Air Of Residential Areas Research Articles

MONITORING AND ANALYSING AIR POLLUTION IN RESIDENTIAL AREAS UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF VEHICLE AND METALLURGICAL PLANT EMISSIONS

Assessment of the level of air pollution in the residential areas of an urbanized city allows to determine the main pollutants contained in the air and allows to adjust or improve the cleaning equipment of emission sources. The purpose of the work: research of the general level of air pollution in the zone of influence of the central road with heavy traffic and an industrial facility on the air quality of residential areas of the city of Kamianske. Methodology. The work used air quality analyzers Benetech GM 8804, Wintact wt 8811, Benetech GM 8806 to determine the presence (concentration) of hydrogen sulfide, carbon monoxide, ammonia, formaldehyde, dust (PM 2.5), combustible gases (LEL). Sampling points were chosen in residential areas: indoors, on the adjacent territory and near the road. Scientific novelty. In the course of research, it was found that the residential area, which is located closer to the industrial facility and to the central part of the city with shopping centers, has relatively higher LEL indicators and lower indicators of oxygen content in the air. The dynamics of changes in air pollution over time are not high. Practical value. Monitoring and analysis of the level of air pollution contributes to the detection of dangerous chemicals in the air of a residential area, the patterns of decreasing oxygen content and the dynamics of changes in the content of combustible gases in the air over time and with a change in the distance to the source of pollution. Results. It was found that the air of residential areas does not contain compounds of hydrogen sulfide, carbon monoxide, ammonia, and formaldehyde sufficient for the measurement range of analytical devices. Traces of dust were detected. Recorded decrease in oxygen content indoors and in atmospheric air near roads. The content of combustible gases (LEL) in the studied premises in most samples is higher than outside.

Microplastics in the urban atmosphere: Sources, occurrences, distribution, and potential health implications

Urbanization itself is a major and furthermost imperative contributor to the release of microplastics into the environments. As cities grow and develop, more plastic products are consumed and discarded, resulting in increased plastic pollution levels. Although researches on airborne microplastics (AMPs) in urban regions are scare, recent findings have shown high concentration of them in the air of residential areas. Textiles are the main source of airborne microplastics in indoor ambiance, while traffic-related plastic particles, textiles and agricultural and marine airborne microplastics appear to be responsible for polluting cities’ outdoor atmosphere. Local metrological situation, urban topography and physical features of plastic particles control the behavior, distribution and fate of airborne microplastics. Inhalation is the primary exposure route to airborne plastic particles and may induce toxicity in respiratory tract. Understanding these factors is crucial for developing effective strategies to mitigate their impact on human health and environment. Current work reviews the published literature on airborne microplastics in urban settings aiming at characterizing microplastics parent's materials, potential sources in both indoor and outdoor spaces, distribution and possible health impacts along with some further suggestions.

Automated control and control system of emissions into the atmospheric air of thermoelectric-power industries

The article describes new approaches to the systems of automated monitoring and control of emissions into the atmospheric air of thermoelectric-power industries. The purpose of creating such systems is to reduce the level of impact on the air of residential areas and control its quality. The basis of this air quality management system is the continuous measurement and registration of pollutant concentrations both at emission sources and in the air of residential areas. Due to the analysis of meteorological conditions in combination with the use of the method of marker compounds, statistical processing of the obtained analytical data, a decision is made not only about the degree of impact on the environment, but also the determination of the specific polluter of this contamination. The complexity of this goal lies in the need to maintain a large fleet of analytical measuring instruments with varying degrees of sensitivity. The article proposes methods to reduce the diversity of the instrument base, which leads to an improvement in the performance of automated air quality control devices and to simplify the maintenance of such systems. The use of such systems allows for the optimization and digitalization of air quality management systems in the residential area as a whole through the use of various controllers and soft hardware.

