Al-Nasiriya City Research Articles

THE importance of microRNAs in Endocarditis Associated with Staphylococcus aureus

Abstract— Prosthetic valve endocarditis is a rare microbial infection but a dangerous complication of cardiac valve replacement surgical treatment. This study aims to figure out the genotype of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from patients with PVE by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). The study included 117 patients who were diagnosed with prosthetic valve endocarditis during the period of January to September 2023 at Heart Center Hospital in Al-Nasiriya city, Iraq. From each patient, blood (5 ml) were collected and cultured on differential and selective media, to isolate Staphylococcus aureus that identified according to standard methods and then confirmed the identification by using the API-20 Staph system and by PCR using mecA gene. . As well as detection of microRNA -15 and microRNA-24 as a biomarker of Staphylococcus aureus Prosthetic valve endocarditis the detection the levels of microRNA -15 and microRNA-24 by Real-Time PCR. The results showed that out of (117) studied specimens, there was 25 (11.52%) of them had given growth, while only 21 (84.00%) of them were gram-positive bacteria, and only 14 (66.67%) of them were identified as Staphylococcus aureus, and most of them were MRSA infections with a rate 11 (78.57%), which have been more confirmed by detection of mecA gene. The results of miR-15 and miR-24 expression showed the mean fold change of microR-15 level in patients was lower than in control groups (3.89) versus (4.97). Whereas the mean fold change of miR-24 level in patients was (19.11), which was higher than that of control groups (12.92).

Evaluation of Geotechnical Properties of Soil at Selected Sites in Al-Nasiriya City

Soil index properties are used to calculate and determine the geotechnical properties of soils and then determine soil suitability for the construction of engineering projects. Most of the geotechnical properties of soil affect each other directly or indirectly, and these properties can be utilized as indicators to calculate other properties. In the present study, some soil index properties were used to identify the geotechnical properties of soil. According to the unified classification system for soil, most soils were classified as low and high plasticity hilt. In addition, the soils showed a medium to a high degree of expansion according to the values of the Atterberg limit and were generally considered inactive clay soil. Based on the Standard Penetration Test values, consistency index, and compression index, the soil was stiff to extremely stiff and had high to extremely high compressibility. Finally, the results showed the need for soil for some engineering works, such as stabilization and modification, before the construction of engineering projects.

The effectiveness of eucalyptus globulus and thymus vulgaris in reducing COVID-19 symptoms among COVID-19 patients at Al- Nasiriya City

Objective: To determine how Thymus vulgaris and Ecalyptus globulus affected the symptoms of coronavirus disease-2019 patients.Method: The experimental case-control study was conducted in Al-Nasiriya city, Iraq, from December 15, 2020, toFebruary 20, 2021, and comprised patients of either gender aged 20-50 years diagnosed with coronavirus disease-2019 infection. The patients’ symptoms ranged from mild to severe. Half of the sample was exposed to the study’streatment protocol, while the other half acted as control. Thyme, orange and lemon were employed as sources ofvitamin C, as well as eucalyptus leaves and oil. The cases were exposed to eucalyptus vapours for 5-10 minutes afterthoroughly washing the plant leaves (7-10 leaves or 5 drops of oil) and boiling them in drinking water at 100°C for 10-15 minutes. Data was analysed using SPSS 23.Results: Of the 48 patients, 24(50%) were in each of the two groups. Age and gender were not significantly different(p>0.05), while body mass index and blood group distribution was significantly different between the groups (p<0.05).Overall, 22(45.8%) subjects had mild symptoms, 20(41.7%) had moderate symptoms and 6(12.5%) had severesymptoms. The improvement in the symptoms among the cases was significantly more than the controls (p<0.05)except nasal congestion (p>0.05).Conclusion: Using eucalyptus vapours in the form of dried leaves or oil could significantly lessen coronavirus disease-2019 symptoms.Keywords: Eucalyptus, Thymus, Plant, Citrus, Cough, Smell, COVID-19, Leaves, Vaccines, Vitamins.

