Airborne Warning And Control System Research Articles

Research on the influence of time delay on combat effectiveness of aircraft fleet

Aiming at the influence of time delay on the combat effectiveness of aircraft fleet under the command of airborne warning and control system (AWACS), the process of beyond visual range air combat under the command of AWACS is analyzed, as well as the time delay characteristics in the combat information flow. The air combat situation threat of the aircraft by enemy aircraft is represented by the weighted fusion of the speed threat, angle threat, distance threat, and height threat of the aircraft. The threat matrix is proposed to represent the threat to the whole aircraft fleet. The threat matrix consists of the situational threat between each of our aircraft and each of the enemy aircraft. And the threat matrix of both sides is calculated to obtain the pre-enemy launch probability of both sides. With the two-step adjudication method and capturing the target probability of the missile seeker under the influence of time delay, the probability and number of being destroyed are calculated, as well as the combat effectiveness ratio. The opposing forces of both sides are set, and the calculation results in Matlab are consistent with the actual ones, which verifies the rationality and validity of the model, and can provide a theoretical reference for determining the time accuracy of the air-based network.

Art of the arms deal: Reagan, AWACS, and the rhetorical presidency

ABSTRACTDuring his first year in office President Reagan sought to authorize the sale of the Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS), an advanced weapons system, to Saudi Arabia over strong congressional opposition. The Reagan administration employed a range of strategies to ensure congressional approval of the deal, including tactics of deferring and promoting and rhetorically leveraging the presidential office. By overtly breaking from Jimmy Carter’s rhetoric of arms control, Reagan’s rhetoric reconstituted the bounds of accepted political action regarding conventional arms transfers, in the process setting new precedents in presidential rhetoric, US–Saudi relations, and the discourse of arms control.

Moving Object Databases — Dynamic Flight Route Modification According to Weather Related Incidents

A moving entity requires huge amount of data, thus its database should handle these data (index mechanisms, secondary storage needs, its management of data for multiusers, and so on). To give an object's correct location, database need to be updated frequently. This means capacity gets overflow eventually. So, new data types need to be used to make the system stable. The solution is to unite spatial and temporal data. It's called spatio-temporal data. Also, this type of database is called moving objects databases (MODS). With these type of data it is possible to show plane locations and dynamically change air vehicle's (UAV, plane, military vehicle and so on) route according to weather constantly. In this study Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS) movement is modeled, this air vehicle's data is queried, and dynamically its route calculated according to weather. Therefore, a safer route can be calculated and planned in today's technologic capabilities.

Using Fuzzy Cognitive Maps for Knowledge Management in a Conflict Environment

In modern military battlefield environments, the availability of data and information has increased exponentially. Through information and communications technology, individuals and teams can access real-time data about almost any aspect of their current conflict situation, but this instantaneous availability of information to individuals and teams in these conflict situations does not always result in better or faster decisions. Instead, the speed and volume of data made available through surveillance, monitoring, analysis, computer, and communications technology can quickly overwhelm decision makers. Worse, different decision makers that need to coordinate their actions as part of a team effort might use different filters to reduce their data to something more manageable, or what they perceive as more relevant, to their emerging situation. To better manage the information in real time, a mediator is necessary. Fuzzy cognitive maps are proposed as one possible technique for mediating the information made available to decision makers. Such maps were used as part of a research project that used novice teams to simulate an Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS) crew managing air assets in a conflict situation. The process of constructing the maps, their role in the simulation, and preliminary results of the test runs of the AWACS simulation are presented

Stress Appraisals and Training Performance on a Complex Laboratory Team Task

Stress appraisal research indicated that those who were challenged by a task outperform those who were threatened by a task. Potential effects of two levels of stress appraisal (Challange-Threat) on training performance were evaluated. Participants were trained on the Dynamic Distributed Decision-making (DDD) task, which models an Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS) team at a level that a college student can learn within 8 hours. Scenarios were developed for the DDD task that would allow the measurement of team helping behaviors. A significant main effect of stress appraisal was found for both mission outcome measures and for team process measures. These findings pave the way for scientists to increase understanding of stress appraisals and team training as well as for trainers to improve training.

