Air Transmission Research Articles

Analysing urban local cold air dynamics and climate functional zones using interpretable machine learning: A case study of Tianhe district, Guangzhou

Deterioration of the thermal environment in built-up areas poses a serious threat to human health, comfort, and urban infrastructure, while also increasing energy consumption and carbon emissions. This underscores the need to optimize wind environments as a key mitigation strategy for urban areas. This paper analyzed the effects of human activities and natural factors on local cold air in Tianhe District, Guangzhou, from the perspective of local ventilation systems. The KLAM_21 (Kaltluft Abfluss Modell) was used to simulate local cold air flow and delineate climate functional zones. A random forest model, interpreted with the SHapley Additive exPlanation (SHAP) method, assessed the impact of various factors on local cold air dynamics. The study found that: (1) The northern mountainous area is a crucial cold source; (2) Some open spaces in the built environment fail to function as effective local cold air corridors; (3) High-intensity urban development hinders local cold air transmission; (4) Water bodies are more effective than green spaces in collecting and transmitting local cold air. This study provided technical methods for identifying climate functional zones and understanding local cold air dynamics, as well as theoretical support for the construction of local ventilation systems in urban areas.

The impact of population influx on infectious diseases - from the mediating effect of polluted air transmission.

The global population influx during the COVID-19 pandemic poses significant challenges to public health, making the prevention and control of infectious diseases a pressing concern. This paper aims to examine the impact of population influx on the spread of infectious diseases, with a specific emphasis on the mediating role of air pollution in this process. A theoretical analysis is conducted to explore the relationship between population influx, air pollution, and infectious diseases. Additionally, we establish a series of econometric models and employ various empirical tests and analytical techniques, including mediation effect test, threshold effect test, and systematic GMM test, to evaluate our hypotheses. The results indicate that: (1) Population influx directly and indirectly impacts infectious diseases. Specifically, population influx not only directly elevates the risk of infectious diseases, but also indirectly increases the incidence rate of infectious diseases by intensifying air pollution. (2) The impact of population inflow on infectious diseases exhibits regional heterogeneity. Compared to central and western China, the eastern regions exhibit a significantly higher risk of infectious diseases, exceeding the national average. (3) External factors influence the relationship between population influx and infectious diseases differently. Personal income and medical resources both help mitigate the risk of infectious diseases due to population influx, with medical resources having a more substantial effect. Contrary to expectations, abundant educational resources have not reduced the risk, instead, they have exacerbated the risk associated with population influx. This paper provides a scientific basis for formulating effective strategies for the prevention and control of infectious diseases.

A novel method of reliable data transmission for Internet of Vehicles based on crowd sensing strategy

SummaryThe Internet of Vehicles (IoV) is a hot research topic in intelligent transportation, and the research on new methods of intelligent data transmission is one of the key contents. Aiming at the application scenario of urban air quality monitoring data collection and transmission based on IoV, a new reliable data transmission method (Vehicular Grouping‐Communicated Data [VGCD]) based on crowd sensing strategy is proposed. This method is designed to utilize the intelligent perception and collaborative monitoring of vehicle to collect data, avoiding redundancy and overload of information; a reliable data transmission minimum delay hybrid routing method is proposed in the data transmission part, which combines encoding mechanism with routing design, integrates routing switching ideas, predicts vehicle adaptive connectivity based on fuzzy logic, and makes probability based routing decisions to minimize delay, achieving reliable and efficient data collection and transmission. The proposed new method has important theoretical significance and practical value for various applications such as dynamic remote perception monitoring based on the IoV in intelligent transportation.

Depression among Tuberculosis Patients and its Association with Medication Adherence of Anti-Tuberculosis Drugs Literature Review

Introduction: Tuberculosis or known as TBC is one of communicable disease that caused by the bacillus Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This disease is the major of public health problem due to it can spread easily from the patients to the healthy people by air transmission. In order to stop the transmission and improve the health status of the community, treatment is needed for patients with tuberculosis. But, almost people with tuberculosis patients had poor treatment and the factor that contribute to their adherence is depression. Depression and tuberculosis are frequently coexisting in individuals. Depression lead them having negative perception about the treatment and get misconceptions about TB disease. Therefore, most of tuberculosis patients with depression are having lower level of medication adherence. Objective: The purpose of this literature review is to analyze the association between depression among tuberculosis patients with medication adherence of anti-tuberculosis. Method:.This study uses the literature review method to review the results of research that has been published by previous researchers. The literature sources obtained were the results of searches from three online databases, namely Google scholars, Pubmed, and Scopus. which published in the range of 2018-2024. Result: Depression was significantly associated with medication adherence among people who had tuberculosis Conclusion: Depression appears to be a strong risk factor for treatment failure and default in these people with newly diagnosed tuberculosis and is associated with poor treatment outcome despite successful tuberculosis treatment. This could be happened because of long period time that needed to consume the treatment and complexity of the drug regimen.