Ensuring the environmental safety of residential areas of settlements based on the monitoring of acidic impurities in the atmospheric air кислых примесей в атмосфере

Objectives. Purpose Monitoring of acidic impurities in the atmospheric air of residential areas of settlements is one of the areas of ensuring their environmental safety and is officially carried out at 221 stations in the Russian Federation in the study of atmospheric precipitation.Method. In areas where they are minimal, the author proposes an alternative method for assessing environmental pollution based on the preparation of aerosol suspensions. The purpose of this work was to study the acidity index (pH) of aerosol suspensions (washing off aerosols from the leaves of apricot trees (Prunus armeniaca) obtained in the Srednyaya Akhtuba region (Sredneakhtubinsky district of the Volgograd region) in the spring-summer of 2020.Result. The results of the research demonstrated acidic aerosols ( pH = 5.32 + 0.01) in the atmospheric air rp Srednyaya Akhtuba in comparison with the conditionally clean zone (SNT "Oroshenets", "Shelf"), (pH = 6.39 + 0.02) The data indicate environmental pollution and on environmental risks for the population.Conclusion. Acidic impurities in the atmosphere of the middle Akhtuba region in comparison with the conditionally clean zone (SNT "Oroshenets", "Shelf"), which indicates environmental risks for the population. sources of pollution in residential areas of the settlement of Srednyaya Akhtuba and to develop environmental measures to protect the population from acidic impurities contained in aerosols, which requires further study of the territory.

Architectural choices aimed at reducing the air pollution by vehicle emissions in residential areas

Introduction. The formation of an optimal microclimate and ensuring the purity of atmospheric air in residential areas is possible in urban planning design practice by regulating the wind regime, which determines the thermal state of a person and the quality of the living environment, the temperature and humidity regime. The aim of the study is to assess the impact of the width, density, and planning techniques of main streets on the aeration regime and reduction of the concentration of motor transport emissions in the air of residential areas. Material and methods. The research was carried out both in full-scale conditions on the streets of large cities and residential buildings’ models at a scale of 1:20 using cup anemometers. Results. The regularities of the formation of the aeration regime and the level of gas contamination of main streets with different planning and development methods are established. The dependences of the coefficient of air flow transformation in terms of the speed on the width of streets and the size of gaps between buildings are obtained. Planning conditions that exclude the possibility of a closed circulation of impurities in street canyons are determined. The spatial and temporal dynamics of air pollution of transport communications in residential areas of settlements is studied. Conclusions. Hygienic standards for the content of motor transport emissions in the air of residential areas are provided by the optimal aeration mode, formed by choosing the width, position of the route, number of floors, planning techniques, and density of development of main streets. Simultaneously, it is necessary to introduce measures aimed at reducing the gross emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere and eliminating foci of atmospheric pollution on the transport networks of cities. When selecting urban planning decisions that ensure the environmental quality of the living environment of settlements in different geographical areas, it is necessary to consider the peculiarities of spatial-temporal dynamics of air pollution by transport and communications, due to changes in meteorological conditions and fluctuations in the intensity of traffic by hour of day, day of week and season of the year.

Security and Human Health Risk Assessment: Actual Problems

This paper presents data on specific chemical risks observed in the urbanized areas of Irkutsk Oblast. The most important air pollutants in Bratsk are nitrogen dioxide, fluoride compounds, sulfur-containing substances, benzo(a)pyrene, and formaldehyde. The paper addresses the issues of assessing risks to human health when exposed to chemicals contained in the air of residential areas. We use the risk assessment methodology to quantify the non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks for specific population cohorts. It is found that when exposed to chemicals through inhalation, the risk of experiencing toxic effects is high. We hereby evaluate how specific contaminants affect the human health risks. The existing pollution level in the city’s administrative districts causes a high risk of respiratory diseases (HQ = 4.28), musculoskeletal diseases (HQ = 1.74), immunity disorders (HQ = 1.74), respiratory system disorders (HQ = 14.1), ophthalmological diseases (HQ = 9.7), physical and mental maldevelopment (HQ = 9.4); the total population-wide carcinogenic risk is found unacceptable (PCR = 1.8×10−3). It is demonstrated that the risk concept can be used as a methodological tool to substantiate the administrative decision-making with respect to environmental protection and technogenic security.

