Air Sterilization Research Articles

Decay of Airborne Bacteria from Cattle Farm Under A-Band Ultraviolet Radiation

Inspired by the effects of solar or UV radiation on the decay of airborne bacteria during their transport, this study investigated the effect of UVA on the decay of airborne bacteria from cattle houses and analyzed the potential use of UVA to reduce indoor airborne bacteria under laboratory conditions. Airborne bacteria from the cattle source were generated and released into a small-scale test chamber (1.5 m3) with different strategies according to the different objectives in decay tests and simulated sterilization tests. Increasing with the UVA radiation gradients (0, 500, 1000, 1500 μW cm−2), the average decay rate of total curable airborne bacteria ranged from 2.7% to 61.6% in decay tests. Under the combination of different UVA radiation intensities (2000 μW cm−2 in maximum) and radiation durations (60 min in maximum), simulated sterilization tests were conducted to examine the potential use of UVA radiation for air sterilization in animal houses. With the dynamic inactive rate (DIR) ranging from 17.2% to 62.4%, we proved that UVA may be an alternative way to reduce the indoor airborne bacteria in cattle houses if applied properly. Similar effects would be achieved using either a high radiation intensity with a short radiation duration or a low radiation intensity with a long radiation duration.

Titanium Dioxide and Photocatalysis: A Detailed Overview of the Synthesis, Applications, Challenges, Advances and Prospects for Sustainable Development

The term “photocatalysis” has recently gained high popularity, and various products using photocatalytic functions have been commercialized. Of all the materials that may be used as photocatalysts, titanium dioxide (TiO2) is virtually the only one that is now and most likely will remain appropriate for industrial application. Water and air purification systems, sterilization, hydrogen evolution, self-cleaning surfaces, and photoelectrochemical conversion are just a few of the products and applications in the environmental and energy domains that make extensive use of TiO2 photocatalysis. This is due to the fact that TiO2 has the lowest cost, most stability, and most effective photoactivity. Furthermore, history attests to its safety for both people and the environment because it has been used as a white pigment since antiquity. This review discusses some important aspects and issues concerning different synthesis methods and their influence on the structure and properties of TiO2, as well as the concept of photocatalysis based on it as a promising biocompatible functional material that has been widely used in recent years. The advantages of TiO2 applications in various fields of science and technology are discussed, including environmental protection, photocatalysis including self-cleaning surfaces, water and air purification systems, hydrogen liberation, photovoltaic energy, cancer diagnosis and therapy, coatings and dental products, etc. Information on the structure and properties of TiO2 phases is presented, as well as modern methods of synthesizing functional materials based on it. A detailed review of the basic principles of TiO2 photocatalysis is then given, with a brief introduction to the modern concept of TiO2 photocatalysis. Recent advances in the fundamental understanding of TiO2 photocatalysis at the atomic-molecular level are highlighted, and advances in TiO2 photocatalysis from the perspective of design and engineering of new materials are discussed. The challenges and prospects of TiO2 photocatalysis are briefly discussed.

Enhanced air filtration and ammonia sensing with cellulose nanofibers-based triboelectric nanogenerators under harsh environments

Fire accidents often occur in environments characterized by severe air pollution, toxic gas emissions, and microbial growth, creating significant challenges for developing multifunctional portable healthcare devices. These devices must achieve high filtration efficiency, minimal pressure drop, and the capability to provide early warnings of toxic gas leaks. Triboelectric nanogenerators present a sustainable solution as self-powered energy converters for advanced healthcare applications. In this study, we grafted Ti3C2Tx/MoS2 nanohybrid materials, which form Schottky heterojunctions, onto cellulose diacetate using tetraethyl orthosilicate, followed by electrospinning to produce nanofibrous films. When paired with a negatively charged material, the resulting device achieved an optimal balance with a low-pressure drop (52 Pa) and high filtration efficiency (98.72 % for PM0.3). It also demonstrated exceptional stability under high-temperature and high-humidity conditions. Notably, the device maintained rapid sterilization within 15 min and consistent filtration performance even after multiple washes. Furthermore, the device exhibited precise detection of trace amounts of NH3 (0.1 ppm) and demonstrated a rapid response, achieving an 86 % response rate within 2 s for 100 ppm NH3, providing an early warning 28 s faster than commercial NH₃ monitors. This study introduces a novel approach to the development of multifunctional, self-powered, wearable medical devices that offer high-efficiency air filtration and sterilization, breath monitoring, and rapid toxic gas leakage detection in harsh environments.