Speech-Based Controls in Simulated Air Battle Management

This experiment evaluated speech-based controls as an aid for Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS) operators performing simulated Battle Management Command and Control tasks. Twelve AWACS operators were required to track a package of fighter aircraft, receive verbal target changes, and pass the verbal changes to the lead fighter aircraft in a simulated battlefield air interdiction environment. The availability of speech controls for selected human-machine interface manipulation tasks was varied. The participants' mission performance, mental workload, opinions, and real-time control modality preferences were recorded. The results strongly supported the application of speech-based controls in the AWACS interface.

Three-dimensional target motion analysis using angle and frequency measurements

It is well known that passive target tracking by a single observer, commonly referred to as target motion analysis (TMA), can be done using angle and/or frequency measurements. Depending on the measurement set, different passive tracking procedures result: angle-only tracking (AOT), frequency-only tracking (FOT), and angle/frequency tracking (AFT). Whereas the two-dimensional passive tracking problem has been solved for a multitude of scenarios, thus giving a good insight into the parametric dependences, the three-dimensional problem has been discussed only in a few specific cases. To get a deeper insight into the parametric dependences of three-dimensional TMA, this work analyzes AOT and AFT in typical three-dimensional Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS) scenarios. A Cramer Rao (CR) analysis of the problem reveals the parametric dependences of both methods and gives a clear idea of the increase in estimation accuracy by using AFT instead of AOT. The results obtained in this way are well confirmed by Monte Carlo simulations taking maximum likelihood (ML) as estimation procedure.

Evaluating the Effectiveness of Spatial Audio Displays in a Simulated Airborne Command and Control Task

The effects of a spatial audio display on speech intelligibility were evaluated in a simulated Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS) task environment. Ten trained Air Weapons Officers served as participants during a Close Air Support mission. Spatial audio, chatter level, and mission phase served as experimental factors and speech intelligibility was assessed using the Coordinate Response Measure. Results indicated that speech intelligibility was degraded during the most difficult mission segments, and that spatial audio alleviated, to a moderate extent, the degree of this degradation. In addition, spatial audio was associated with faster response times for correct identification of critical call signs. Overall ratings of perceived mental workload (NASA Task Load Index) indicated intermediate levels and failed to show an effect for the spatial audio manipulation. However, post-experimental questionnaires indicated that operators rated spatial audio technology as valuable for improving communications effectiveness. Accordingly, the present study is an important step in the transition of a mature interface technology that may significantly enhance critical communications in complex command and control environments.

Potential Contributions of Rough Sets Data Analysis to Training Evaluations

Effective training evaluation presents many challenges to the researcher and practitioner. We introduce rough sets theory and analysis as an analytic tool that can be employed to evaluate training systems effectively. The technique is especially helpful if any of the following situations exist in evaluating the training context: Data are discrete, relations among or between predictor and criterion variables are nonlinear, it is important to be able to determine the relative importance of predictor variables, or the concept describing the training criterion changes one or more times throughout the training pipeline. The technique is applied to data taken from a high-fidelity training simulator used by Air Force Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS) teams. Both team- and position-level findings are presented. The discussion highlights the strengths and limitations of the approach.

Assessing Performance of Awacs Command and Control Teams

Performance constructs are discussed within the context of complex and dynamic command and control (C2) team performance. Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS) team members function in an information-rich environment, exchanging updates through an array of visual displays and communication channels. In combat, they face challenges of limited resources, ambiguous information, time pressure, and enemy interference. Subsequently, accurate assessment of communication, coordination, and decision making in AWACS teams can be difficult and time-consuming. Theoretical predictions arising from laboratory tasks must ultimately face the test of external validity using criterion measures of performance. This paper describes some of the challenges in developing criterion measures of performance and situation assessment within a dynamic and complex task requiring high expertise and teamwork. Results from two studies are briefly described.