News on toxicity and hazard of chemical and biological substances N.I. Sheina MICROORGANISM BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS SSP. TOUMANOFFI 25

Strain B. thuringiensis ssp. toumanoffi 25 does not have sensitizing properties, does not affect the cellular and humoral parts of the immune system, the intestinal microflora. The MAC of the strain in the air of the working area is recommended at 5x104 mg/m3, in the atmospheric air of residential areas it is 5x103 mg/m3.

JUSTIFICATION OF MAXIMUM (ONE-TIME) ALLOWABLE CONCENTRATION OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS, EMERGING DURING THE HIGH TEMPERATURE TREATMENT OF WOOD IN CHIPBOARD PRODUCTION, IN THE AMBIENT AIR

Results of experimental studies are reported on the substantiation of the maximum single permissible concentration (MAC maximum single) of volatile organic compounds, formed during a high temperature processing of wood in chipboard production (based on tererpene hydrocarbons), in the atmospheric air of residential areas at the level of 0.05 mg/m3. The magnitude was established on the basis of olfacto-odorimetry taking into account new approaches to the determination of «obsessive» odor thresholds as a limiting criterion for the MAC maximum single justification in accordance with the international practice of setting odor limits and our home experience gained in the standardization of odorous substances in the ambient air. The selection of priority substances for the control of the designed value (α-pinene, β-pinene, 3-carene, limonene, camphene) was based on the analysis results of the composition of releases from a high temperature processing of wood and atmospheric air in the enterprise location area.

Experimental Substantiation of Hygientic Regulatory Standards for a Mixture of С6-С10 Saturated Hydrocarbons in the Atmospheric Air of Residential Areas

Toxicity and hazard assessment of the mixture of saturated hydrocarbons C6-C10 (hexane, heptane, octane, nonane, decane)) at a single and chronic exposure was PERFORMED in animal experiments. It was shown that in terms of acute toxicity, the mixture is low hazard, exhibits moderate irritant effect on skin and eye mucous membrane and shows a slight dermal resorptive effect. The threshold limit concentration for a single inhalation exposure (Limac) as estimate4d by the resorptive effect is 5250±mg/m3 At a long 90 day continuous exposure, neuro-, hepato- and embryo toxicity was revealed at a concentration of 160mg/m3. The threshold limit concentration for chronic exposure (Limch) was estimated as 31.4 mg/ m3 and no effect concentration as 5.2 mg/m3. The threshold limit concentration of the mixtu re based on reflex action was estimated on a level of 280 mg/m3. Based on the investigations outcome, the mixture of saturated hydrocarbons C6-C10 is referred to hazard class 3. Maximum allowable concentrations (MACs) in the atmospheric air of residential areas were substantiated: MAC average daily based on resorptive effect equals to 5 mg/m3; MAC maximum single based on reflex action equals to 50 mg/m3.

TOXICITY ASSESSMENT AND EXPERIMENTAL SUBSTANTIATION OF HYGIENE REGULATORY STANDARDS FOR THE MIXTURE OF С1−С5 SATURATED HYDROCARBONS IN THE ATMOSPHERIC AIR OF RESIDENTIAL AREAS

Experimental studies of toxicity and hazard assessment of a mixture of С1-С5 saturated hydrocarbons as pollutants of atmospheric air were performed. It was shown that the mixture exhibits a low toxicity at a single exposure and does not irritate skin and eye mucous membranes. The Limac of the С1-С5 mixture was set at 25300 and 3100 mg/ m3 by the resorptive and reflex effects respectively. After 90-day chronic continuous exposure to the mixture, symptoms of chronic intoxication, specifically functional disorders in the nervous, cardiovascular, and respiratory systems and in biochemical processes, were revealed. The threshold concentration of the mixture was estimated at 255.7 mg/m3 . The experimental results were used to substantiate hygiene regulatory standards (MAC average day dose, and MAC maximum one-time dose) and hazard class for the mixture of С1-С5 saturated hydrocarbons in the atmospheric air of residential areas.