IMPLEMENTATION OF AN EFFECTIVE FSO WDM SYSTEM UNDER DIFFERENT ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS WITH DIFFERENT CODING SCHEMES

In different atmospheric conditions, Free Space Optical (FSO) transmission is vital because it sends data via light beams through the atmosphere. This technique transmits data quickly and efficiently with low signal attenuation in clear weather. This makes it ideal for short- to medium-range communication, especially in urban areas where cables or radio frequency spectrum are impractical. However, fog, rain, and snow can absorb or disperse the light signal, reducing transmission range and reliability for FSO. This research creates an effective FSO system that supports many channels and transmission distances. The suggested system will be tested in four weather conditions (light air, light rain, medium rain, and heavy rain) with attenuation values of 0.47, 1.988, 5.844, and 9.29 dB/km. Optisystem program version 21 designs and evaluates system performance based on QF, BER, and other criteria. In this research, multiple modulation formats are evaluated for best performance. QF exhibited a reversal relationship with distance, while BER showed a direct one. The suggested system can transmit for 25 km, 12 km, 10 km, and less than 6 km in light air, light rain, medium rain, and severe rain. This research also examines system performance under NRZ and RZ modulation formats. NRZ modulation is better for light air and clear weather transmission than RZ modulation since it requires less equipment and is easier to install. Since NRZ modulation requires no clock recovery overhead, bandwidth efficiency is usually higher. In light rain, RZ modulation minimizes optical fiber dispersion, extending transmission distances and improving signal quality. NRZ excels within 10 kilometers. NRZ works for 6 km and 4 km in medium and severe rain, although RZ's dispersion tolerance and synchronization make it better for longer transmission distances. For short distances, NRZ is suitable, but for longer distances, RZ is more resilient due to its better dispersion management and signal transmission.

Rancangan video animasi edukasi kesiapsiagaan bencana non alam COVID-19 bagi ibu hamil. Uji validitas dan reliabilitas instrumen

Background: COVID-19 is transmitted through air transmission. Prevention of transmission of the COVID-19 virus in pregnant women will certainly reduce complications in pregnant women and the fetus. An educational animated video design can help increase pregnant women's understanding of preventing the transmission of COVID-19. The Coronavirus disease 2019 or COVID-19 in pregnant women will increase the risk of severe infection and pregnancy complications such as preterm labour. Pregnancy will cause physiological changes and maternal immunity, so pregnant women are in a high-risk group for COVID-19 infection. Prevention of COVID-19 virus transmission in pregnant women needs to be done to prevent complications in pregnant women and fetuses. Research objectives: The design of educational animated videos can help increase the understanding of pregnant women in preventing COVID-19 transmission and to test the validity and reliability of instruments.Method: Developing an educational video animation for non-natural disaster preparedness is carried out in several stages, namely making scenarios, storyboards, sketches, choosing colors, coloring, layering and combining them into animated videos. Then, the animated video was validated by a team of experts from the Langsa City Health Office. The content of this video is about preventing COVID-19 transmission in pregnant women. The animated video was tested on 20 respondents in June 2021 in Karang Anyar village, Langsa City. Furthermore, the instrument was tested for validity and reliability on 20 respondents in July 2021 in Paya Bujok Tunong Village, Langsa City.Results: Are 10 components assessed from educational animated videos, and the majority are very good ≥65%. The results of the validity and reliability tests show that the questionnaire is suitable for use in the condition of pregnant women when facing COVID-19 (p > 0,05). However, one invalid statement item was found. The reliability test results show that all variables have an alpha value above 0,378.Conclusion: Respondents can use and distribute animated videos and research instruments.

