Aid Activities Research Articles

Impacts of disasters on women: the case of Kahramanmaras Earthquake sequence : Post-traumatic stress disorder and other problems among women after the Kahramanmaras Earthquake sequence.

This study aimed to uncover difficulties, living conditions, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms among women victims of the Kahramanmaras earthquake sequence on February 6, 2023. The data was collected from 388 participants using an online survey between November 1-30, 2023. We collected the data using a survey form with a 48-question sociodemographic information form and the 9-item Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)-Short Scale.We analyzed the data using independent samples t-test, Chi-square test, and binary logistic regression analysis. While 59.5% of participants reported post-earthquake headaches, 77.8% had difficulty sleeping. Apart from the primary impacts of the disaster, 53.6% of participants reported post-earthquake financial difficulties, and 53.4% had to be employed to generate income. Besides, 22.2% of participants experienced violence, and 38.1% had PTSD symptoms. Furthermore, having to work in a paid job increased their probability of developing PTSD symptoms by 3.4 times. Our analysis showed that singles, smokers, those with a disaster-damaged home and financial difficulties, those who had to work, those receiving psychological support, and those with anxiety had significantly higher PTSD scores (p < 0.05). Despite all such difficulties, 43.3% of them participated in aid activities. It seems imperative to devise and implement efficient strategies to address women's physical and mental health challenges in the wake of the disaster. Moreover, it is of the utmost importance to integrate gender-sensitive approaches into disaster preparedness plans by fostering collaborations among all relevant bodies.

The role of female community AIDs activists in supporting people with HIV/AIDS through confidentiality and trust

An important element in dealing with HIV/AIDS is to disclose of its status to others. One of the problems faced by HIV/AIDS sufferers in disclosing their status is finding people they can trust, who can keep information about their HIV/AIDS status and not divulge it to other parties without their permission. Not many people can accept them without prejudice and stigma. This article discusses the communication efforts carried out by female AIDS activists in the community as co-owners who receive information from people with HIV/AIDS and subsequently become confidants and assist them in medical and psychological and social aspects. This study used a qualitative method. Data was collected through in-depth interviews with 9 Community AIDS activist women from 7 regions. The results of the study reveal the process of housewives transforming into community AIDS activists, how they get personal information about the status of HIV/AIDS and eventually become co-owners of information who eventually become confidants, have responsibilities and help people with HIV/AIDS in health, psychological and social aspects.

Christian Communities During Russia’s War Against Ukraine: Perception of the Churches’ Aid Involvement Through the Eyes of Poles from Lviv—A Pilot Study

The purpose of this study is to present the perceptions of Poles from Lviv regarding the aid involvement of Christian churches during Russia’s war against Ukraine. Christian churches appear privileged and effective sites of aid delivery in the narratives of respondents. However, this does not mean that they have a monopoly on aid activities. The foundation that underpins these activities is particularly evident in the categories highlighted in this article: the role of clergy in local communities (leaders), personal knowledge of society, church infrastructure, and the churches’ experience gained during the USSR’s persecution of religion. The assistance identified by respondents boils down to material and emotional support, experiencing religious practices, and involvement in direct activity on the war front. The research was based on individual in-depth interviews (IDIs), conducted in December 2023.

Problems Encountered in Humanitarian Aid Logistics and Solution Suggestions by Integrated QFD Method: The Case of Hatay