Determination of Complication of Hemodialysis for children at AL-Hussein Teaching Hospital in Al-Nasiriya City

Determination of Complication of Hemodialysis for children at AL-Hussein Teaching Hospital in Al-Nasiriya City

Assessment Knowledge of diabetic Patients about Preventive Measures for Retinopathy in AL-Nasiriya City

Assessment Knowledge of diabetic Patients about Preventive Measures for Retinopathy in AL-Nasiriya City

Hepatitis C Virus and infertility

Infertility is defined by inability to conceive after one year or more of unprotected sexual intercourse. Its causes by several causes including viruses such as Hepatitis C Virus. Hepatitis C Virus is sexually transmitted virus effect on reproductive system in male and female and caused infertility. The aim of study was to finding the correlation between Hepatitis C Virus and infertility. Case control study using ELISA technique for 90 serum samples, 50 patients with infertility (males and females) selected from private laboratories in Al-Nasiriya city from November 2021 to February 2022. Inclusion criteria of subjects include male and female patients who have infertility with age range 16-46 years old. The diagnosis was based on the clinical and laboratory examinations under the supervision of a specialist physician. The control group included 40 adults per some (males and females) who have children and look healthy. Both patients and control group received a set of questions. The results showed mean age of patients and control in this study was 30.62 with higher infertility rate 43-46 years old. The results detection of anti–HCV IgM antibody the infection percentage in male was highest (92.00%) than in female. On the other hand, detection of anti–HCV IgG antibody appear the infection in female was greater (24.00%) than in male. Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) considered as risk factor to cause infertility in male and female by affecting reproductive functions in both sexes.

Human papillomavirus as risk factor of infertility in male and female

Background: infertility is the inability to conceive after one year of marriage without using any contraceptives for both spouses. Its major public health problem worldwide and happens for many reasons including viral infections especially Human papillomavirus (HPV) which is sexually transmitted virus and have negative impact on male and female fertility. Aim of this study was to investigate HPV infection in infertile male and female. Subjects and methods, this case control study included 90 subjects, 50 patients with infertility (25 males and 25 females) selected from private laboratories in Al-Nasiriya city with age range 16-46 years old and they diagnosed based on the clinical and laboratory examinations under the supervision of specialist physician. Control group include 40 adults (20 males and 20 females) have children and looking healthy. Results showed mean age of patients and control in this study 30.62 with higher infertility rate 43-46 years old. The incidence of anti-HPV was 16%, presented as anti-HPV IgM (24%) and IgG (32%) higher in female more than in male which showed IgM (8%) and IgG (4%).

Mothers' attitude and practices toward oral health of children under 5 years old at Al-Nasiriya city

Background: It is known that pre-school children are an innocent group, as attention and care of oral health is given the necessary priority to determine the state of oral health for future generations. Generally, the kids in the age less of five spend the all-time with parents and guardians, especially mothers, even they go to the nurseries, it is in these early years that 'initial socialization' and through which early childhood habits are acquired. Objective(s): This study aimed to evaluatemothers' attitude and practices toward oral health of children under 5 years old at al-Nasiriya city. Methodology: A descriptive study design carried out between October 27th, 2021 to March 30th 2022 on mothers of children under 5 years at primary health care center in Al-Nasiriyah city, to evaluate the mother attitudes and practice about children under five years oral health.The research sample includes (310) mothers of children under five years. They are selected by using non-probability sampling (convenience sample). Results: Results observed that all mothers had responded at a moderately level concerning the attitude aspect. And that of the practice results observed that mothers’ respondents had responded at a low level, while it came to evaluate two items for each a moderate, and high levels. Conclusion: There is a connection between mothers’ attitude and practices Occupation, and Source of Information. Recommendation: Encourage mothers to regular visit to dentist clinic and assess the children oral cavity and identify any health problems.