Wide-bandgap III-V materials for high efficiency air and underwater optical photovoltaic power transmission

High-power optical transmission (HPOT) enables the uninterrupted transfer of power in the order of hundreds of watts over several kilometers, freeing power systems from traditional wiring constraints. Its vast versatility of applications ranges from the ocean depths to outer space. In recent years, particular emphasis has been placed on the development of efficient methods to transfer substantial amounts of power from future space-based solar power stations, which intend to generate clean energy 24/7, to Earth. Despite the immense potential of HPOT, further endeavors should be undertaken in order to enhance overall system efficiency, currently hindered below 20%. A contributing factor to this unsatisfactory performance is the state-of-the-art selection of semiconductors that constitute the receivers of the monochromatic light: the optical photovoltaic converters (OPCs). Therefore, this work aims to identify the most suitable semiconductor materials for high power (∼100 Wcm−2) and beyond transmissions in terrestrial and underwater environments. In addition, the first analytical model capable of evaluating, predicting and designing OPCs and its electrical characteristics is provided. The results indicate that III-V wide-bandgap semiconductors (≈2.5 eV), such as InGaN and InAlN, could yield significant efficiency improvements in air and, especially, in subaquatic domains with respect to existing GaAs-based devices.

Infectivity of exhaled SARS-CoV-2 aerosols is sufficient to transmit covid-19 within minutes

Exhaled SARS-CoV-2-containing aerosols contributed significantly to the rapid and vast spread of covid-19. However, quantitative experimental data on the infectivity of such aerosols is missing. Here, we quantified emission rates of infectious viruses in exhaled aerosol from individuals within their first days after symptom onset from covid-19. Six aerosol samples from three individuals were culturable, of which five were successfully quantified using TCID50. The source strength of the three individuals was highest during singing, when they exhaled 4, 36, or 127 TCID50/s, respectively. Calculations with an indoor air transmission model showed that if an infected individual with this emission rate entered a room, a susceptible person would inhale an infectious dose within 6 to 37 min in a room with normal ventilation. Thus, our data show that exhaled aerosols from a single person can transmit covid-19 to others within minutes at normal indoor conditions.

Pneumoperitoneum in a Patient with Endometriosis and Bilateral Salpingectomy after Sexual Activity

Pneumoperitoneum commonly occurs due to perforated viscus, yet a minority of cases can occur due to gynaecological causes, particularly following sexual activities. While not yet established, various hypotheses have been posited to explain the development of a spontaneous pneumoperitoneum after sexual intercourse. We herein present a unique case of a woman with a history of endometriosis and bilateral salpingectomy who presented with sudden abdominal pain that started after sexual activity. Subsequently, an emergent diagnostic laparoscopy was deemed necessary yielding no signs of perforation. However, an endometrial island was identified on the stump of the previous right salpingectomy during the procedure. Finally, the most likely cause of the patient’s spontaneous pneumoperitoneum was determined to be secondary to sexual activity and subsequent air transmission through an opening caused by her endometriosis. In conclusion, this report will showcase the importance of considering gynaecological pathologies as potential causes of spontaneous pneumoperitoneum, particularly following sexual activity. We intend to diminish the stigma associated with using sexual history as a diagnostic tool when faced with ambiguous cases of abdominal pain presentations.

Impact of Helium Permeability on Endurance and Altitutde Control of Geostationary Stratospheric Airship - A Mathematical Model

A geostationary stratospheric airship is lighter than air platform to be used for several civil and military purposes. In this study, the impact of Helium permeation through the hull and ballonet skin is considered. Mathematical modeling of the system is being done to estimate the amount of Helium and air transmission through the hull and the ballonet skin for a general airship system. Impact of permeation mainly affecting its ability to maintain constant altitude and a minimum level of differential pressure is shown in this study. A method is also devised so as to develop an open loop control system to maintain the altitude of the airship by maintaining the net vertical force due to buoyancy and weight on the airship as zero. Both the cases with and without the altitude control are simulated by numerically solving the model using RK4 algorithm. The results obtained are discussed and appropriate conclusions are drawn from the analysis.

