher incidence of complete response was achieved with bleomycin (85%) than C. albicans antigen (60%) which was higher than 5-FU (45%) with a significantly less number of required sessions to achieve best results with bleomycin and candida antigen than 5-FU. Conclusions Candida albicans antigen, bleomycin and 5-FU are helpful modalities for treatment of VP. Bleomycin was the most effective, followed by C. albicans antigen then 5-FU (least effective). Single injection site, clearance of distant warts and decreased incidence of new lesion development – in situ or elsewhere – are additional merits of C. albicans immunotherapy. These modalities are cheap with only transient adverse effects.

Regional differences in cell-mediated immunity in people with diabetic peripheral neuropathy.

AimTo study cell‐mediated immunity in the feet of people with type 2 diabetes with polyneuropathy.MethodsIn a cohort comprising people with type 2 diabetes with polyneuropathy (n = 17) and without polyneuropathy (n = 12) and a healthy control group (n = 12) indurations due to delayed‐type hypersensitivity responses to intracutaneous Candida albicans antigen were determined in the foot and compared with those in the arm (an area relatively spared in diabetic polyneuropathy). The sizes of indurations on the foot were correlated with electromyographic measurements in the participants with diabetes.ResultsNo differences were observed in the median size of indurations between the foot and arm in healthy controls and participants without polyneuropathy; in participants with polyneuropathy, induration sizes on the foot were smaller than on the arm: 0 (95% CI 0 to 1) vs 5 (95% CI 2 to 6) mm (P < 0.01). In participants with diabetes, larger indurations correlated with better nerve function (Spearman's rho 0.35 to 0.39).ConclusionOur findings suggest that diabetic peripheral polyneuropathy negatively affects cell‐mediated immunity in the foot. (Clinical Trials registry no.: NCT01370837)

Comparative Study between Intralesional Injection of Vitamin D3 and Candida Albicans Antigen in Treatment of Plantar Warts

Background: Numerous therapeutic modalities have been used either singly or in combination to treat recalcitrant warts. However, a single treatment that is entirely effective in all patients is not yet explored. This might be attributed to the absence of specific antiviral medications against human papilloma virus (HPV) infection. Objective: The aim of this work was to compare efficacy of intralesional vitamin D3 in treatment of plantar warts in comparison to candida albicans antigen. Patients and methods: This study included a total of 40 patients suffering from plantar warts, attending at Dermatology and Andrology Outpatient Clinic, Dermatology Department, Al-Azhar University Hospitals. The included subjects were randomly divided into two groups; Group A (Candida antigen group) consisted of 20 patients, subjected to intralesional injection of candida albicans antigen and Group B: (Vitamin D3 group) consisted of 20 patients, subjected to intralesional injection of Vitamin D3. Results: Results revealed that there were no statistically significant correlations between age, sex of patients, duration of treated warts and clinical response in both treatment groups. However, a statistically significant correlation existed between the number of treated warts and response in Vitamin D group. Complete response occurred in patients with low number of warts. At the end, our results showed that there was no statistically significant correlation in complete response between candida antigen and vitaminD3. Both treatments show comparable efficacy and safety in treatment of plantar warts. Conclusion: Treatment of multiple warts by intralesional injection of candida antigen or vitamin D3 is safe and effective, with good cure rates, excellent safety profile and minimal recurrences.

Comparative Study between Intralesional Injection of Vitamin D3 and Candida Albicans Antigen in Treatment of Plantar Warts