Impact of Climatic Change and Shortage of Water Flow on the Euphrates River Water Salinity between Al-Hindyia and Al-Nasiriya, Southern Iraq

Although the increase in water pollution, the amount of water consumption also increased in population and their activities. The effect of climatic changes are considered as the main effect on Iraqi water resources on its quality and quantity. The goal of the present research is to explain the negative effect of the decreasing of water flow and climate change on the quality of water over the years 2005 to 2010 along the Euphrates river starting from AlHindyia Barrage through Al-Samawa to Al-Nasiriya sites. Historical climatological data of rainfall and temperature for the period 1990 to 2020 and hydrological data of discharge and hydrochimecal analysis for the period 2005 to 2010 were applied in this research. Three gauging stations were chosen on the stretch of the Euphrates River, Al-Hindyia Barrage, Al-Samawa and Al-Nasiriya city. The discharge of Euphrates river is correlated with the Total Dissolved Solids, the major cations (Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and K+) and anions (Cl-, SO42-, HCO3-). It was found that the decrease of discharge due to shortage of water resources and climate change led to increase salinity, Total Dissolved Solids and major ions were became higher with time. The concentration of Total Dissolved Solids increased significantly to reach about 846 ppm in Al-Hindyia Barrage and this rate continue to rise in Samawa to about 2545 ppm and Nasiriya 2724 ppm. it was found that the ions Na+, So42- dominated in Al-Hindyia Barrage water while Na+ and Cl- dominated in Samawa and Nasiriya city water.

Impact of Normal and Overweight Pregnant Women upon Pregnancy Complications In Al-Nasiriya Hospitals: Comparative Study

Abstract: Maternal obesity is a major risk for both the mother and the fetus, and it is considered an obstetrical risk factor that leads to a high incidence of complications, as well as an increased risk of many adverse pregnancy outcomes. Objectives: To assess the impact of overweight pregnant women upon pregnancy complication at Al-Nasiriya city. Methodology: A descriptive analytic study was conducted from January11th, 2021 to march 18th, 2021 at Al-Nasiriya city Hospitals for Maternity and Children on (88) pregnant women who are attending Al-Nasiriya city Maternity Hospitals, (44) were overweight and (44) normal weight pregnant women. A non–probability (Purposive sample) was used to select the participants of study sample, a questionnaire was used as a tool to collect data content, validity was determined through reviewing it by (16) experts in different fields. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. Results: The result of study revealed that (34.1%) (36.4%) of study sample aged (26-30) years in normal, and overweight pregnant respectively. The study results clarifies the previous and current body mass index among normal weight pregnant women (100% & 95%) respectively, while in overweight (63.6%) overweight previously and (65.9%) obesity class (I) at current. the impact of weight upon pregnancy outcomes; the findings indicates that weight has significant impact up on outcomes related to pregnancy, at p-value= 0.007, while there is no impact has been reported among group of normal weight pregnant women. Conclusion: The study concluded that overweight impact upon outcomes related to pregnancy, while there is no impact has been reported among group of normal weight pregnant women. Recommendations: Increased physical activity and knowledge of healthy eating habits among pregnant women as part of primary health care center initiatives to reduce obesity in women.

Assessment of Childbirth Fear Associated with Childbirth Satisfaction among Pregnant Women in Al-Nasiriyah City