Evaluation of antinutrients, nutritional, and functional properties in sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L) cake treated with hydrothermal processes

Applying heat treatments using an autoclave and hot air sterilization can alter the proximal composition, technofunctional properties, and antinutrient content of Sacha inchi (P. volubilis) oil press cake. The autoclave and hot air treatments significantly reduced antinutrients compared to the control. The samples treated with autoclave and hot air sterilization exhibited a significant decrease in alkaloids, nitrates, tannins, saponins, and trypsin inhibitors compared to the control sample. However, the 20-min autoclave treatment did not significantly reduce the saponin antinutrients. Phytic acid significantly decreased in the 30-min hot air sample and autoclave 20-min/hot air treatments, respectively. On the other hand, the levels of antinutrients oxalate and thiocyanates did not significant difference between the control and hot air treatments. However, the autoclave treatment resulted in a significant reduction in oxalates. The study found that hydrotreatments at temperatures of 121 °C with humid heat - autoclave showed significant differences in protein content compared to the control sample, with content of 37.75 + 0.2 g/100g. Samples treated with an autoclave for 10, 20, and 30 min showed values of protein 53.19 + 0.28, 66.08 + 2.6, and 70.12 + 0.48 g/100g, respectively. Meanwhile, samples treated with dry heat showed significant differences with the sample treated for 10 min having a protein content of 60.21 + 6.80 g/100g. The techno-functional properties analyzed in the study demonstrated a significant decrease in hydrating properties such as water holding capacity (WHC), water retention capacity (WRC), and swelling capacity (SC) due to changes in the solubility of proteins for the two treatments and the oil holding capacity (OHC) property showed a significant increase. Finally, water's presence during hydrothermal treatments significantly reduces antinutrients, providing guidance for analyzing other study variables.

Performance analysis of a novel air filtration and sterilization PV-Trombe wall

Bioaerosols have received widespread attention since the outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 owing to their harmful effect on public health. To deal with indoor bioaerosols in an energy-saving method, an air filtration and sterilization PV-Trombe wall was proposed in this study. An experiment rig concerning thermal sterilization of aerosolized Klebsiella pneumoniae was set up to test its feasibility and effectiveness at different exposure temperature and residence time. With the experimental data, an inactivation model was derived based on the first kinetic model and Arrhenius equation. Besides, a mathematic model concerning heat and mass transfer was established for simulating the system performance at different conditions. The results reveal that: (1) The survival ratio of bioaerosols was 0.848, 0.689, 0.493 and 0.257 for the exposure temperature of 45 °C, 60 °C, 73 °C and 85 °C at the residence time of 6.5 s (2) the survival ratio predicted by the inactivation model corresponded well with the experimental results and the root mean square error was 0.041. (3) The electrical and thermal efficiencies were 0.134 and 0.218 while the indoor bacterial concentration was reduced by over 60 % with bacterial quantity of filter maintained at a low level. (4) The increase of air velocity could significantly improve the purification performance.

A Clean and Health-Care-Focused Way to Reduce Indoor Airborne Bacteria in Calf House with Long-Wave Ultraviolet.

Long-term exposure to a relatively high concentration of airborne bacteria emitted from intensive livestock houses could potentially threaten the health and welfare of animals and workers. There is a dual effect of air sterilization and promotion of vitamin D synthesis for the specific bands of ultraviolet light. This study investigated the potential use of A-band ultraviolet (UVA) tubes as a clean and safe way of reducing airborne bacteria and improving calf health. The composition and emission characteristics of airborne bacteria were investigated and used to determine the correct operating regime of UVA tubes in calf houses. Intermittent exceedances of indoor airborne bacteria were observed in closed calf houses. The measured emission intensity of airborne bacteria was 1.13 ± 0.09 × 107 CFU h-1 per calf. Proteobacteria were the dominant microbial species in the air inside and outside calf houses. After UVA radiation, the indoor culturable airborne bacteria decreased in all particle size ranges of the Anderson sampler, and it showed the highest reduction rate in the size range of 3.3-4.7 μm. The results of this study would enrich the knowledge of the source characteristics of the airborne bacteria in intensive livestock farming and contribute to the environmental control of cattle in intensive livestock production.

