Air Permeability Of Paper Research Articles

STUDY OF ORGANOLEPTIC AND PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PRODUCTS FROM SMOKING ROLLING TOBACCO

Products from rolling smoking tobacco, they are also “hand-rolled”, are currently a trending phenomenon in the development of the tobacco products market, both in the Russian Federation and abroad. In view of the fact that maximum allowable values for the content of nicotine, tar and carbon monoxide in smoke are set for cigarettes, manufacturers produce tobacco blendings for cigarettes with a high content of components such as reconstituted tobacco and extended stem, on the one hand, regulating toxicity, and on the other hand, reducing flavoring properties. This leads to the fact that modern cigarettes, in terms of taste and aroma of tobacco smoke, poorly meet consumer taste preferences. By creating products from rolling smoking tobacco, combining different types of tobacco, using paper for self-rolling paper of different composition and breathability, as well as changing the mass of tobacco and the diameter of the product, the consumer can create an ideal product that meets all his taste preferences. In connection with the growing popularity of hand-rolled cigarettes, the relevance of research on their qualitative characteristics is growing. This article discusses such qualitative characteristics as the chemical composition and technological properties of samples: raw tobacco; tobacco blendings with and without a vein; rolling smoking tobacco of various brands. The main purpose of the research is to study the influence of the design of the product (diameter, weight, air permeability of paper) on the tasting assessment. For each type of smoking tobacco, products (hand-rolled) of various weights and diameters have been made, using four types of paper, differing in composition and air permeability. The dependence of the tasting evaluation of products from rolling smoking tobacco on the air permeability of the paper and the design features of the products (fiber width, weight and diameter of the products) has been established.

Qualitative characteristics of thin-cut smoking tobacco and the chemical composition of the smoke of products made from it

Thin-cut smoking tobacco is gaining more and more popularity among consumers of tobacco products. However, this type of product remains poorly understood, including the chemical composition of its smoke. The analysis of the data on the chemical composition of the smoke of smoking tobacco products of various designs is an urgent task from the point of view of assessing the toxic load. It will help further to develop recommendations and suggestions for consumers in the manufacture of these products. The main purpose of this work is to study the effect of the product design (diameter, weight and air permeability of paper) on the chemical composition of smoke and tasting assessment. This article discusses the technological properties of smoking tobacco brands: «Pepe», « Stanley», «Corsar», «Redmont». The chemical composition of tobacco (nicotine, proteins, carbohydrates and pH) was analyzed. The analysis of the composition and breathability of paper for self-rolled cigarettes of the brands «OCB Premium» and «OCB Organic Hemp» used for the manufacture of tobacco products from thin-cut tobacco, of different diameters. The influence of the design features of the products (diameter and weight) was studied on the chemical composition of smoke (nicotine, resin, carbon monoxide). Experimentally, the dependence of the chemical composition of smoke on the air permeability of paper and the design features of thin-cut tobacco products has been established: when using paper with low air permeability and with an increase in the diameter and weight of products, the nicotine content increases by 37,55% and resin by 39,54%. The dependence between the nicotine content in tobacco and nicotine in the smoke of tobacco products from thin-cut tobacco was revealed.

Leak-Based Method for the Measurement of Air Permeability of Papers

Summary The air permeability of cigarette paper is currently assessed according to the international standard ISO 2965 by applying a constant pressure difference of 1 kPa between the two faces of a sample and by measuring the corresponding airflow. Lower Ignition Propensity regulations have led tobacco manufacturers to use specific cigarette papers with narrow bands of low air permeability and diffusion capacity to achieve regulatory compliance. The international standard ISO 2965 was revised in 2009 to take into account the specific geometry and characteristics of the bands and to include suitable narrow measuring heads. The consequence was a significant reduction of the measured airflow levels with banded papers and a need for equipment covering specifically low airflow ranges. The well-known pressure-airflow relationship across cigarette paper enables the development of an alternative method to ISO 2965 which does not require direct airflow measurement, and therefore airflow meters which are costly parts of the current measuring devices. The alternative method is based on the measurement of the change of the pressure over time after an initial pressure difference was applied between the two faces of the paper. The consecutive analysis of the pressure difference profile, impacted by the leak across the paper, enables the derivation of the air permeability. The related theoretical aspects were developed for both viscous and inertial airflows, and experimental investigations were conducted with banded and conventional cigarette papers as well as a permeability calibration standard. Results obtained with the proposed method showed good consistency with ISO 2965 measurements and a lower repeatability, demonstrating that a leak-based method could be a simple and reliable alternative.

The Analysis of Relationships between Surface Porosity and Air Permeability of Paper (board)

Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) was used to scan the surfaces of 9 kinds of food packaging paper, and the surface porosity of them was analyzed according to fractaltheory. To study the relationships between surface porosity and the air permeability of the paper samples, Schopper air permeability tester was used to test the air permeability of the samples. By fitting experimental curve, the relationships between the surface porosity and air permeability were obtained. It demonstrated that the fitting curve described the profile of the experimental values very well and the air permeability depends exponentially on surface porosity over a large range of porosity and the fitting curve equation is Ps=1.132e15.89A.

紙の透気性，とくにその空げき構造との関係について

In order to obtain a good understanding on the air permeability of paper, the permeability coefficient from Darcy's law for the various handsheets has been studied on the basis of the knowledge of the porous structure obtained by using mercury porosimetry.4) 5) The experimental results are presented for a series of handsheets prepared from whole and classified (into long fiber and short fiber fraction) softwood kraft pulp in a variety of basis weight, wet pressure and beating degree.A linear relation has been found between the logarithms of modified permeability coefficient and those of apparent breakthrough pressure for the handsheets tested. The modification of permeability coefficient was made on the assumption that the fluid should flow actually through the “interconnected pore” determined by mercury porosimetry5) in the handsheets. The definition of such modified permeability coefficient is as follows.us, εR=KuΔPμLwhere Ku : modified permeability coefficient, cm2 L : thickness of a test specimen, cmΔP : pressure drop, dyne/cm2R : ratio of the mercury volume retracted to the total mercury volume penetrated us : superficial velocity of fluid, cm/secε : porosityμ : viscosity of fluid, g/ (cm e sec) In addition, for the analytical approach based on the drag theory, the friction factor and the modified Reynolds number for the handsheets were evaluated with the equivalent particle diameter (14μ) which had been determined by mercury porosimetry.5) The relation between the friction factor and the modified Reynolds number for the handsheets is analogous to that of the granular packed beds (Ergun's equation) from laminar to turbulent region. However, the measured values of the friction factor for the handsheets were about 5 to 10 times higher than that for the granular packed beds.

Characteristics of Papers and the Morphological Properties of Woods

The weight volume of wood, WRV of pulp and certain physical properties of paper of some tropical and Japanese hardwoods were studied from the morphological point of view.Correlation between the ratio of lumen diameter and fiber diameter (l/D) was found to have close relationship to such properties as the weight volume of wood, the water retention value of pulp, the bulk density, stiffness, burst factor, breaking length, folding number and air permeability of paper. And the correlation between the ratio of fiber length and fiber diameter (L/D) and the tear factor of paper was revealed.Thus it may be possible to estimate the quality of pulpwoods and to improve the characteristics of papers by making use of these fiber dimension ratios as indices.