In recent years, extraordinary situations and humanitarian crises have increased the number of studies in the field of humanitarian aid logistics. Although various solutions have been tried to be produced for the problems experienced in humanitarian aid logistics in disasters occurring worldwide and, in our country, these solutions have generally not been suitable for regional needs. The aim of this study is to identify the problems encountered in humanitarian aid activities carried out in Hatay province and to develop solutions to these problems. Humanitarian logistics is a complex process involving many actors. This complexity requires a combination of both requirements and decision criteria to be evaluated. In this study, a model that can provide flexible yet effective solutions to the problems encountered in the humanitarian logistics planning process is proposed. This model involves combining qualitative and quantitative data using the Quality Function Deployment (QFD) method. In this study, a model that integrates Delphi and Analytical Network Process (ANP) methods with Quality Function Deployment (QFD) technique has been developed to identify the problems encountered in humanitarian aid logistics in Hatay province and to develop solutions to these problems. In line with the developed model, the study generally consisted of three stages. In the first stage, the Delphi method was used to identify the problems in humanitarian aid logistics by taking into account the relevant literature and the opinions of the representatives of the institutions/organizations providing humanitarian aid services in Hatay. Then, the priority values (weights) of these problems were determined by Analytic Network Process (ANP) method. In the last stage, solution proposals were developed through the Quality Function Deployment (QFD) relationship matrices. In humanitarian aid logistics, 14 problems were identified by Delphi technique. With the prioritisation of the results obtained with ANP, ‘Problems Arising from Lack of Continuity-Sustainability’ emerged as the most important problem. Then, among the 13 solution suggestions determined by expert opinions, ‘Establishing a system to monitor humanitarian aid’ was determined as the most effective solution suggestion in eliminating the problems in humanitarian aid logistics. In the future, it would be useful to conduct similar research with the participation of more experts in different regions or countries. In addition, the findings of the study can be compared with different multi-criteria decision-making methods to provide a broader perspective. In this context, the use of integrated methodologies in the field of humanitarian aid logistics will allow for a more comprehensive approach to the problems.

The targeting of ODA by Central and Eastern European EU donors

ABSTRACT The study analyses the allocation of Official Development Assistance (ODA) by those Central and Eastern European (CEE) donors that are also members of the EU. Using both absolute and relative data from the OECD and UNDP databases for each recipient country, we have established a general trend in CEE EU countries aid provision and identified cases of exceptional donor engagement. The main axis of the study is the analysis of the ODA/HDI ratio, focusing on flows in 2021 and then on 2013–2021 to establish the long-term trend. The result is a positive correlation between the volume of aid provided and the HDI score in each of the perspectives considered. This leads to a surprising trend of increasing aid activity by CEE EU donors as the level of development of the recipient countries improves. The results of the data analysis and the conclusions drawn from the literature suggest that the distribution of CEE EU ODA is much closer to a donor interest model. However, it is possible that this trend may gradually evolve towards a hybrid model, given the surge in ODA spending following the outbreak of the Russia-Ukraine war and increasing external pressure.

Does Mainstreamed Aid Advance Gender Parity? Insights from Empirical Evidence

This study investigates the effectiveness of gender-mainstreamed aid in mitigating gender inequality. We develop a robust theoretical model that accounts for the potential positive and perceived negative effects of shifts toward gender parity, capturing diverse societal perspectives. Utilizing a comprehensive dataset on aid activities focused on gender (in)equality and women’s empowerment across 118 countries from 2009 to 2022, primarily low-income nations, we employ panel fixed-effects and mixed-effects random coefficient models to examine the impact of gender-related aid on gender inequality. Our findings reveal that significant gender-related aid (SGRA), which integrates gender considerations into broader development projects, reduces gender inequality in 115 out of 118 countries. In contrast, principal gender-related aid (PGRA), which explicitly targets gender equality, shows significant effects in only 85 countries. When analyzing the effects of both components of gender-related aid, we find that SGRA consistently impacts gender inequality. However, the effectiveness of PGRA becomes less clear-cut. This observation, coupled with the variation in the effectiveness of the components across countries, underscores the importance of developing strategies tailored to country-specific needs and conditions in promoting gender parity effectively.

중국의 법률구조제도

Legal aid refers to a social security system where legal support is provided by government-established legal aid agencies or law firm-affiliated lawyers to economically disadvantaged individuals or parties in special cases. However, China's legal aid system differs significantly from most countries. The Chinese government establishes legal aid centers, manages their operations, and bears the financial burden, including staff salaries, while encouraging private foundations to support legal aid activities. It also fosters the participation of private lawyers in legal aid by establishing various systems and mechanisms. The essence of legal aid is public service. China's legal aid system is undergoing several developmental stages to rapidly establish a comprehensive national system. The state first proposed the legal aid system, then implemented the &lt;Legal aid regulations&gt; followed by the enactment and promulgation of the &lt;Legal Aid Law of the people's Republic of China&gt;, clarifying the responsibilities and obligations of the state and individuals towards legal aid. National legal aid centers were established to employ specialized staff for legal aid work, allowing lawyers to handle legal aid cases or participate in legal aid consultations through these centers. Considering China's national policy, special legal aid systems have been established for various groups, like migrant workers and retired military personnel. To enhance efficiency and enable more citizens to access legal aid, legal service websites have been developed to provide online legal consultations. Additionally, a national public legal service hotline offers legal aid through phone consultations. Despite these developments, China's legal aid system faces numerous challenges due to its vast territory and large population, leading to imbalances in urban development and national income. This results in issues like staff and budget shortages in some legal aid centers. Therefore, a key future challenge is to make the national legal aid system more accessible to those in need and to develop solutions for issues related to manpower and budget.