Background: The fear of childbirth (FOC) is a common problem that affects a woman's emotional health, preparation for childbirth, and the outcome of labor resulting in more intense and prolonged labor. In addition, this intense fear of childbirth supports an elective caesarean section. AIMS: To assess the childbirth fear associated with childbirth satisfaction among pregnant women at Al-Haboubi Hospital in Nasiriyah city. To explore the effect the childbirth fear associated with childbirth on women’ childbirth satisfaction. To find out the relationship childbirth fear and women’s sociodemographic and reproductive data. Methodology: A descriptive correlational design is conducted at Al-Haboubi Hospital in AL-Nasiriya city to assess the childbirth fear associated with childbirth satisfaction among pregnant women and explore its effect on women’ childbirth satisfaction. from 1st of October 2021 to 1st of April, 2022. The researcher designed the questionnaire to measure the purpose of the study. A convenient sample was selected consecutively from (100) pregnant women for an interview between the researcher and the pregnant woman before giving birth. In addition, communication is done by telephone after the birth for two weeks, and the discussion is conducted in the maternity hall. The data collected by use a questionnaire, which consists of four parts: the first part includes the social characteristics: the second part includes reproductive characteristics: the third part consists of the childbirth fear and the fourth part include the Mackey childbirth satisfaction scale. The information was analyzed in this study by using a statistical package for the social science program (IBM SPSS) version 24.0. Results: The results showed that pregnant women have an average age of 30.31±7.598 years. (43%) have at least (3 - 4) pregnancies , (25%) are at second delivery, (58%) "no have abortion" .(77%) at the high level of childbirth fear, there is a significant difference between fear of childbirth with age and educational level (p-value=0.028 and 0.038), respectively ,and there are significant differences between fear of childbirth with para, gravida, and the number of lived children at (p-value=0.002, 0.008, and 0.023), respectively. Conclusion: The study found that childbirth fear among pregnant women with a high level. Although of that the study found no has any effect on childbirth satisfaction. In addition, the study found a statistical difference between childbirth fear and some socio-demographic and reproductive characteristics Recommendations: Study findings and conclusions have led researchers to recommend the health care institutions to develop support plans and open a special mental health section to reduce the fear that pregnant women face from natural childbirth. Keyword: Assessment, fear, childbirth satisfaction

Hyperlipidemia among Patients with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Al-Nasiriya City

Hyperlipidemia among Patients with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Al-Nasiriya City

Traditional cauterization among children in Bint Al-Huda Hospital in Al-Nasiriya City, Iraq.

Cutaneous cautery is a form of traditional medicine practiced in many countries. It was mentioned in the books of many ancient, pre-, and post-Islamic scholars. Patients may resort to traditional medicine (cauterization in particular) for many reasons. This study aims is to acquire more knowledge about the cautery practices and the reasons for practicing cautery in children together with other implications from adverse events of the cautery. This is a cross-sectional study in which 133 children were enrolled (77 males and 56 females with age ranged from 0.5 to 108 months) who had been admitted to Bint Al-Huda Maternity and Childhood Teaching Hospital in Nasiriya city, Thi-Qar Governorate, Southern Iraq, from December 1, 2019 to end of July 2020). The study found that >80% of cauterized children were below 1 year, (53.4%) of rural residency. Parents of the cauterized children were mainly of illiterate and primary education constituting the highest percentage (91.6%) of cauterized children were of low per capita monthly income. The grandmothers were advisors in more than half of the cauterized children, a vast majority of the advisors were either illiterate or had primary education, The person performing the cautery was a traditional healer (95.5%). Cauterization was done mostly in the head and abdomen, and a vast majority of it was done by a lighted cotton-tipped application (97%). The number of cauterization points ranged from 2 to 25 with a mean of 8.8 cautery marks. Approximately 59% of patients did not improve or worsened, whereas 30% showed partial improvement, and 11% improved. Complications were seen in 9% of the cases. There is a necessity to spread awareness regarding the dangers and complications of traditional cauterization in health care centers by health care providers. Improving the delivery of medical services to areas far from the city centers as well as spreading health awareness by use of multimedia together with eradicating illiteracy is needed.

