Aid Of Ultrasonic Waves Research Articles

Development and detection of level II and III features of latent fingerprints using highly sensitive AIE based coumarin fluorescent derivative

In recent times, the crime rate is increasing in the society, and the maintaining of criminal records is becoming essential by locating and tracking each case through latent fingerprint identification along with the imperative of finding the intensity and wavelength via Aggregation Induced Emission (AIE). To meet these demands, we have designed a novel AIE based electron withdrawing moiety such as 2-(4-fluorophenyl)-3H-benzocoumarin. This Coumarin Fluorescent Tag (CFT) was synthesized with the aid of ultra-sonic waves. Fluorescence properties of the CFT were characterized by photoluminescence (PL). The Fluoro functional groups of CFT produce pale-blue emission in solid as well as the liquid state. An in-depth examination of latent fingerprints (LFPs) showed unchangeable and everlasting patterns due to the strong adsorption of CFT on the ridges of the finger under visible and 365 nm UV light. This imaging of such strong ridges becomes a crucial element in forensic applications. In addition to check the AIE properties, the newly designed CFT was investigated using PL Instrument and UV chamber.

Production of an environmentally friendly fuel with the aid of ultrasonic waves from a new plant source, and the investigation of its effect on pollutants reduction in a CI engine.

In this study, methyl ester of Sisymbrium plant seed oil with the chemical formula of C18H34O2 is produced for the first time, with the aid of ultrasonic waves and in the presence of a nanocatalyst. After measuring its characteristics and comparing with ASTM standard, it is tested and evaluated with different ratios of diesel fuel in a single-cylinder diesel engine. The reactions are accomplished in a flask by an ultrasonic processor unit and in the presence of CaO-MgO nanocatalyst. The engine tests were conducted based on the engine short time experiment. The results showed that with the increment of biodiesel ratio in the fuel blend, pollutants level of CO, HC, and smoke opacity are decreased comparing diesel fuel due to the improvement of the combustion process, and the amount of NOx emission is increased owing to high pressure and temperature of the combustion chamber. Also, produced biodiesel fuel causes an increment in the fuel consumption and exhaust gasses temperature. Overall, with regard to its effects on the engine and also being a native and easy cultivation plant, it can be resulted that Sisymbrium oil biodiesel and its blends with diesel fuel can be applied as an alternative fuel.

Recycling of indium from waste LCD: A promising non-crushing leaching with the aid of ultrasonic wave

The tremendous amount of end-of-life liquid crystal displays (LCDs) has become one of the prominent sources of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) in recent years. Despite the necessity of safe treatment, recycling indium is also a focus of waste LCD treatment because of the scarcity of indium. Based on the analyses of the structure of Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) glass, crushing is demonstrated to be not required. In the present research, a complete non-crushing leaching method was firstly adopted to recycle indium from waste LCDs, and the ultrasonic waves was applied in the leaching process. The results demonstrated that indium can be leached efficiently with even a low concentration of chloride acid (HCl) without extra heating. About 96.80% can be recovered in 60mins, when the ITO glass was leached by 0.8MHCl with an enhancement of 300W ultrasonic waves. The indium leaching process is abridged free from crushing, and proves to be of higher efficiency. In addition, the ultrasonic wave influence on leaching process was also explained combing with micron-scale structure of ITO glass.

Effect of Distance Intermittent Ultrasonic Wave Source on the Surfactant-Polymer Flooding Recovery and its Displacement Pattern

The ultimate recovery factor of primary and secondary recovery process can be up to approximately 40 % of oil in place. Technology development is required in order to improve and maximise the recovery and recover some of the oil left. Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) method been introduced to solve the main issues of poor recovery, and theoretically, Surfactant-Polymer (SP) flooding would be the EOR method that are able to maximise both, sweep and displacement efficiency. Application of ultrasonic waves and pulse vibrations in the reservoirs has been noticed to reduce the interfacial tension (IFT) between oil and water, resulting in reduction of capillary pressure in the pores and therefore, resulted to an improvement on oil recovery. Ultrasonic waves are longitudinal mechanical waves, which are generated by an infinitesimal compression of a medium. It is known that propagation of the sound waves depends on the elasticity, grain size and density of the rock. It is not certain how far an acoustic wave propagates into the reservoir, nor how such propagation occurs. The theory expects ultrasonic waves to be present in the reservoir because dispersion of low frequency waves within porous media forms high frequency harmonics (ultrasonic noise). The main focus of this research is to initiate the use of intermittent ultrasonic radiation in assisting SP flooding process under microscopic visualisation and how it enhances oil recovery through the reduction of residual oil saturation. This work has been designed to understand the mechanics of intermittent ultrasonic vibration in influencing additional recovery of SP flooding. This research is important to know more on how intermittent vibration influences the wave propagations inside the porous media. To achieve this, series of experiments consisting of visualisation and displacement experiments were conducted by using micro-model and macro-model, respectively. SP flooding with aid of ultrasonic waves was compared with normal SP flooding process. Distance of ultrasonic energy source from porous media, d, also was changed to monitor their influence on the process. Snapshots of oil displacement of glass micro-model were taken for visualisation purposes. Reduction of residual oil saturation for displacement process by using macro-model porous media were recorded. The outcomes justified that intermittent vibrations can produce and enhance more additional oil recovery of SP flooding compared to the continuous vibration, and the distance of ultrasonic energy source highly affects the residual oil left in the porous medium after SP flooding.

