Agromyzidae Research Articles

Toxicity and deterrence of pyroligneous extracts on Liriomyza sativae (Diptera: Agromyzidae)

Liriomyza sativa is a cosmopolitan and polyphagous insect, a key pest of crops such as tomato and melon. The inadequacy of insecticide application techniques has developed resistant populations. The objective of this research was to evaluate the toxicity, insecticidal activity and deterrence of pyroligneous extracts on the leafminer fly. The experiments were carried out under laboratory conditions of 25 ± 2°C and humidity of 60 ± 10%. For the toxicity test, solutions were prepared in different concentrations by diluting them in distilled water. Leaf discs containing L. sativae larvae were immersed in the solutions. For insecticidal activity and deterrence tests, jack bean plants were subjected to application of treatments using an airbrush, spraying 6 mL of the solutions on each plant. All extracts showed significant mortality for the larvae, with emphasis on the pyroligneous extract of coffee straw at 350ºC. The extracts did not interfere with the other developmental stages of the leafminer fly. The pyroligneous extract from the commercial company Agttec and the coffee straw extract at 600ºC were classified as attractive and the coffee straw extract at 350ºC as detergent. It is concluded that pyroligneous extracts can be used in the management of L. sativae.

Peruvian origin and global invasions of five continents by the highly damaging agricultural pest Liriomyza huidobrensis (Diptera: Agromyzidae).

Identification of the geographic origin of invasive species can be critical to effective management and amelioration of negative impacts in the introduced range. Liriomyza huidobrensis is a polyphagous leafmining fly that is a devastating pest of many vegetable and floriculture crops around the world. Considered native to South and possibly Central America, L. huidobrensis became invasive in the 1980s and has since spread to at least 30 countries on five continents. We used phylogeographic analysis of over 2 kb of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I and II sequence data from 403 field-collected specimens from both native and introduced populations to investigate the geographic origins of invasive L. huidobrensis worldwide. Within South America, there was substantial genetic variation, as well as the strong phylogeographic structure typical of a native range. In contrast, leafminers from the introduced range and Central America all contained little genetic variation and shared the same small set of haplotypes. These haplotypes trace to Peru as the ultimate geographic origin of invasive populations. Central America is rejected as part of the original geographic range of L. huidobrensis. Within Peru, the primary export region of Lima shared an extremely similar pattern of reduced haplotype variation to the invasive populations. An additional 18 specimens collected at US ports of entry did not share the same haplotype profile as contemporary invasive populations, raising perplexing questions on global pathways and establishment success in this species.

Genetic structure and current distribution of Liriomyza huidobrensis, L. sativae and L. trifolii (Diptera: Agromyzidae) on vegetable crops in Bali, Indonesia

Abstract. Utama IWEK, Supartha IW, Yuliadhi KA, Sudiarta IP, Yudha IKW, Saleh S, Wahyuni S, Wiradana PA. 2024. Genetic structure and current distribution of Liriomyza huidobrensis, L. sativae and L. trifolii (Diptera: Agromyzidae) on vegetable crops in Bali, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 2104-2114. Liriomyza spp. (Diptera: Agromizidae) is a polyphagous pest that attacks various types of vegetable and ornamental plants throughout the world. The most damaging species are Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard), Liriomyza sativae (Blanchard), and Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess). There have been no reports regarding mapping of population distribution and population genetics of Liriomyza in the Bali region using the Cytochrome C Oxidase Subunit I (COI) approach. This research aims to map the population and genetic structure of L. huidobrensis, L. sativae and L. trifolii on vegetable plants in Bali. This research uses a purposive sampling method which represents vegetable plantings in each district and city in Bali Province. Identification of the Liriomyza spp. gene structure using the COI approach using LCO and HCO primers. The results of the research found that the spatial distribution of invasive leafminer fly species, namely L. sativae and L. trifolii, was evenly distributed throughout the city districts in Bali. The distribution pattern of L. trifolii is uniform with an S2/X value <1, while L. huidobrensis is found in the highland areas with a clustered distribution pattern with an S2/. The genetic distance between the three Liriomyza species found in vegetable plants in Bali is much longer. This means that the three Liriomyza species show very high levels of genetic differentiation in mitochondrial and nuclear genes, and differentiation between species in nuclear genes. This genetic variation can influence the ability of insects to quickly adapt to new environments and contribute to population dynamics and dispersal capacity.