Risk Analysis of Environmental Pollution by Secondary Hydrogen Chloride from Leakage of Phosphorus Trichloride

This study aims to analyse the influence of the pollution of hydrogen chloride which is the side effect of the leakage accident of a 50m3 phosphorus trichloride tank. When the leakage source intensity is 1.06kg/s with the leakage time of 30 minutes, and the distance is about 2700m away from the highest allowable concentration (0.05mg/m3) in air of residential areas, which goes beyond about the distance of 700m over the "Comprehensive emission standard of air pollutants" (GB16297-1996) table 2 (100mg/m3, new sources of pollution emission limits), however, the mean value of hydrogen chloride concentration beyond 400m is less than the that of IDLH (immediately dangerous to life or health concentration), and no half lethal concentration (LC50) appears. The scope and extent of pollution can be significantly reduced by timely using fire water to eliminate smoke to change hydrogen chloride into hydrochloric acid fog and make them drop in a lower position.

Measurement of Volatile Organic Compounds in the Urban Atmosphere of Harris County, Texas

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are a major component of urban air pollution. It is well documented that exposure to certain types of VOCs can cause adverse health effects such as cancer, immune and neurological damage, and reproductive and endocrine disorders. Urban air samples were collected at five locations in Harris County, Texas to determine the measurement of VOCs in the ambient air of residential areas in close proximity to industrial facilities that emit toxic air pollutants into the air. Three locations used in this study were located along the Houston Ship Channel (HSC), in the heart of one of the largest petrochemical complexes in the nation. Two other sampling locations were located many miles away from the ship channel and any industrial facilities that are required to report toxic air emissions. Air samples were collected daily over an 8-h period from December 2002 to March 2003. The samples were collected in 6-L stainless steel Silonite-coated canisters and analyzed using a modified version of EPA Method TO-15. A total of 53 compounds was quantitated using a gas chromatograph mass spectrometer system coupled to a cryogenic preconcentrator. Eighteen alkanes and oxygenated compounds were identified, along with 7 alkenes and 5 aromatic compounds. Several alkanes such as butane, isobutane, 2-methyl butane, and pentane were detected at all five sites. The total VOC concentrations determined were highest at two of the industrial sites and lowest at the site farthest away from the ship channel and any industrial facilities. This study concluded that the atmosphere near Harris County's industrial complex had higher concentrations of VOCs than the atmosphere in areas farther away from the HSC. The atmosphere of areas downwind from emission sources were found to be directly affected by toxic air emissions from industrial process but not at the levels seen in areas closer to the HSC.

A report on Penicillium in the intramural and extramural air of residential areas of Nagpur city (India)

Prevalence of different species of Penicillium and their concentrations per cubic meter of air were evaluated with the use of Hi-Air sampler system Mark II (Hi-Media Laboratories Ltd., India) in the air of homes (bed-rooms) at four different sites in Nagpur. At each of these sites, air sampling was done fortnightly in triplicate for 2 years duration from June 2000 to May 2002. The sampling was also done in triplicate for the outdoor air in the vicinity of each home on the same day immediately after the indoor sampling was over. The mean concentration of Penicillium colony forming units at four different sites in the indoor air was 32, 46.9, 35 and 35.4 CFU/m3, respectively, whereas in the outdoor air at these same four sites, the mean concentration was 24, 28, 25 and 25.8 CFU/m3 respectively. The Penicillium concentration in the indoor air was found to be higher in winter than in other seasons (ANOVA, p < 0.05). Concentration of Penicillium spp. in intramural environment was always higher than that in extramural environment. Statistically significant difference existed between intramural and extramural environments at all the sites, with maximum difference at a site, which is old crowded area of the city. During the 2-year’s investigations, 11 species of Penicillium were isolated from the indoor air while nine species were isolated from the air outside the homes. The dominant species of Penicillium in indoor as well as outdoor air were P. citrinum (33.78 and 32.81), P. oxalicum (19.70 and 22.60), and P. chrysogenum (17.64 and 14.50). The percentage of the Penicillium in the indoor air was 10.70 while it was 8.36 in outdoor air. Indoor air showed the presence of P. glaber and P. sclerotiorum, which were absent in the outdoor air.