Effect of power supply parameters on discharge characteristics and sterilization efficiency of magnetically driven rotating gliding arc

Plasma sterilization is a new generation of high-tech sterilization method that is fast, safe, and pollution free. It is widely used in medical, food, and environmental protection fields. Home air sterilization is an emerging field of plasma application, which puts higher requirements on the miniaturization, operational stability, and operating cost of plasma device. In this study, a novel magnetically driven rotating gliding arc (MDRGA) discharge device was used to sterilize Lactobacillus fermentation. Compared with the traditional gas-driven gliding arc, this device has a simple structure and a more stable gliding arc. Simulation using COMSOL Multiphysics showed that adding permanent magnets can form a stable magnetic field, which is conducive to the formation of gliding arcs. Experiments on the discharge performance, ozone concentration, and sterilization effect were conducted using different power supply parameters. The results revealed that the MDRGA process can be divided into three stages: starting, gliding, and extinguishing. Appropriate voltage was the key factor for stable arc gliding, and both high and low voltages were not conducive to stable arc gliding and ozone production. In this experimental setup, the sterilization effect was the best at 6.6 kV. A high modulation duty ratio was beneficial for achieving stable arc gliding. However, when the duty ratio exceeded a certain value, the improvement in the sterilization effect was slow. Therefore, considering the sterilization effect and energy factors comprehensively, we chose 80% as the optimal modulation duty ratio for this experimental device.

Sterilization potential of Gas-Water Mixed Ion (GWMI) technology and its device for microorganisms in the built environment

As human societies progress, novel infectious diseases and extensive health challenges continuously emerge. There is a growing demand for low-cost, safe, and broad-spectrum microbial sterilization technologies within architectural environments. This study introduces a Gas-Water Mixed Ion (GWMI) technology combining negative ions and electrostatic atomization. Due to the strong oxidizing properties of the hydroxyl radicals (·OHs) produced, it demonstrates excellent bactericidal effects and has been widely applied in water treatment. However, its potential for air sterilization has not been fully explored. Using Escherichia coli (E. coli) as a target strain, this study investigates the sterilization potential of this technology in various spatial settings and evaluates its energy consumption from an economic perspective. The results indicate that the device, designed based on the GWMI technology, achieves more than 70 % bactericidal efficiency at the maximum distance in spaces of 100 L and 200 L. In a 30 m³ experimental chamber, the natural diffusion of the microbial ions extends approximately 36 cm, with localized air supply enhancing the spread of these ions up to 90 cm, where the sterilization rate still reaches 33.33 % and over 50 % within the 70 cm range. Compared to other microbial purification methods, this technology consumes less energy. The GWMI technology efficiently eliminates environmental microbes, provides valuable data for future implementation in building environments, and offers a novel approach to fostering low-carbon, healthy architectural settings.

The Performance Analysis of a Novel Sterilizable Trombe Wall Based on the Combined Effect of Heat and UV Light

A Trombe wall is a widely applied heating system that has a single function. An interesting thing is that both the solar heat and UV light received by a Trombe wall have an air sterilization effect. Here, the air sterilization and thermal performances of a Trombe wall in different cities were investigated based on an established heat and mass transfer model. The main results were as follows: (1) UV dose accumulation and high temperature were the most important factors that affect the UV and thermal sterilization performance, respectively. The Trombe wall had the thermal characteristics of high accumulation of UV doses in the morning and afternoon and a high temperature level at noon, which was a good match with the UV and thermal sterilization process. (2) A typical sterilization process in a Trombe wall was divided into three areas: the UV inactivation area, UV and thermal inactivation area and UV inactivation area. (3) The weather conditions played an important role in the sterilization performance. UV sterilization was dominant in cloudy weather, and thermal sterilization was dominant in sunny weather. (4) In Nanjing, Shanghai, Xining and Guangzhou, the average daily clean air volumes in heating months were 39.4, 33.5, 32.2 and 39.8 m3/m2, respectively. (5) When the wall height increased from 1.5 m to 3.5 m, the average daily clean air volume in heating months increased from 31.7 to 43.6 m3/m2.

Effect of air sterilizers in an outpatient clinic at a tertiary university hospital.