Insights into the evolution of herbivory from a leaf-mining fly.

Herbivorous insects and their host plants comprise most known species on Earth. Illuminating how herbivory repeatedly evolved in insects from non-herbivorous lineages is critical to understanding how this biodiversity is created and maintained. We characterized the trophic niche of Scaptomyza flava, a representative of a lineage nested within the Drosophila that transitioned to herbivory ~10-15 million years ago. We used natural history studies to determine if S. flava is a true herbivore or a cryptic microbe-feeder, given that the ancestral character state for the family Drosophilidae is likely microbe-feeding. Specifically, we quantified oviposition substrate choice and larval viability across food-types, trophic-related morphological traits, and nitrogen isotope and sterol profiles across putatively herbivorous and non-herbivorous drosophilids. The results of these studies show that S. flava is an obligate herbivore of living plants. Paired with its genetic model host, Arabidopsis thaliana, S. flava is a novel and powerful system for exploring mechanisms underlying the evolution of herbivory, a complex trait that enabled the exceptional diversification of insects.

First discovery of Plutarchia (Hymenoptera, Eurytomidae) in Palearctic region, with description of a new species from South Korea

The genus Plutarchia is discovered in the Palearctic region for the first time. In this study, we report a newly described and newly recorded species from South Korea: P. fuscipennatasp. nov., and P. malabarica Narendran & Padmasenan, 1990, respectively. The host association of Plutarchia malabarica reared from leaf-miner flies (Diptera: Agromyzidae) attacking the seeds of Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi (Fabaceae) has been unknown until now. A key to the South Korean species and descriptions of the new species are also provided.

Two independent LAMP assays for rapid identification of the serpentine leafminer, Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard, 1926) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) in Australia

Liriomyza huidobrensis is a leafminer fly and significant horticultural pest. It is a quarantine listed species in many countries and is now present as an established pest in Australia. Liriomyza huidobrensis uses a broad range of host plants and has potential for spread into various horticultural systems and regions of Australia. Rapid in-field identification of the pest is critically needed to assist efforts to manage this pest. Morphological identification of the pest is effectively limited to specialist examinations of adult males. Generally, molecular methods such as qPCR and DNA barcoding for identification of Liriomyza species require costly laboratory-based hardware. Herein, we developed two independent and rapid LAMP assays targeted to independently inherited mitochondrial and nuclear genes. Both assays are highly sensitive and specific to L. huidobrensis. Positive signals can be detected within 10 min on laboratory and portable real-time amplification fluorometers. Further, we adapted these assays for use with colorimetric master mixes, to allow fluorometer free in-field diagnostics of L. huidobrensis. Our LAMP assays can be used for stand-alone testing of query specimens and are likely to be essential tools used for rapid identification and monitoring of L. huidobrensis.

FIRST RECORD OF AULAGROMYZA HERINGII (DIPTERA AGROMYZIDAE) AND EVIDENCE OF ITS PARASITOID LAMPROTATUS CRASSIPES (HYMENOPTERA PTEROMALIDAE) FROM IRAN

Aulagromyza heringii (Hendel) is a widespread leaf miner fly all over Europe, Turkey, Kyrgyzstan, Russia and China of Fraxinus excelsior. Infested leaves with leaf-miner larvae were collected from F. excelsior in Tehran province in 2016. During laboratory rearing, adult flies and parasitoids were obtained and identified. We present here the first recorded instance of Lamprotatus crassipes Thomson, 1876 (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) serving as a parasitoid of Aulagromyza heringii, and also report the first occurrence of both A. heringii and the genus Lamprotatus Walker, 1843 in Iran. Diagnoses for Aulagromyza heringii and Lamprotatus crassipes are given along with photos. A brief overview of their biological features is also included. Key Words: first record, Fraxinus, leaf-miner, Iran, Microgasterini, parasitoids.