Ventilation strategy for simultaneous management of indoor particulate matter and airborne transmission risks – A case study for urban schools in South Korea

During the COVID-19 pandemic, schools in South Korea augmented ventilation rates by opening windows to avoid airborne transmission risks. However, this also elevated indoor PM2.5 concentrations, creating a trade-off problem between the two risks.This study quantitatively analyzed the impact of ventilation rate on indoor PM2.5 concentrations and COVID-19 transmission risk in a typical classroom. The results showed that indoor PM2.5 concentrations asymptotically approached outdoor ones with the augmentation of ventilation. The impact of ventilation augmentation on indoor concentration decreased with the ventilation rate. The time evolution of air transmission risk was obtained from the balance equation of quanta generated by infected people to estimate the infection probability and effective reproduction number. The transmission risk was a complex function of the ventilation rate, quanta generation rate per infected person, and mask filtration efficiency.The combination of information from the analyses of the two risks provides feasible solutions to the problem of resolving the two conflicting risks simultaneously. For example, high ventilation rates are allowable in mild climates with low outdoor PM concentrations. They can ease mask filtration efficiencies and elevate allowable activity levels while wearing high-efficiency masks and limiting students' activity levels must be enforced under cold climates with high outdoor PM concentrations.This study provides important insights into the trade-off between ventilation rate and COVID-19 transmission risk in classrooms. In addition, the results can be used to develop strategies to mitigate both risks and ensure the safety of students and staff.

SARS-CoV-2 Inactivation in Aerosol by Means of Radiated Microwaves.

Coronaviruses are a family of viruses that cause disease in mammals and birds. In humans, coronaviruses cause infections on the respiratory tract that can be fatal. These viruses can cause both mild illnesses such as the common cold and lethal illnesses such as SARS, MERS, and COVID-19. Air transmission represents the principal mode by which people become infected by SARS-CoV-2. To reduce the risks of air transmission of this powerful pathogen, we devised a method of inactivation based on the propagation of electromagnetic waves in the area to be sanitized. We optimized the conditions in a controlled laboratory environment mimicking a natural airborne virus transmission and consistently achieved a 90% (tenfold) reduction of infectivity after a short treatment using a Radio Frequency (RF) wave emission with a power level that is safe for people according to most regulatory agencies, including those in Europe, USA, and Japan. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that SARS-CoV-2 has been shown to be inactivated through RF wave emission under conditions compatible with the presence of human beings and animals. Additional in-depth studies are warranted to extend the results to other viruses and to explore the potential implementation of this technology in different environmental conditions.

Effect of calcium doping on the anodic behavior of E-AlMgSi (Aldrey) conducting aluminum alloy in NaCl electrolyte medium

The design of new materials intended for operation under severe conditions faces the task of rendering the materials corrosion resistant. The practical solution of this task is interrelated with the knowledge of corrosion protection of metals and alloys. The use of conducting aluminum alloys for the manufacture of thin wire may encounter specific problems. This is caused by the insufficient strength of these alloys and a small number of kinks before fracture. Aluminum alloys have been developed in recent years which even in a soft state have strength characteristics that allow them to be used as a conductive material. The E-AlMgSi (Aldrey) aluminum alloy is a well-known conducting alloy. This alloy is a heat-strengthened one, possessing good plasticity and high strength. After appropriate heat treatment this alloy acquires high electrical conductivity. Wires made from this alloy are almost exclusively used for air transmission lines. This work presents data on the corrosion behavior of calcium containing E-AlMgSi (Aldrey) aluminum conducting alloy in 0.03, 0.3 and 3.0% NaCl electrolyte medium. The anodic behavior of the alloy has been studied using a potentiostatic technique with a PI-50-1.1 potentiostat at a 2 mV/s potential sweep rate. Calcium doping of the E-AlMgSi (Aldrey) aluminum alloy increases its corrosion resistance by 15–20%. The corrosion, pitting and repassivation potentials of calcium doped alloys shift toward the positive region. An increase in the sodium chloride electrolyte concentration leads to a decrease in these potentials.