After the COVID-19 outbreak, interest in airborne virus infections has increased. We considered ways to reduce the risk of infection to other people by inactivating the virus before it is inhaled into the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. We installed a recently developed air sterilizer in the newly remodeled outpatient clinic of a tertiary university hospital and confirmed its effectiveness. After remodeling the ENT outpatient clinic at Chonnam National University Hospital, 15 KOKKOS air sterilizers (Bentech Frontier Co., Ltd., Gwangju, Korea) were installed. Total culturable microorganisms (TCMs) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were measured in five separate inspection areas three days before installation, 2 weeks after installation, and 4 weeks after installation. After measurement of TCMs, improvement in air quality occurred 2 weeks after air sterilizer instatement at all timepoints except inspection area 5, and further improvement was achieved after 4 weeks (p < 0.05). After assessment of VOCs, improvement occurred 4 weeks after air sterilizer connection at all points (p < 0.05). KOKKOS air sterilizers are effective in improving air quality in an outpatient clinic at a tertiary university hospital.

An overview of the bacterial microbiome of public transportation systems-risks, detection, and countermeasures.

When we humans travel, our microorganisms come along. These can be harmless but also pathogenic, and are spread by touching surfaces or breathing aerosols in the passenger cabins. As the pandemic with SARS-CoV-2 has shown, those environments display a risk for infection transmission. For a risk reduction, countermeasures such as wearing face masks and distancing were applied in many places, yet had a significant social impact. Nevertheless, the next pandemic will come and additional countermeasures that contribute to the risk reduction are needed to keep commuters safe and reduce the spread of microorganisms and pathogens, but also have as little impact as possible on the daily lives of commuters. This review describes the bacterial microbiome of subways around the world, which is mainly characterized by human-associated genera. We emphasize on healthcare-associated ESKAPE pathogens within public transport, introduce state-of-the art methods to detect common microbes and potential pathogens such as LAMP and next-generation sequencing. Further, we describe and discuss possible countermeasures that could be deployed in public transportation systems, as antimicrobial surfaces or air sterilization using plasma. Commuting in public transport can harbor risks of infection. Improving the safety of travelers can be achieved by effective detection methods, microbial reduction systems, but importantly by hand hygiene and common-sense hygiene guidelines.

Optical and Electrical Properties of AlxGa1-xN/GaN Epilayers Modulated by Aluminum Content.

AlGaN-based LEDs are promising for many applications in deep ultraviolet fields, especially for water-purification projects, air sterilization, fluorescence sensing, etc. However, in order to realize these potentials, it is critical to understand the factors that influence the optical and electrical properties of the device. In this work, AlxGa1-xN (x = 0.24, 0.34, 0.47) epilayers grown on c-plane patterned sapphire substrate with GaN template by the metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). It is demonstrated that the increase of the aluminum content leads to the deterioration of the surface morphology and crystal quality of the AlGaN epitaxial layer. The dislocation densities of AlxGa1-xN epilayers were determined from symmetric and asymmetric planes of the ω-scan rocking curve and the minimum value is 1.01 × 109 cm-2. The (101¯5) plane reciprocal space mapping was employed to measure the in-plane strain of the AlxGa1-xN layers grown on GaN. The surface barrier heights of the AlxGa1-xN samples derived from XPS are 1.57, 1.65, and 1.75 eV, respectively. The results of the bandgap obtained by PL spectroscopy are in good accordance with those of XRD. The Hall mobility and sheet electron concentration of the samples are successfully determined by preparing simple indium sphere electrodes.