Autoimmunities after COVID: An Interview with Cindy Patton

Cindy Patton is Professor Emeritus of Sociology and Anthropology at Simon Fraser University in Vancouver, Canada. An early AIDS activist in Boston, she holds a PhD in Communications from the University of Massachusetts, Amherst. After inaugurating her academic career at Temple University (Rhetoric and Community) and Emory University (Graduate Institute of the Liberal Arts), she accepted a Canada Research Chair in Community, Culture and Health at Simon Fraser (2003-15). In that capacity, she worked with more than two dozen groups to develop small community-driven projects related to HIV/AIDS, housing, social welfare, mental health, while achieving, culminating in the creation of the Community Health Online Digital Research Resource, a catalogued, open-access, full-text collection of the materials from those groups (www.chodarr.org). Her academic publications span the social study of medicine, especially AIDS; social movement theory; gender studies; and media studies. She is the coeditor of Queer Diasporas (2000) and a special issue of Cultural Studies on Pierre Bourdieu (2003). She is the author of such works as Globalizing AIDS (2002), Cinematic Identity: Anatomy of a Problem Film (1997), Fatal Advice: How Safe-Sex Education Went Wrong (1996), Inventing AIDS (1990), and LA Plays Itself/Boys in the Sand: A Queer Film Classic (2014). Taken collectively, Patton’s scholarship and activism has laid the foundation for insights in the health humanities, particularly AIDS studies, that consider the inextricable connections between epidemiology and ideology. Patton’s theorizations of stigma and discrimination patterns, her deconstruction of “truth” discourses subtending science, her critical re-evaluations of axioms associated with risk, safe sex, community, and knowledge production have been crucial interventions in the understanding of health and illness as cultural and discursive scripts. Among Patton’s most enduring contributions has been her theorization of how “African AIDS” was invented and circulated—that is, the notion of geographically bifurcated HIV pandemics split by the essential linkage between Africa and blackness generally with pathogenesis. Equally influential has been her elaboration of the insurgent queer research practices that fused with antiracist struggle to combat this split. In the interview below, Travis Alexander and Nishant Shahani engage Patton in a discussion on a range of topics—from (dis)continuities between the HIV/AIDS and COVID pandemics to the role of queer activism in forging epidemiological counter-publics and the geopolitics of medical bureaucracy.

Calling on Queer Asians: Richard Fung’s Orientations (1984)

Abstract This article considers Richard Fung’s Orientations (1984) as a work of early pan-Asian community organization and self-recognition for lgbtq+ Asian North Americans. Located between the founding of the community as a part of the legacy of Third World Liberation Front and aids activism starting in the mid-1980s, the video was made at a key juncture when visibility and self-affirmation were the main objectives for Asian North American queer communities. The autoethnographic documentary, which has received less scholarly attention than Fung’s video works addressing Asian diasporic sexualities and postcolonial subjectivity, marks an important turning point for the historiography of Asian lgbtq+ groups in North America and for the understanding of Fung’s oeuvre over the past four decades.

Tracking earmarked funding to international organizations: Introducing the earmarked funding dataset

AbstractOver the past two decades, donor funding of international organizations (IOs) such as the United Nations, has shifted from core resources toward earmarked contributions. While core resources provide IOs with discretion how to achieve their mandates, earmarked contributions require IOs to focus their assistance on specific themes, sectors, countries, or projects, as determined by the donors. Our understanding of the drivers and effects of earmarked funding has been limited by the lack of systematic data. To address this gap, we introduce the Earmarked Funding Dataset. The dataset contains 342,812 earmarked aid activities from nearly 50 donors with over 340 IOs with a mandate in international development from 1990 to 2020. We first explore the data descriptively to cast light on the evolution of the multilateral development system. We then use the data to examine whether and how donors financially reward well-performing IOs. To that end, we combine our data with newly available performance data synthesized from Multilateral Organization Performance Assessment Network (MOPAN) evaluations of 32 IOs in 2009–2020. Using difference-in-difference estimations, we find a significantly positive relationship between outcome performance and earmarked contributions. In contrast, performance does not seem to affect core resources. These patterns suggest that donors reward well-performing multilaterals with more funding, albeit based on development outcomes which are not easily contractible. From a policy perspective, these findings suggest that performance-based approaches to aid allocation—as they are currently practiced—upload the financial risks of organizational reform processes to international organizations.