Implementation of Shallot Pest Trap Model Based on Color Spectrum Using Photovoltaic Energy

East Java is the second center for shallot production in Indonesia, mainly in Probolinggo Regency. Where farmers always complain about shallot crop pests such as leafminer flies, moths, and urethral pests, which will threaten the decrease in shallot production. This study aims to implement a pest-trapping model and determine the effect of the color spectrum on light intensity levels. LED lights on the interest of flying pests of shallot plants, and knowing the effective time of turning on light traps in the shallot rice fields using photovoltaic. The results of this implementation research are pest traps designed with simple and affordable tools for farmers. The color spectrum of LED lights that catch a lot of pests is the LED with the ultraviolet spectrum with the brightest light intensity, then the most effective time to turn on the light trap for onion plant pest traps is 18.00-20.00, where the electrical energy in the pest trap uses photovoltaic.

Molecular phylogeny and identification of agromyzid leafminers in China, with a focus on the worldwide genus Liriomyza (Diptera: Agromyzidae)

Leaf-mining flies (Diptera: Agromyzidae) are a diverse family of small-bodied insects that feed on living plant tissues as larvae. Various species in this family are considered globally invasive and have caused great agricultural economic losses. In China, economically important vegetable crops have been seriously damaged by these pest insects, especially by species of the genus Liriomyza. However, these species are difficult to differentiate because of their morphological similarities, and the Chinese fauna remains poorly known. To explore the relevant pest species in China and their phylogeny, agromyzid leafminers were collected from 2016 to 2019, and identified based on morphological characteristics and DNA barcodes. In total, 27 species from five genera of Agromyzidae were sampled and identified, including 16 species of Liriomyza. Both mitochondrial and nuclear genes were used to reconstruct their phylogenetic relationships and estimate the divergence time. Highly congruent and well-supported phylogenetic trees were obtained using the Bayesian inference and maximum-likelihood methods. This analysis revealed two main clades in Liriomyza, and clade 2 was inferred to have diverged from clade 1 approximately 27.40 million years ago (95% highest posterior density: 23.03–31.52 million years ago) in the Oligocene. Differences were observed in the distribution patterns and host associations between the Liriomyza clades. Clade 2 species are distributed in cool, high-latitude environments, suggesting that they may have evolved into a cool-adapted lineage.

The phylogeny and divergence times of leaf-mining flies (Diptera: Agromyzidae) from anchored phylogenomics

Leaf-mining flies (Diptera: Agromyzidae) are a diverse clade of phytophagous Diptera known largely for their economic impact as leaf- or stem-miners on vegetable and ornamental plants. Higher-level phylogenetic relationships of Agromyzidae have remained uncertain because of challenges in sampling of both taxa and characters for morphology and PCR-based Sanger-era molecular systematics. Here, we used hundreds of orthologous single-copy nuclear loci obtained from anchored hybrid enrichment (AHE) to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships among the major lineages of leaf-mining flies. The resulting phylogenetic trees are highly congruent and well-supported, except for a few deep nodes, when using different molecular data types and phylogenetic methods. Based on divergence time dating using a relaxed clock model-based analysis, leaf-mining flies are shown to have diversified in multiple lineages since the early Paleocene, approximately 65 million years ago. Our study not only reveals a revised classification system of leaf-mining flies, but also provides a new phylogenetic framework to understand their macroevolution.