Development of the airborne warning and control system (AWACS) radar

In 1962 both the Tactical Air Command (TAC) and the Air Defense Command (ADC) defined new systems for airborne surveillance. These were similar in basic concept but considerably different in their specific target requirements. Because of the Continental U.S. (CONUS) defense requirements for long-range target detection and tracking of large numbers of targets, the ADC version was the more demanding. Joint meetings of Air Force Systems Command (AFSC), TAC, and ADC resulted in a compromise joint Specific Operational Requirement (SOR). In 1963 the joint TAC/ADC SOR 206 entitled Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS) was issued.

A CASE STUDY: THE PRACTICE OF SYSTEMS ENGINEERING ON THE E‐3 AWACS RADAR SYSTEM IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM

ABSTRACTA program currently being conducted to upgrade the radar within the United States Air Force (USAF) E‐3 Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS) serves to illustrate examples in modern day systems engineering practices. Of particular interest are efforts in the traceability and interpretation of requirements, the design and verification of interfaces, the reduction of risk with a brassboard flight program, the design review process, the integration of the system, and the leadership and coordination applied to the many engineering and management disciplines which were involved. This paper will examine approaches taken to solve problems in these areas and why these approaches were effective. Examples are presented to bridge the gap between ideals and reality and to reinforce the main objectives of each approach.

Talk and draw: bundling speech and graphics

A description is given of a workstation with integrated graphical and voice I/O (input/output), to improve the man-machine interface (MMI) of the Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS). Incremental prototype development is used to improve the MMI for AWACS. Operator tasks were analyzed to identify functions that would be better performed with voice I/O, and a 70-word vocabulary and corresponding grammar were developed for an ITT VRS-1280 speech recognizer. Responses for a DEC Talker speech synthesizer were also developed. The system architecture for integrating voice and graphical input in the AWACS interface prototype and its implementation are described and development issues are examined. Future developments are considered.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

NATO Member Rejoins AWACS Acquisition: Systems Approach Facilitates Policy Decision

In December, 1978, NATO Defense Ministers undertook to acquire the $1,826 million Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS) aircraft to detect low-flying aircraft. In November, 1979, one Member Country decided not to participate in the acquisition. Using the systems approach, the consequent re-scoping implications were formulated and transmitted to NATO “to stimulate their thinking” prior to the spring, 1980 meeting of the board of directors. The member-country agreed by summer, 1980 in principle to participate in the acquisition and announced full participation on May 7, 1981.

Arms Sales: The New Diplomacy

Abstract : The recent heated debate over the sale of Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS) planes and F-15 fighter components to Saudi Arabia was only one of a number of controversies involving U.S. arms sales. The next weapons transfer which will meet congressional resistance is that of F-16 fighters to Pakistan, a sale which some believe will give a renewed impetus to the arms race on the subcontinent and undermine nonproliferation efforts. Serious questions are also being raised about the wisdom of the planned sale of F-16s to Venezuela, thereby crossing a technological threshold which in the past has restrained the transfer of the most advanced fighter aircraft to Latin America. Proposed new arms supply relationships with Argentina, Chile, and Guatemala will draw the ire of those who are concerned about the dropping of past restrictions based upon these countries' human rights records. The Reagan Administration is faced with a tough decision regarding the sale of the FX fighter to Taiwan. Beijing has put Washington on notice that it considers the proposed sale as a litmus test of future Sino-American relations. But the same type of symbolism is attached to the sale by Taipei, which would view the failure to sell as a sign of abandonment. [Editor's note: the Reagan Administration announced on January 11, 1982, that it had decided not to sell the FX to Taiwan, but would instead permit additional sales of the F-5E.