A research on the people’s perception and expectations and the behaviours of the cooperative partners in Balıkesir

&lt;p&gt;The study attempts to learn the perceptions of people living in Balıkesir about cooperatives and their expectations from cooperatives. It also aims to learn the thoughts of cooperative members about cooperative activities and the behavior of each member. Within the scope of the research, 724 people from Balıkesir were interviewed. Meetings were held for discussions. The public’s perception of cooperatives in Balıkesir is generally positive. However, unsuccessful attempts and the difficulty of establishing a joint business also cause negative criticism. The public expects supervision and educational assistance from the government and financial support from the municipality. There are many reasons to become a member of cooperatives. However, the first thing to do is to facilitate the work related to the activity. Acting in solidarity with other people is also an important motivation for becoming a member. In Balıkesir, it is not regular for cooperative members to attend cooperative general assembly meetings. At the same time, their desire to take part in cooperative management and control bodies is low. The success level of cooperatives varies according to the expectations of the members. In Balıkesir, 36.7% of the members find the technical information provision activity of the cooperative sufficient, while 32.7% find the product marketing activity sufficient. The majority of cooperative members in Balıkesir find the financial aid activities of cooperatives incomplete. At the same time, they generally find the product purchase price of cooperatives inadequate.&lt;/p&gt;

Factors Affecting the Mental Health of Youth After the Great Kahramanmaras Earthquake Disaster

This study aims to determine the extent of the psychological effects of the Kahramanmaraş earthquake disaster, which is widely regarded as one of the most significant disasters of the century, on young people based on their direct or indirect exposure and to investigate the impact of these issues on life satisfaction. Data were collected from 337 individuals who were continuing their advanced education at a state university in Turkey, using a demographic information form, life satisfaction scale and Depression Anxiety Stress Scales 21. In the analysis of the data, t-test, Pearson correlation test, ANOVA and multiple regression analysis were employed. The results of the analyses indicated that as the intensity of exposure to disaster news increased, the stress, depression, and anxiety levels of the participants also increased. Individuals who experienced the earthquake personally and participated in volunteer aid activities demonstrated higher depression and anxiety scores and DASS21 scale total scores than those who did not directly experience the earthquake but followed the news and those whose relatives experienced the earthquake. There was no significant difference in the intensity of following earthquake news between men and women among the participants. However, it was determined that the intensity of following earthquake news from media and social media tools positively and significantly predicted the life satisfaction of the participants. These findings provide insights for future mental health interventions and social work practices for young people affected by the earthquake.

Issues of improving the legal regulation of the first aid and determining its expanded scope

Introduction. First aid is a special type of assistance, is the primary measure in the chain of survival of the victim in emergency situations. The scope of the first aid in this edition of regulatory legal acts is not sufficient in situations where the victim is in a remote, inaccessible area and without the possibility of providing emergency medical care, which significantly reduces the chance of survival. The purpose of the work is to determine the list of measures for the provision of the extended first aid and develop proposals for improving the regulation of relations in the field of the first aid in an expanded volume between the participants of these relations to protect their legitimate rights and interests. Materials and methods. Research material: regulatory legal acts regulating relations in the field of the first aid and determining its scope. Research methods: analytical, logical, and information modelling. Results. The analysis of the studied normative legal acts showed the presence of a legal gap in the field of regulation of first aid including the uncertainty of the volume of the extended first aid. To improve the regulatory and legal regulation of first aid activities and contribute to the current legislation, the author has developed and proposed a draft volume of the extended first aid for discussion. Research limitations. In the study of issues related to the provision of the extended first aid, 18 regulatory legal acts were selected and analyzed: the Constitution of the Russian Federation, 7 federal laws, 10 orders of relevant ministries; as well as 2 technical acts (GOST). Conclusion. The developed project of the expanded first aid is proposed for consultations and discussions with state structures and officials defining health policy, as well as representatives of scientific institutions of the medical community to develop management decisions aimed at achieving a high level of preservation of human and citizen life and health in emergency situations.