Assessment of Nurse's Knowledge and Practice Regarding Oxygen Therapy at Teaching Hospitals in Al- Nasiriya City\ Iraq

Background: Oxygen therapy is considered the most common drug in the treatment of many life-threatening diseases such as respiratory failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and others. Particularly now, with the spread of the Coronavirus outbreak, it has become the main drug to save the patients' lives and care for them. As a result, the nurse should have more kills and experience to performing this procedure in the aim to maintain the patient's life safe and avoid complications associated with incorrect oxygen administration technique. Aims of the study: To assess nurses' knowledge and practice regarding oxygen therapy in (critical care units), (emergency units), (oncology units) at Al-Haboby Teaching Hospital and Al-Hussein Teaching Hospital in Al-Nasiriya City. Methodology: A descriptive research design was adopted to conduct this study during the period from (14 November 2020 to 20 March 2021).The study was purposive (non-probability) sample of (60) nurses who are working in (critical care units), (emergency units), (oncology units) at Al- Haboby Teaching Hospital and Al-Hussein Teaching Hospital in Al- Nasiriya City. A self-administered questionnaire was constructed by the researcher for the purpose of data collection regarding nurse's knowledge and practice about oxygen therapy. It consisted of three parts: Part I: Part one contains (12) item including demographic data, Part II: This part deals with nurse’s knowledge and consists of five domains, and Part III: Observational Checklist about nurse’s practice during oxygen administration, it contains (26) items. Study began after requested permission to use the tool. The validity of the study instrument (questionnaire) are determined by experts, who have more than five years’ experience in their fields to determine the clarity and adequacy of the questionnaire to achieve the study objectives. They are (8) faculty members from College of Nursing / University of Baghdad, (1) faculty members from College of Nursing /University of Karbala, (1) faculty member from College of Nursing /University of Thi-Qar, (2) specialized physician in Thoracic diseases and (2) Board anesthesia &intensive care. The questionnaire was finalized after the pilot study was used to test the instrument, the results of the reliability for the questionnaire were the reliability of knowledge was r=0.832 and the reliability of practice by (intra observation) was r=0.821 it considered within the acceptable range and the questionnaires had an adequate level of internal consistency and equivalence measurability. The data were analyzed by applying descriptive and inferential data by application of statistical package for social science program (SPSS) version 23.0. Results: show that, the study sample was presented a low level of knowledge at all five domains related (general knowledge of oxygen therapy and recognizing hypoxemia, indications for acute oxygen therapy, oxygen prescription, and oxygen delivery practices). While in relation to practice, the sample presented low level of practice at both domains (before administering oxygen therapy and during administering oxygen therapy), while presented moderate level of practice at domain (nursing intervention after administering oxygen therapy). Conclusion: The nurses ' knowledge and practices about oxygen therapy were inadequate. Recommendations: Conduct training sessions to improve the performance of the nursing staff on the correct use of oxygen therapy. We recommend researchers to do extensive research in the future on the subject of oxygen therapy, including an educational program.

Effectiveness of Daily Living Activities Program on Total Cholesterol, Low-Density Lipoprotein, and High-Density Lipoprotein of Patients with coronary artery disease

Background: High levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) are risk factors for patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Daily activities are very important for CAD patients due to their effect on improving heart functions, lipid profile, reduced risk factors, decreased incidence and the recurrence rate of CAD. 
 Aims of the study: To find out the effectiveness of daily living activities program on Total Cholesterol, LDL, and HDL of Patients with coronary artery disease. 
 Methodology: A pre-experimental study design was implemented of the period 20th of December 2020 to the 4th of April 2021.The study was carried out in AL-Nasiriya Heart Center in AL-Nasiriya city on 40 coronary artery disease patients selected by using A non-probability (purposive) sampling method was used for selecting the study sample. The study instrument is composed of 4 parts. The first is demographic characteristics, the second part is the clinical history of patient and unhealthy behaviors, the third part is about investigation of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, and levels of high-density lipoprotein, and the fourth part consists of two items related to patients’ responses regarding risk factors, importance of activity, healthy diet, and stress management. 
 Results: The study reveals that (50.0%) of the participants in the study sample at age group (56–66) years old, and (57.5%) of the participants in the study sample are females, (82.5%) of study sample is married and (85.0%) was urban resident, (35.0%) of the study sample was Graduated of middle school education, (52.5%) of study sample was housewives, and (52.0%) of them are in sufficient income, also (55.0%) of them have (7-9) persons in their family. The results indicate that there is significant statistically differences between pre and post-test for total cholesterol p value (0.044), high density lipoprotein p value (0.00), and low density lipoprotein p value (0.006). Also showed that the cholesterol normal category was (2.5%) changed to (12.5%); Borderline high category was (97.5%) decreased to (87.5%) at post-test, high density lipoprotein normal category was (00.0%) changed to (17.5%); borderline high category was (12.5%) changed to (37.5%); high category was (87.5%) changed to (45%) at post-test, low density lipoprotein normal category was (00.0%) increased to (17.5%); borderline high category was (100%) changed to (82.5). 
 Conclusion: The study concluded that the instructional program of daily living activities was effective in improving the levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) of the study sample after the program implementation. 
 Recommendations: Educating coronary patients on the effects of hyperlipidemia on the health of their coronary arteries, as well as encouraging them to participate in daily activities. Increase patient awareness by using Mass Media about the importance of exercise and a healthy lifestyle and its impact on the lipid profile to reduce the incidence and the recurrence rate of CHD.