METHODS OF STERILIZATION OF MEDICAL POLYMER COMPOSITES BASED ON POLYHYDROXYBUTYRATE WITH ELASTOMERIC ADDITIVE

Introduction. Polyhydroxybutyrate is a biodegradable and completely biocompatible component, and in combination with various modifying additives can be suitable for the manufacture of medical products used in surgical practice as bone implants or their parts. There implants have a number of advantages over traditional metal products, but for their integration into the body they require thorough sterilization cleaning, which in the case of poly-mer compositions has a number of limitations associated with the possible destruction of the material structure during various cleaning stages. Purpose of the study. Find optimal methods for sterilization and disinfection of materials based on polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) and an elastomeric additive – butadiene-nitrile rubber (NBR-28). Material and methods. Two-component PHB-NBR compositions with PHB content from 30 to 90% were studied. Four methods of sterilization and disinfection were used: autoclaving, air sterilization, disinfection with chlorine solution and ethanol solution. Determined mechanical characteristics are strength and elongation of the material at break. Sterility control – by the method of washings with subsequent observation of the growth of bacteria and fungi in Sabouraud's medium and thioglycollate medium. Results. Sterilized and disinfected samples showed no microbial growth in both culture media. No change in mechanical characteristics was detected for samples subjected to solution cleaning methods. High temperature cleaning reduced the mechanical properties of samples by 20–80% depending on the sterilization mode. Conclusions. The data obtained show that for sterilization and disinfection of PCM based on the biodegradable polymer PHB, solution methods are suitable without restrictions and the autoclave sterilization method is suitable with minor restrictions, while air sterilization leads to the destruction of PCM. The work was financially supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Russian Federation (Research theme state registration number 122041300207-2).

Effect of Plasma-Activated Time for Ozone Generation in SDBD System Under Pulse and Sinusoidal Excitation

In the surface dielectric barrier discharge (SDBD) excitation schema, different power source topologies, such as the pulse and sinusoidal voltage inverters, are used to obtain the plasma. The inverter design is a critical element for consumer applications. However, some works in the literature have explained plasma properties and high-voltage excitation, but no clear definition has been identified to select a plasma property for a particular application. In general, SDBD is used for nonthermal plasma applications such as air purification and sterilization. Plasma generates reactive species that can react with target substances. Therefore, the reactive species generation rate greatly affects the plasma reaction performance. In addition, some researchers compare the <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mathrm{O}_3$</tex-math> </inline-formula> generation rate with sinusoidal and pulse power supply, but they do not focus enough on the plasma which determines the electrical properties. In this study, the plasma-activated time (PAT) is introduced to link the plasma properties and electrical parameters. Sinusoidal and pulse voltage excitation characteristics and <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mathrm{O}_3$</tex-math> </inline-formula> generation rates are used to experiment with this concept. The generation of reactive species is tested by measuring the <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mathrm{O}_3$</tex-math> </inline-formula> generation rate under fixed electrical and environmental conditions such as voltage, temperature, humidity, frequency, and PAT.

Quantitative generation of ROS and their effective photocatalytic antibacterial activity of high-intensity universal P25 network films: The role of ROS

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and utilization were the foundation for the photocatalytic degradation of pollutants or anti-bactericidal effect. Especially for solid-phase film photocatalysis, a simple and firm immobilization method that ensured exposure of active sites and effective production of ROS was the key. Presently, a P25 network films was achieved using water-based polyurethane acrylate (WPUA) as adhesive through a simple and convenient direct spraying method. The physical and chemical properties of the P25 network films were characterized and the results showed that P25 was firmly adhered on the metal wire mesh and fully exposed the active sites of P25. Dynamic generation of ROS on 304SS@P25 films interface was systematically investigated. The concentration of hydroxyl radicals (•OH), superoxide radicals (O2•−) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) on 10 cm × 3 cm 304SS@P25 after 2 h of UV irradiation were 9.4 ± 0.3 × 10−9 M, 7.6 ± 0.3 × 10−9 M, and 11.7 ± 0.9 × 10−6 M, respectively, which was similar with ROS generation of P25 nanoparticle suspensions. In addition, the ROS-mediated antibacterial effect of 304SS@P25 films was investigated, and a linear correlation was found between the concentration of ROS generated and the E. coli sterilization rate. Furthermore, 304SS@P25 films could be successfully applied in the air sterilizer to exhibit a good bactericidal effect. This ROS-oriented photocatalyst immobilization method opened up a new pathway for water and air purification and provided a new strategy in the field of photocatalytic antibacterial technology.

Biodegradable MOFilters for Effective Air Filtration and Sterilization by Coupling MOF Functionalization and Mechanical Polarization of Fibrous Poly(lactic acid).