The Phenomenon of Social Mobilization in a Situation of Crisis at the Border: Environment, Resources and Social Innovations

In the article, we analyze the specificity of the active response of residents of the eastern border areas to unexpected and sudden events in their surroundings: the wave of migrants from Africa and the Middle East since mid-2021 at the border with Belarus and the mass exodus of people from Ukraine as a result of the Russian invasion in February 2022. We are looking for confirmation of the thesis that the development potential of the crisis exists and we are testing hypotheses regarding the role of the social and institutional environment in the manifestation of this potential. We present the results of a field study devoted to: the perception of the social environment of activists for migrants – as a factor encouraging them to provide help or demobilizing them; analysis of forms and methods of operation with particular emphasis on their innovative nature; the course and effects of aid activities from the perspective of generating, using, exchanging and consolidating cognitive and social resources in local environments confronted with the crisis.

Leveraging local capital in humanitarian supply networks during pandemic response

During COVID-19, global supply chain disruption marred communities around the world. In active humanitarian crises, these logistical issues compounded underlying vulnerabilities in communities most in need, pushing humanitarian supply networks to adapt rapidly in order to continue providing aid and development activities. This paper therefore seeks to answer: “how can social capital be leveraged in disaster response during a crisis?“. By conceptualizing resilience through the lens of social capital theory, the paper abductively analyses 17 semi-structured interviews, into other to identify four examples of how social capital was leveraged by local humanitarian supply networks during COVID-19. By adopting a “peri-crisis lens” from trauma-informed research, the paper finds four resiliency behaviours of humanitarian supply networks: 1) localising supplier networks, 2) engaging local production, 3) pivoting to cash provision for local households, and 4) handing over to national staff. This paper argues that individuals, organisations, and communities are more resilient, not merely when they have social capital, but when they can rapidly leverage that social capital in a crisis. Through a close examination of the factors that enabled and hindered the leveraging of social capital during COVID-19, the paper offers practical policy suggestions for government and non-governmental organisations engaged in humanitarian supply networks, to rapidly respond in future pandemics. Additionally, the paper demonstrates the use of peri-crisis as a lens.

About the difficult art of helping. Book reviev Refugees Among Us Aid in an Interdisciplinary Perspective edited by Ewa Kurantowicz

The article is a discussion of a book dedicated to aid activities addressed to refugees from Ukraine after the start of hostilities. The reviewed book was based on projects which showed the socio-cultural dimension of helping. The projects was carried out in Wrocław by an interdisciplinary team of researchers.

КЛЮЧОВІ ПОНЯТТЯ МІЖНАРОДНОЇ ДОПОМОГИ У СФЕРІ БЕЗПЕКИ І ОБОРОНИ УКРАЇНИ

The article examines the content of such key concepts of international aid in the paradigm of defense capability of Ukraine as “international aid”, “international technical aid”, “military aid”, “humanitarian aid”, “charitable activity”. It was found that the system of ensuring the defense capability of the state is not limited by internal resources, but actively attracts external resources for the needs of the security and defense sphere. It is pointed out that there is no concept of “international aid” in the legislation of Ukraine, but the definition of the content of international technical aid, humanitarian aid and charitable activities. It was determined that the concept of “military aid” is also absent in national legislation, but in scientific doctrine it is considered as a type of international aid, and in conditions of armed aggression as assistance to Ukraine in ensuring the realization of its national interests. Forms of providing military aid to Ukraine by partner countries were considered. It was noted that the meaning of the concept of “military aid” is not limited to the provision of weapons and military equipment, but also includes the training and training of military personnel, the construction of infrastructure facilities, the provision of assistance in the development of battle plans, etc. It was emphasized that today military aid is provided by donor countries as international technical assistance, humanitarian aid or charity in accordance with the terms of the concluded agreement. A conclusion was drawn on the expediency of the legislative separation of military aid, as well as the development of a regulatory basis for its attraction, accounting, distribution, and use, which, taking into account the volume and importance of such aid to support Ukraine’s defense capabilities, will simplify its receipt from donor countries. Keywords: international aid, international technical aid, military aid, humanitarian aid, charitable activity.