Assessment of Nurse's Knowledge and Practice Regarding Oxygen Therapy at Teaching Hospitals in Al- Nasiriya City\ Iraq

Background: Oxygen therapy is considered the most common drug in the treatment of many life-threatening diseases such as respiratory failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and others. Particularly now, with the spread of the Coronavirus outbreak, it has become the main drug to save the patients' lives and care for them. As a result, the nurse should have more kills and experience to performing this procedure in the aim to maintain the patient's life safe and avoid complications associated with incorrect oxygen administration technique. Aims of the study: To assess nurses' knowledge and practice regarding oxygen therapy in (critical care units), (emergency units), (oncology units) at Al-Haboby Teaching Hospital and Al-Hussein Teaching Hospital in Al-Nasiriya City. Methodology: A descriptive research design was adopted to conduct this study during the period of (14 November 2020 to 20 March 2021).The study was purposive (non-probability) sample of (60) nurses who are working in (critical care units), (emergency units), (oncology units) at Al- Haboby Teaching Hospital and Al-Hussein Teaching Hospital in Al- Nasiriya City. A self-administered questionnaire was constructed by the researcher for the purpose of data collection regarding nurse's knowledge and practice about oxygen therapy. It consisted of three parts: Part I: Part one contains (12) item including demographic data, Part II: This part deals with nurse’s knowledge and consists of five domains, and Part III: Observational Checklist about nurse’s practice during oxygen administration, it contains (26) items. Study began after requested permission to use the tool. The validity of the study instrument (questionnaire) are determined by experts, who have more than five years’ experience in their fields to determine the clarity and adequacy of the questionnaire to achieve the study objectives. They are (8) faculty members of College of Nursing / University of Baghdad, (1) faculty members of College of Nursing /University of Karbala, (1) faculty member of College of Nursing /University of Thi-Qar, (2) specialized physician in Thoracic diseases and (2) Board anesthesia &intensive care. The questionnaire was finalized after the pilot study was used to test the instrument, the results of the reliability for the questionnaire were the reliability of knowledge was r=0.832 and the reliability of practice by (intra observation) was r=0.821 it considered within the acceptable range and the questionnaires had an adequate level of internal consistency and equivalence measurability. The data were analyzed by applying descriptive and inferential data by application of statistical package for social science program (SPSS) version 23.0. Results: show that, the study sample was presented a low level of knowledge at all five domains related (general knowledge of oxygen therapy and recognizing hypoxemia, indications for acute oxygen therapy, oxygen prescription, and oxygen delivery practices). While in relation to practice, the sample presented low level of practice at both domains (before administering oxygen therapy and during administering oxygen therapy), while presented moderate level of practice at domain (nursing intervention after administering oxygen therapy). Conclusion: The nurses ' knowledge and practices about oxygen therapy were inadequate. Recommendations: Conduct training sessions to improve the performance of the nursing staff on the correct use of oxygen therapy. We recommend researchers to do extensive research in the future on the subject of oxygen therapy, including an educational program.