Effect of calcium doping on the anodic behavior of E-AlMgSi (Aldrey) conducting aluminum alloy in NaCl electrolyte medium

The design of new materials intended for operation under severe conditions faces the task of rendering the materials corrosion resistant. The practical solution of this task is interrelated with the knowledge of corrosion protection of metals and alloys. The use of conducting aluminum alloys for the manufacture of thin wire may encounter specific problems. This is caused by the insufficient strength of these alloys and a small number of kinks before fracture. Aluminum alloys have been developed in recent years which even in a soft state have strength characteristics that allow them to be used as a conductive material. The E-AlMgSi (Aldrey) aluminum alloy is a well-known conducting alloy. This alloy is a heat-strengthened one, possessing good plasticity and high strength. After appropriate heat treatment this alloy acquires high electrical conductivity. Wires made from this alloy are almost exclusively used for air transmission lines. This work presents data on the corrosion behavior of calcium containing E-AlMgSi (Aldrey) aluminum conducting alloy in 0.03, 0.3 and 3.0% NaCl electrolyte medium. The anodic behavior of the alloy has been studied using a potentiostatic technique with a PI-50-1.1 potentiostat at a 2 mV/s potential sweep rate. Calcium doping of the E-AlMgSi (Aldrey) aluminum alloy increases its corrosion resistance by 15–20%. The corrosion, pitting and repassivation potentials of calcium doped alloys shift toward the positive region. An increase in the sodium chloride electrolyte concentration leads to a decrease in these potentials.

The Application of Wireless Underground Sensor Networks to Monitor Seepage inside an Earth Dam.

Earth dams or embankments are susceptible to instability due to internal seepage, piping, and erosion, which can lead to catastrophic failure. Therefore, monitoring the seepage water level before the dam collapses is an important task for early warning of dam failure. Currently, there are hardly any monitoring methods that use wireless underground transmission to monitor the water content inside earth dams. Real-time monitoring of changes in the soil moisture content can more directly determine the water level of seepage. Wireless transmission of sensors buried underground requires signal transmission through the soil medium, which is more complex than traditional air transmission. Henceforth, this study establishes a wireless underground transmission sensor that overcomes the distance limitation of underground transmission through a hop network. A series of feasibility tests were conducted on the wireless underground transmission sensor, including peer-to-peer transmission tests, multi-hop underground transmission tests, power management tests, and soil moisture measurement tests. Finally, field seepage tests were conducted to apply wireless underground transmission sensors to monitor the internal seepage water level before an earth dam failure. The findings show that wireless underground transmission sensors can achieve the monitoring of seepage water levels inside earth dams. In addition, the results supersede those of a conventional water level gauge. This could be crucial in early warning systems during the era of climate change, which has caused unprecedented flooding events.

Review of animal transmission experiments of respiratory viruses: Implications for transmission risk of SARS-COV-2 in humans via different routes.

Exploring transmission risk of different routes has major implications for epidemic control. However, disciplinary boundaries have impeded the dissemination of epidemic information, have caused public panic about "air transmission," "air-conditioning transmission," and "environment-to-human transmission," and have triggered "hygiene theater." Animal experiments provide experimental evidence for virus transmission, but more attention is paid to whether transmission is driven by droplets or aerosols and using the dichotomy to describe most transmission events. Here, according to characteristics of experiment setups, combined with patterns of human social interactions, we reviewed and grouped animal transmission experiments into four categories-close contact, short-range, fomite, and aerosol exposure experiments-and provided enlightenment, with experimental evidence, on the transmission risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-COV-2) in humans via different routes. When referring to "air transmission," context should be showed in elaboration results, rather than whether close contact, short or long range is uniformly described as "air transmission." Close contact and short range are the major routes. When face-to-face, unprotected, horizontally directional airflow does promote transmission, due to virus decay and dilution in air, the probability of "air conditioning transmission" is low; the risk of "environment-to-human transmission" highly relies on surface contamination and human behavior based on indirect path of "fomite-hand-mucosa or conjunctiva" and virus decay on surfaces. Thus, when discussing the transmission risk of SARS-CoV-2, we should comprehensively consider the biological basis of virus transmission, environmental conditions, and virus decay. Otherwise, risk of certain transmission routes, such as long-range and fomite transmission, will be overrated, causing public excessive panic, triggering ineffective actions, and wasting epidemic prevention resources.