The Effects of Reaction Conditions on Oxidation of Cyclohexanol to Adipic Acid

By using cyclohexanol as feedstock and potassium permanganate and heteropoly acid as feedstock, adipic acid can be obtained with the aid of ultrasonic wave. The quality of adipic acid is significantly improved. The effects of the reaction conditions on oxidation of cyclohexanol to adipic are mainly discussed. The experimental results indicate that the best ratio of feedstock and catalyst, the reaction temperature, and the reaction time are 1:3, 75°C, and 40 min, respectively. The yield of adipic acid reaches a maximum value of 85%. At the same time, the effects of the different ligands are checked. The experimental results show that sulfo-salicylic acid is one of the best ligands.

Simultaneously recover Ni, P and S from spent electroless nickel plating bath through forming graphene/NiAl layered double-hydroxide composite

A novel approach for the recovery of Ni, P and S was proposed through forming graphene oxide/NiAl layered double-hydroxide composite (GO/NiAl-LDHs) from the spent electroless nickel (EN) plating baths with an aid of ultrasonic wave. The recovery efficiency of Ni, P and S could reach to 97.2%, 90.7% and 91.9% under the optimum conditions (pH 5.5, Ni2+:Al3+ 2:1 (molar), ultrasonic intensity 7.7W/cm with 60min). The recovered material was full characterized by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscope, field emission scanning electron microscope techniques, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Icp-Oes inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry and electrochemistry techniques. The produced GO/NiAl-LDHs shows promising applications as catalyst for methanol oxidation and electrode material for supercapacitor with a maximum specific capacitance of 911F/g at current density of 1.0A/g.

Spectral characterizations of undoped and Cu2+doped CdO nanopowder

Undoped and Cu2+ doped CdO nanopowders were prepared by solid state reaction method with the aid of ultrasonic waves. The prepared samples were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscope, optical absorption, photoluminescence, Electron Paramagnetic Resonance and FT-IR spectroscopy techniques. From powder XRD pattern the lattice cell parameters and average crystallite sizes were evaluated. SEM images gave the stone like morphologies in the prepared sample. Optical and EPR data confirmed that the doped Cu2+ ions enter in the host material as rhombically distorted octahedral site. Photoluminescence spectra of undoped and Cu2+ doped CdO exhibited a weak UV and a strong blue emission band at 418, 446nm and a weak UV and a strong blue-green emission band at 427, 481nm respectively under the excitation wavelength of 380nm. The CIE chromaticity coordinates were also calculated from emission spectrum for undoped and Cu2+ doped samples as (x=0.151, y=0.112) and (x=0.158, y=0.165) respectively. The presences of various functional groups related to metal oxide and organic molecular groups were identified in the FT-IR spectra.

Thermotropic LCP/CNF nanocomposites prepared with aid of ultrasonic waves

Ultrasound assisted twin screw extrusion process was developed to disperse carbon nanofibers (CNFs) in a polymer matrix. CNFs were separately added into the melt stage to reduce the breakage of CNFs and to avoid intense stresses in the feed zone. The effect of ultrasound and CNFs loading on die pressure, rheological, mechanical, electrical and morphological properties of liquid crystalline polymer (LCP) filled with 0–20wt% CNFs was studied. Ultrasonic treatment caused a reduction in die pressure and a decrease in electrical percolation threshold value of treated samples. It was also found that mechanical properties of ultrasonically treated LCP/CNF nanocomposite moldings were preserved, improved or slightly decreased in comparison with those of LCP. This is in contrast to available literature typically showing a deterioration of mechanical properties with addition of CNFs. SEM studies have indicated an improved dispersion of CNFs and a reduction of LCP rich area in nanocomposites upon ultrasonic treatment.

Effect of carbon fiber dispersion on the mechanical properties of carbon fiber-reinforced cement-based composites

The preparation of carbon fiber-reinforced cement-based composites involved two-step dispersions of carbon fibers. Both steps affected greatly the mechanical properties of the composites. With the aid of ultrasonic wave, a new dispersant hydroxyethyl cellulose was used to help fiber dispersion in the first step. The fracture surface of the composites was observed by scanning electron microscopy. The distribution of major elements was analyzed by the energy dispersive spectroscopy and the composition was analyzed through X-ray diffraction. The flexural strength, tensile strength, modulus, and compression strength were measured. Results showed that the distribution of major elements varied with the variation of the fiber dispersion status. The compressive strength increased by 20%, the tensile strength was 2.4 times that of the material without carbon fibers, the modulus increased by 26.8%, whereas the flexure stress decreased by 12.9%.

Direct electrochemistry of Cytochrome c on natural nano-attapulgite clay modified electrode and its electrocatalytic reduction for H 2O 2

Natural nano-structural attapulgite clay was purified by mechanical stirring with the aid of ultrasonic wave and its structure and morphology was investigated by XRD and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Cytochrome c was immobilized on attapulgite modified glassy carbon electrode. The interaction between Cytochrome c and attapulgite clay was examined by using UV–vis spectroscopy and electrochemical methods. The direct electron transfer of the immobilized Cytochrome c exhibited a pair of redox peaks with formal potential ( E 0 ′ ) of about 17 mV (versus SCE) in 0.1 mol/L, pH 7.0, PBS. The electrode reaction showed a surface-controlled process with the apparent heterogeneous electron transfer rate constant ( k s) of 7.05 s −1 and charge-transfer coefficient ( α) of 0.49. Cytochrome c immobilized on the attapulgite modified electrode exhibits a remarkable electrocatalytic activity for the reduction of hydrogen peroxide (H 2O 2). The calculated apparent Michaelis–Menten constant ( K m app ) was 470 μmol/L, indicating a high catalytic activity of Cytochrome c immobilized on attapulgite modified electrode to the reduction of H 2O 2. Based on these, a third generation of reagentless biosensor can be constructed for the determination of H 2O 2.