Background: Numerous therapeutic modalities have been used either singly or in combination to treat recalcitrant warts. However, a single treatment that is entirely effective in all patients is not yet explored. This might be attributed to the absence of specific antiviral medications against human papilloma virus (HPV) infection. Objective: The aim of this work was to compare efficacy of intralesional vitamin D3 in treatment of plantar warts in comparison to candida albicans antigen. Patients and methods: This study included a total of 40 patients suffering from plantar warts, attending at Dermatology and Andrology Outpatient Clinic, Dermatology Department, Al-Azhar University Hospitals. The included subjects were randomly divided into two groups; Group A (Candida antigen group) consisted of 20 patients, subjected to intralesional injection of candida albicans antigen and Group B: (Vitamin D3 group) consisted of 20 patients, subjected to intralesional injection of Vitamin D3. Results: Results revealed that there were no statistically significant correlations between age, sex of patients, duration of treated warts and clinical response in both treatment groups. However, a statistically significant correlation existed between the number of treated warts and response in Vitamin D group. Complete response occurred in patients with low number of warts. At the end, our results showed that there was no statistically significant correlation in complete response between candida antigen and vitaminD3. Both treatments show comparable efficacy and safety in treatment of plantar warts. Conclusion: Treatment of multiple warts by intralesional injection of candida antigen or vitamin D3 is safe and effective, with good cure rates, excellent safety profile and minimal recurrences.

Comparative Study between Intralesional Injection versus Intradermal Injection of Candida Albicans Antigen as An Effective Treatment of Common Warts

Background: Warts, or verrucae, are benign epithelial proliferations of skin and mucosa caused by infection with human papilloma virus (HPV). They are common skin condition that can range in severity from a minor nuisance that resolves spontaneously to troublesome, chronic condition. Objective: The aim of the present study is to compare between intralesional injection of candida albicans antigen versus intradermal injection as an effective treatment of common warts. Patients and methods: This study included 60 (sixty) patients (adult males and females) were suffering from common warts. The patients were divided into two equal groups of 30 patients each: Group A treated by intradermal injection of candida albicans antigen. Group B treated by intralesional injection of candida albicans antigen in one of their warts (mother wart) which was chosen and marked. The patients were collected from the outpatient's clinics of Dermatology and Venereology Department of Al- Hossein University Hospital. Results: As we compared the response to candida albicans antigen injection, we found a highly significant cure response in intralesional injections over intradermal injections. After 6 months follow up in patients who responded by complete cure (29 patients), there was no recurrence in 26 patients (89.6%) and only 3 cases (10.4%) developed partially recurrence. As regard to side effects there were no side effects in 43 cases (71.7%). Conclusion: candida albicans antigen injection seems to be promising effective and safe remedy for cutaneous warts with good cure rates and excellent safety profile.

HYPER IGM SYNDROME TYPE 1 CARRIER WITH RECURRENT INFECTIONS; MORE THAN JUST A CARRIER.

Introduction CD40 ligand (CD40L) deficiency is an X-linked hyper-IgM syndrome that presents with defects in humoral and cellular immunity, resulting in severe bacterial and opportunistic infections, as well as autoimmunity and malignancy. Female carriers of CD40L deficiency should be asymptomatic and have normal immunoglobulin levels. Case Description A 38-year-old female CD40L deficiency carrier presented with CMV hepatitis, several hospitalizations for pyelonephritis and recurrent upper respiratory infections. She demonstrated elevated IgM, normal IgG with an abnormal polysaccharide response. She also had low B cells with a normal proportion of B cell subsets. Lymphocyte stimulation showed a low response to Tetanus Toxoid and Candida albicans antigen. Her mutation occurred at a CD40L splice site that results in the utilization of several alternative splice sites and the expression of a wild-type protein of unknown function. Her T-cell studies demonstrated 56% CD40L expression and 57% binding to the soluble CD40L receptor making extreme lyonization unlikely. Whole exome sequencing was performed. She was started on with immunoglobulin replacement and demonstrated clinical improvement. Discussion This is the first known case describing a symptomatic carrier of CD40L deficiency without evidence of skewed X-linked inactivation. Although CD40L deficiency carriers are typically thought to be asymptomatic our case demonstrates the need for a high index of suspicion and continued thoughtful evaluation in patients with atypical presentations.