Penguatan Pendekatan Ilmu Kesehatan Olahraga pada Alumni Pendidikan Kepelatihan Olahraga

Purpose – The purpose of this service is to facilitate sports coaching education alumni to hone quality and add insight into sports coaching in the field of sport medicine (sports health) so that they can analyze the health status of athletes in carrying out a given training program, can find out the design of exercises that are suitable for the growth and development of athletes, and handling post-injury athletes. Design/methodology/approach – In this service activity using the lecture method by conveying material about sports health, practicing material that has been obtained from resource persons, providing implementation support by conducting implementation assistance, measuring results through comparison of pre-test and post-test scores given, and following up on results by analyzing the data obtained from the results of the pre-test and post-test. Findings – From this community service activity, the results of the pre-test data analysis showed a percentage of 50.5%, after being converted using the criteria table, it can be concluded that the results of the pre-test data are included in the fairly effective category. While the analysis of the post-test data shows a percentage of 81.33%, after being converted using the criteria table, it can be concluded that the results of the post-test data are included in the very effective category. This shows that there is an increase in knowledge of alumni after the implementation of sports health hybrid training and being given products in the form of videos on sports health material. The video can be used as a guide or literature reference by sports coaching education alumni when they are in the field to manage the health and nutrition of athletes and students. Originality/value – Previous articles were limited to delivering exercise physiology material. Therefore, the community service team carries out strengthening the sports health science approach which includes nutrition and sports material, sports injury first aid, splint dressing, and physical activity in children which is carried out in a hybrid manner. The results of the dedication of the team proposing this activity are expected to produce professional trainers who are ready to compete in the world of sports coaching.

CULTURAL FORM AND PROTEST: ACT UP NEW YORK’S TACTICS OF IRONY AND CAMP

The strategic use of irony and camp in protest movements presents a complex interplay between cultural expression and social action. We examine the deployment of these cultural forms in AIDS activism, proposing a social theory of irony and camp in protest. Through an analysis of 188 interviews from the ACT UP Oral History project, we identify three primary effects of irony and camp: diffusion of tension and critique engagement, solidarity building and recruitment facilitation, and invitation across symbolic boundaries to undermine legitimacy. These outcomes stem from the unique cultural forms of irony and camp, which accentuate the incongruities in protest situations and draw attention to symbolic boundaries between discursive communities. Our findings challenge the predominant focus on frame analysis in the cultural analysis of protests, advocating for a deeper examination of how ideas are communicated within social movements.

An Evaluation on Turkey’s Relations With the Organization of Islamic Cooperation and Humanitarian Aid Activities During the COVID-19 Period

Türkiye tarih boyunca insani yardım konusunda gerek yurtiçinde gerekse uluslararası platformda bulunmayı görev bilmiştir. Bu alanda güçlü bir geleneğe sahip olan, özellikle son yıllarda birçok sivil toplum kuruluşuyla birlikte sahada aktif bir şekilde var olan Türk milleti pandemi döneminde de bu çabasını istikrarlı bir şekilde sürdürmüştür. Nitel araştırma yöntemi kullanılan bu çalışmada konuyla ilgili yapılan literatür taraması sonucunda çalışma yapılacak alanı sınırlandırmak ve somut verilerin ön planda olması düşüncesiyle; Kovid-19 sürecinde Türkiye ve İİT üye ülkelerine ait sosyal sorunların baş gösterdiği durumların neler olduğu, bu durumlara karşı alınan önlemlerin neler olduğu ve yapılan uygulamaların bulunup bulunmadığı konuları araştırılmak istenmiştir. Literatürde koronavirüs döneminde insani yardım faaliyetleri üzerine yapılan çalışmalar eksiklik göstermektedir. Beklenmedik bir anda hayatımıza dahil olan Kovid-19 pandemisi boyunca sağlık araç ve gereçleri ihtiyaçları önemli bir diplomasi aracı haline dönüşmüştür. Bu diplomasiyi uluslararası yardımlar kapsamında çok iyi bir şekilde yürüten ülke tartışmasız Türkiye’dir. Özellikle Türkiye’nin İslam ülkelerinde insani yardım faaliyetlerine bu bağlamda yer verilerek katkı sağlanacaktır.