High-performance air filtration materials are important for addressing the airborne pollutants. Herein, we propose an unprecedented access to biodegradable poly(lactic acid) (PLA)-based MOFilters with excellent filtering performance and antibacterial activity. The fabrication involved a stepwise in situ growth of zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) crystals at the surface of microfibrous PLA membranes, followed by mechanical polarization under high pressure and low temperature (5 MPa, 40 °C) to trigger the ordered alignment of dipoles in PLA chains and ZIF-8. The unique structural features allowed these PLA-based MOFilters to achieve an exceptional combination of excellent tensile properties, high dielectric constant (up to 2.4 F/m), and enhanced surface potential as high as 4 kV. Arising from the remarkable surface activity and electrostatic adsorption effect, a significant increase (from over 12% to nearly 20%) in PM0.3 filtration efficiency was observed for the PLA-based MOFilters compared to that of pure PLA counterparts, with weak relation to the airflow velocities (10-85 L/min). Moreover, the air resistance was controlled at a considerably low level for all the MOFilters, that is, below 183 Pa even at 85 L/min. It is worth noting that distinct antibacterial properties were achieved for the MOFilters, as illustrated by the inhibitive rates of 87 and 100% against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. The proposed concept of PLA-based MOFilters offers unprecedented multifunction integration, which may fuel the development of biodegradable versatile filters with high capturing and antibacterial performances yet desirable manufacturing feasibility.

Effects of ultrasound combined technology on quality and volatile compound properties of chili sauce

In this study, the effect and mechanism of seven kinds of sterilization treatments, including ultrasound (US), pasteurization (PT), high temperature short time (HTST), hot air (HA), microwave (MW), ultraviolet (UV) and steam sterilization, on E. coli, S. aureus and P. aeruginosa were investigated. It was found that PT, HTST, MW, and steam sterilization gave ideal bactericidal effect and were subsequently, combined with ultrasound treatment and applied to chili sauce. The results showed that ultrasound combined with microwave (US + MW) treatment was effective in preserving the maximum nutritional value and flavor of chili sauce while ensuring its sterility. The total number of colonies and coliforms were not detected after US + MW treatment. Furthermore, the contents of total polyphenol, capsaicin and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging ability in the US + MW group were 11.10%, 12.78% and 17.00% higher than those of traditional autoclave sterilization. In addition, polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity was 2.04 times higher in the US + MW group compared to the autoclave sterilization group. Correlation analysis showed that total polyphenol and capsaicin were positively correlated with 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) (correlation coefficients 0.90 and 0.76, respectively) and DPPH free radical scavenging ability (correlation coefficients 0.88 and 0.72, respectively). The results obtained from GC-MS showed that US + MW treatment could reduce the loss of volatile compounds and retained the original flavor of chili sauce. The content of diallyl disulfide was 1.8 times that of autoclave group. This study provides a new theoretical reference for sterilization and flavor preservation of chili sauce.

Recent advances in the application of ionic liquids in antimicrobial material for air disinfection and sterilization.

Airborne transmission is one of the most unpredictable routes of infection. Nowadays, airborne diseases increase ever than before because of the complex living air environment. Apart from the inorganic particles, active microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, and fungi are incorporated in the pathogens acting as threaten to public health, which can hardly be treated by the traditional air purification methods based on adsorption. Therefore, effective filtration material with antimicrobial activity is demanded to solve the problem. Ionic liquids (ILs) are a category of salts that remain liquid at room temperature. The stable physico-chemical properties and extremely low vapor pressure make them suitable for a wide range of applications. Thanks to the numerous combinations of cations and anions, as well as the ability of inheriting properties from the parent ions, Ils are believed to be a promising industrial material. In recent decades, several Ils, such as imidazolium, pyridinium, pyrrolidinium, phosphonium, and choline, have been found to have antimicrobial activity in their monomeric or polymeric forms. This work focuses on the antimicrobial activity and safety of the latest types of ionic liquids, discussing the synthesis or manufacturing methods of Ils for air purification and filtration. Furthermore, possible applications of Ils antimicrobial materials in medical instruments and indoor environments are mentioned to encourage the scientific community to further explore the potential applications of Ils.

Automated corona discharge (CD) for efficient and broad-spectrum surface and air sterilization

Corona discharge can be a safe, efficient, affordable, automatable, and environmentally friendly method to sterilize air and surfaces, including personal protective equipment.

Air Filtration and Sterilization in Ventilation Systems According to the New Paradigm

Air Filtration and Sterilization in Ventilation Systems According to the New Paradigm