Engineering a plasmonic sensing platform for Candida albicans antigen identification

We established a procedure to develop a localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) optical sensor platform for immunoassay. Computational simulations, focused on the assessment of the LSPR spectrum and spatial distribution of the electromagnetic field enhancement near the metallic nanoparticle, were used to engineer a nanostructured-sensing platform. Crucial parameters that rule the LSPR sensor performance, as bulk and molecular sensitivity, were evaluated, guiding the development of the optical platform. An LSPR surface-based platform composed of silver nanospheres adhered on a glass slide and functionalized with monoclonal anti-Candida antibodies of the IgG class was fabricated. Molecular biosensing was demonstrated by the identification of Candida albicans antigen. In particular, C. albicans is the most common species involved in a variety of hospital yeast infections. The developed sensing platform was able to identify C. albicans antigen concentration as low as 50 ng / mL, indicating the viability of exploring LSPR effect on C. albicans antigen biosensor. Moreover, this work provides insight on the LSPR behavior due to the adsorption of molecules layer on a nanoparticle surface, establishing a paradigm on engineering LSPR biosensor.

The secreted Candida albicans protein Pra1 disrupts host defense by broadly targeting and blocking complement C3 and C3 activation fragments

Candida albicans the most frequently isolated clinical fungal pathogen can cause local as well as systemic and life-threatening infections particularly in immune-compromised individuals. A better and more detailed understanding how C. albicans evades human immune attack is therefore needed for identifying fungal immune-evasive proteins and develop new therapies. Here, we identified Pra1, the pH-regulated C. albicans antigen as a hierarchical complement inhibitor that targets C3, the central human complement component. Pra1 cleaved C3 at a unique site and further inhibited effector function of the activation fragments. The newly formed C3a-like peptide lacked the C-terminal arginine residue needed for C3a-receptor binding and activation. Moreover, Pra1 also blocked C3a-like antifungal activity as shown in survival assays, and the C3b-like molecule formed by Pra1 was degraded by the host protease Factor I. Pra1 also bound to C3a and C3b generated by human convertases and blocked their effector functions, like C3a antifungal activity shown by fungal survival, blocked C3a binding to human C3a receptor-expressing HEK cells, activation of Fura2-AM loaded cells, intracellular Ca2+ signaling, IL-8 release, C3b deposition, as well as opsonophagocytosis and killing by human neutrophils. Thus, upon infection C. albicans uses Pra1 to destroy C3 and to disrupt host complement attack. In conclusion, candida Pra1 represents the first fungal C3-cleaving protease identified and functions as a fungal master regulator of innate immunity and as a central fungal immune-escape protein.

An Immunomodulatory Peptide Confers Protection in an Experimental Candidemia Murine Model.

Fungal Candida species are commensals present in the mammalian skin and mucous membranes. Candida spp. are capable of breaching the epithelial barrier of immunocompromised patients with neutrophil and cell-mediated immune dysfunctions and can also disseminate to multiple organs through the bloodstream. Here we examined the action of innate defense regulator 1018 (IDR-1018), a 12-amino-acid-residue peptide derived from bovine bactenecin (Bac2A): IDR-1018 showed weak antifungal and antibiofilm activity against a Candida albicans laboratory strain (ATCC 10231) and a clinical isolate (CI) (MICs of 32 and 64 μg · ml-1, respectively), while 8-fold lower concentrations led to dissolution of the fungal cells from preformed biofilms. IDR-1018 at 128 μg · ml-1 was not hemolytic when tested against murine red blood cells and also has not shown a cytotoxic effect on murine monocyte RAW 264.7 and primary murine macrophage cells at the tested concentrations. IDR-1018 modulated the cytokine profile during challenge of murine bone marrow-derived macrophages with heat-killed C. albicans (HKCA) antigens by increasing monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) levels, while suppressing tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-12 levels. Mice treated with IDR-1018 at 10 mg · kg-1 of body weight had an increased survival rate in the candidemia model compared with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-treated mice, together with a diminished kidney fungal burden. Thus, IDR-1018 was able to protect against murine experimental candidemia and has the potential as an adjunctive therapy.