Swarm of UAVs for Network Management in 6G: A Technical Review

Fifth-generation (5G) cellular networks have led to the implementation of beyond 5G (B5G) networks, which are capable of incorporating autonomous services to swarm of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). They provide capacity expansion strategies to address massive connectivity issues and guarantee ultra-high throughput and low latency, especially in extreme or emergency situations where network density, bandwidth, and traffic patterns fluctuate. On the one hand, 6G technology integrates AI/ML, IoT, and blockchain to establish ultra-reliable, intelligent, secure, and ubiquitous UAV networks. 6G networks, on the other hand, rely on new enabling technologies such as air interface and transmission technologies, as well as a unique network design, posing new challenges for the swarm of UAVs.Keeping these challenges in mind, this article focuses on the security and privacy, intelligence, and energy-efficiency issues faced by swarms of UAVs operating in 6G mobile network. In this state-of-the-art review, we integrated blockchain and AI/ML with UAV networks utilizing the 6G ecosystem. The key findings are then presented, and potential research challenges are identified. We conclude the review by shedding light on future research in this emerging field of research.

Airborne transmission of SARS-Cov2: What consequences for digestive endoscopy?

The SARS-Cov-2 disease disrupted essential hospital procedures, such as gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy, due to concerns about air transmission and the risk of exposing health care workers. With the spread of the pandemic, air transmission was considered as the main source of SARS-Cov2 transmission. This raised the problem of transmission by aerosolization of viral particles in operating rooms as well as endoscopy units. This is in line with the known airborne transmission of many other respiratory viruses. The risk of SARS-Cov-2 transmission during GI endoscopy was initially reduced by controlled measures, involving personal protections (mask…), restricted access to endoscopy rooms, and detection of infected patients. Gastrointestinal endoscopy generates aerosols, which may carry viruses. In addition, the endoscopy system may facilitate the diffusion of virus particles or fomites considering the forced-air cooling system used to maintain a stable temperature inside the box (25°C). The volume of air that goes through the light source box is high (240-300m3 for a 1-h period). Moreover, the light system contains an air pump to inflate air inside the gut lumen. In order to isolate people from hazard, different levels of protection and solutions to avoid airborne transmission of microorganisms should be proposed, such as the reinforcement of personal protective equipment, the change in the way people work and engineering control of the risk.

Use of reactive power sources in improving the quality of electricity

The losses of power and electricity have sufficiently negative and significant impact on air transmission networks. In the supply of electricity and power to electricity consumers the power supply must be reliable and of high quality without interruption. In recent years the process of uninterrupted reliable and high-quality supply of electricity has become extremely complicated. Currently measures are being developed to calculate the solution of this issue as much as possible. The problem of reactive power compensation and the quality of electricity is directly related to the immediately consumer loads, voltage and frequency. It is also a process associated with increasing the value of the system's active power coefficient to balance the total power from the ac network, not decreasing the voltage value, and reducing the harmonic components of large fluctuations in nonlinear industrial consumer loads. Voltage storage is usually required to reduce voltage changes in the power line.

Indoor Spatiotemporal Contact Analytics Using Landmark-Aided Pedestrian Dead Reckoning on Smartphones.

Due to the prevalence of COVID-19, providing safe environments and reducing the risks of virus exposure play pivotal roles in our daily lives. Contact tracing is a well-established and widely-used approach to track and suppress the spread of viruses. Most digital contact tracing systems can detect direct face-to-face contact based on estimated proximity, without quantifying the exposed virus concentration. In particular, they rarely allow for quantitative analysis of indirect environmental exposure due to virus survival time in the air and constant airborne transmission. In this work, we propose an indoor spatiotemporal contact awareness framework (iSTCA), which explicitly considers the self-containing quantitative contact analytics approach with spatiotemporal information to provide accurate awareness of the virus quanta concentration in different origins at various times. Smartphone-based pedestrian dead reckoning (PDR) is employed to precisely detect the locations and trajectories for distance estimation and time assessment without the need to deploy extra infrastructure. The PDR technique we employ calibrates the accumulative error by identifying spatial landmarks automatically. We utilized a custom deep learning model composed of bidirectional long short-term memory (Bi-LSTM) and multi-head convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for extracting the local correlation and long-term dependency to recognize landmarks. By considering the spatial distance and time difference in an integrated manner, we can quantify the virus quanta concentration of the entire indoor environment at any time with all contributed virus particles. We conducted an extensive experiment based on practical scenarios to evaluate the performance of the proposed system, showing that the average positioning error is reduced to less than 0.7 m with high confidence and demonstrating the validity of our system for the virus quanta concentration quantification involving virus movement in a complex indoor environment.