Assessment of Nurses Knowledge toward Pre and Post Nursing Interventions Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy at AL-Imam AL-Hussein Teaching Hospital in AL-Nasiriya City

Background: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the gold standard treatment for gallstones. Because of the numerous advantages of open surgery, such as limited incisions, short hospital stay, no drainage tube and stomach tube use, fewer analgesic and fewer complications. Aims of the study: This study aimed at assess nurses knowledge towards pre and post nursing interventions laparoscopic cholecystectomy; and determine the relationship between nurses knowledge and their socio-demographic data. Methodology: A descriptive study was conducted for the periods of December 21th 2020 to June 1st 2021. The study is carried out at the AL-Imam AL-Hussein Teaching Hospital in AL- Nasiriya city. Non-probability purposive sample was selected of nurses who working at surgical wards. The sample consists of (50) nurses. The validity of questionnaire achieved through a panel of experts and reliability achieved through a pilot study. By used the questionnaire, data were collected and analyzed through the application of descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: Findings demonstrated that the nurses were moderately knowledge related to gallbladder and laparoscopic cholecystectomy, interventions before and after the laparoscopic cholecystectomy at mean equal 1.43, 1.47, and 1.39 respectively. There were no-significant relationship between nurses knowledge and their demographic data at p-value >0.05. Conclusion: Nurses who working at surgical wards were express unsatisfactory knowledge pre and post nursing interventions laparoscopic Cholecystectomy due to low level of education and lack of training. Recommendations: The study recommended that special training session, concerning all nurses' surgical wards for postoperative nursing interventions (Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Patient) at inside or outside Iraq, and booklets should be designated and presented to all nurses' surgical wards, in addition to increasing the number of professional nurses' graduate of the colleges of nursing to the enrolled in surgical wards.

Monitoring of Total Hydrocarbons and Particulate Matters in AL Nasiriya City, South of Iraq.

In the current study concentrations of some air pollutants included total hydrocarbons (THCs) and particulate matter (PM10) were estimated. Samples were collected monthly from January to December 2020 in five stations in AL- Nasiriya City. Stations 1, 2, 3, and 4 were located at industrial, commercial, and residential areas, respectively, while the fifth station was located in a rural area. The Horiba Mobile Laboratory monitored air pollutants was used in the study for the estimation, it contains a mobile ambient air quality monitoring system. The results showed a variable concentrations of THCs and PM10 among seasons and stations during the study period. The highest value was found in Station 3 for THCs, while the highest concentration for PM10 was in stations 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Moreover, the results showed variable AQI values in all stations of the study for PM10. In general, all concentrations of PM10 were above the WHO and Iraqi standards.

Monitoring of Total Hydrocarbons and Particulate Matters in AL Nasiriya City, South of Iraq.

In the current study concentrations of some air pollutants included total hydrocarbons (THCs) and particulate matter (PM10) were estimated. Samples were collected monthly from January to December 2020 in five stations in AL- Nasiriya City. Stations 1, 2, 3, and 4 were located at industrial, commercial, and residential areas, respectively, while the fifth station was located in a rural area. The Horiba Mobile Laboratory monitored air pollutants was used in the study for the estimation, it contains a mobile ambient air quality monitoring system. The results showed a variable concentrations of THCs and PM10 among seasons and stations during the study period. The highest value was found in Station 3 for THCs, while the highest concentration for PM10 was in stations 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Moreover, the results showed variable AQI values in all stations of the study for PM10. In general, all concentrations of PM10 were above the WHO and Iraqi standards.

Monitoring of Total Hydrocarbons and Particulate Matters in AL Nasiriya City, South of Iraq.

Monitoring of Total Hydrocarbons and Particulate Matters in AL Nasiriya City, South of Iraq.