Using Deep Neural Networks to Evaluate Leafminer Fly Attacks on Tomato Plants

Among the most common and serious tomato plant pests, leafminer flies (Liriomyza sativae) are considered one of the major tomato-plant-damaging pests worldwide. Detecting the infestation and quantifying the severity of these pests are essential for reducing their outbreaks through effective management and ensuring successful tomato production. Traditionally, detection and quantification are performed manually in the field. This is time-consuming and leads to inaccurate plant protection management practices owing to the subjectivity of the evaluation process. Therefore, the objective of this study was to develop a machine learning model for the detection and automatic estimation of the severity of tomato leaf symptoms of leafminer fly attacks. The dataset used in the present study comprised images of pest symptoms on tomato leaves acquired under field conditions. Manual annotation was performed to classify the acquired images into three groups: background, tomato leaf, and leaf symptoms from leafminer flies. Three models and four different backbones were compared for a multiclass semantic segmentation task using accuracy, precision, recall, and intersection over union metrics. A comparison of the segmentation results revealed that the U-Net model with the Inceptionv3 backbone achieved the best results. For estimation of symptom severity, the best model was FPN with the ResNet34 and DenseNet121 backbones, which exhibited lower root mean square error values. The computational models used proved promising mainly because of their capacity to automatically segment small objects in images captured in the field under challenging lighting conditions and with complex backgrounds.

Kemampuan Adaptasi Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) terhadap Berbagai Famili Tanaman Inang pada Musim Kemarau dan Hujan di Bali

The adaptability of Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) to various host families in the dry and rainy seasons in Bali. Leafminer fly Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is a newly introduced invasive spec thatthatd attacks various types of host plants in Bali. This study aims to determine the adaptability of L. trifolii (Diptera: Agromyzidae) to various host plants during the dry and rainy seasons in Bali. This research was conducted in all regencies/cities in Bali in September 2020-March 2021 using a survey method starting from the lowlands <500 masl, medium plains 500-1000 masl, and highlands > 1000 masl. Sampling was carried out by purposive sampling by taking 100-150 plant leaves showing symptoms of leaf damage by L. trifolii at the study site. The results showed that L. trifolii was able to adapt to damage 10 types of host plants from the Asteraceae family, namely Gumitir flowers, Chrysanthemums and Zinia flowers, Fabaceae family, namely long beans, squat beans, and green beans, Brassicaceae family, namely Pak Choyy and mustard greens, Solanaceae family, namely tomatoes. and the Cucurbitaceae family, namely cucumbers in two growing seasons from the lowlands to the highlands. Gumitir and long bean flowers are the host plants that get the highest attack frequency from L. trifolii during the dry and rainy seasons in Bali, both in the lowlands and in the middle. Gumitir and long bean flowers were indicated as the most selected host plants by L. trifolii in the field. The novel results of this study indicate that L. trifolii is a new invasive pest in Bali that has broad adaptability to host plant families during the rainy and dry seasons in low, medium, and high altitudes.

Mechanistic effects of microwave radiation on pupal emergence in the leafminer fly, Liriomyza trifolii.

Liriomyza trifolii is a significant pest of vegetable and ornamental crops across the globe. Microwave radiation has been used for controlling pests in stored products; however, there are few reports on the use of microwaves for eradicating agricultural pests such as L. trifolii, and its effects on pests at the molecular level is unclear. In this study, we show that microwave radiation inhibited the emergence of L. trifolii pupae. Transcriptomic studies of L. trifolii indicated significant enrichment of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in 'post-translational modification, protein turnover, chaperones', 'sensory perception of pain/transcription repressor complex/zinc ion binding' and 'insulin signaling pathway' when analyzed with the Clusters of Orthologous Groups, Gene Ontology and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes databases, respectively. The top DEGs were related to reproduction, immunity and development and were significantly expressed after microwave radiation. Interestingly, there was no significant difference in the expression of genes encoding heat shock proteins or antioxidant enzymes in L. trifolii treated with microwave radiation as compared to the untreated control. The expression of DEGs encoding cuticular protein and protein takeout were silenced by RNA interference, and the results showed that knockdown of these two DEGs reduced the survival of L. trifolii exposed to microwave radiation. The results of this study help elucidate the molecular response of L. trifolii exposed to microwave radiation and provide novel ideas for control.

Phylogeny, divergence times, and diversification patterns in leaf-mining flies (Diptera: Agromyzidae) from anchored phylogenomics

Phylogeny, divergence times, and diversification patterns in leaf-mining flies (Diptera: Agromyzidae) from anchored phylogenomics

Distribution and biology of Phytomyza orobanchia (Kaltenbach, 1864) (Diptera, Agromyzidae) in Slovakia

Abstract Phytomyza orobanchia Kaltenbach, 1964, a leaf miner fly of Orobanche spp. and Phelipanche ramosa (L.) Pomel, is reported as a species new to Slovakia based upon dates from 50 localities from lowlands after as much as alpine location.

New records of Agromyzidae (Diptera) from Bulgaria.

New knowledge on the distribution of leaf-miner flies (Diptera, Agromyzidae) in Bulgaria are presented in this paper. New faunistic data on 219 species are presented, of which 107 species are recorded as new for the fauna of Bulgaria. Four species are described as new to science and illustrated: Ophiomyia balcanica sp. nov., Liriomyza pirinensis sp. nov., Phytomyza bulgarica sp. nov. and Phytomyza karnarensis sp. nov. Altogether, 309 species are currently known from Bulgaria.

Screening of Maternally Inherited Bacteria in Various Agricultural and Livestock Pests

Tarım ve hayvancılık açısından risk oluşturan zararlılar, doğrudan ya da dolaylı olarak ekonomik kayıplara neden olmaktadır. Bununla birlikte bir kısım zararlı ise başta insan olmak üzere canlı sağlığını tehdit eden çeşitli hastalıkların vektörüdür. Dolayısıyla zararlılar ile mücadelede kimyasal yöntemlere alternatif stratejilerin geliştirilmesinde maternal kalıtılan üreme manipülatörü endosimbiyotik bakterilerin tespiti önem arz etmektedir. Bu çalışmada galeri sineği (yaprak madenci sineği) (Liriomyza sp.), baklagil tohum böceği (Bruchus sp.), domateste zarara neden olan Lasioptera sp., sığır biti (Bovicola bovis) ve kanatlı kırmızı akarında (Dermanyssus gallinae) endosimbiyotik Arsenophonus, Cardinium, Hamiltonella, Rickettsia, Spiroplasma ve Wolbachia taraması gerçekleştirilmiştir. Taramalar sonucunda bu zararlılarda endosimbiyotik bakteri varlığı tespit edilmemiştir. Bu çalışma, Liriomyza sp., B. pisorum, Lasioptera sp., B. bovis ve D. gallinae zararlılarında maternal kalıtılan üreme manüplatörü endosimbiyotik bakterilere yönelik Anadolu’dan bilen ilk verileri içermektedir.

PENGGUNAAN INSEKTISIDA PADA TANAMAN BAWANG MERAH LOKAL PALU DAN INTENSITAS SERANGAN HAMA Liriomyza, Sp DI GUNTARANO

This study aims to determine the level of insecticide use and the intensity of pest leafminer fly attacks on local shallots in Palu in Guntarano Village. The research was conducted in Guntarano Village from April to July 2021. This study used a direct survey method using a structured questionnaire to obtain primary data by interviewing 10 respondent farmers. Respondents were selected based on their daily activities as local shallot farmers in Palu. Determination of respondents was carried out using a simple random sample method, while the observation of the percentage of Liriomyza sp pests was carried out at intervals of once every 7 days for 1 month. The results showed that the respondent farmers in cultivating shallots controlled herbivorous insects with the application of insecticides, with an interval of 1-3 times a week as many as 90% of respondent farmers had never participated in Integrated Pest Control (IPC) training activities. Farmers who used doses while the average percentage of Liriomyza, sp was the highest in the fourth week of 49.55%.

Some Factors Affecting the Population Density of Faba Bean Leafminer Fly, Liriomyza trifolii In Menoufia Governorate

Some Factors Affecting the Population Density of Faba Bean Leafminer Fly, Liriomyza trifolii In Menoufia Governorate

PM 7/53 (2) Liriomyza spp.

PM 7/53 (2) <i>Liriomyza</i> spp.