Agroforestry Model Research Articles

Impacts of shifting from single-species pine forests to distinct agroforestry models on soil fertility, exchangeable cations, and microbial functions

The transition from monoculture to mixed-species agroforestry systems affects soil organic matter and microbial activity. However, the specific dynamics of these changes, particularly within medicinal plant-based agroforestry, remain underexplored. This study investigates the impact of monoculture Pine (Pinus massoniana) forests and four agroforestry models: (M1) Pinus massoniana and Alpina oxyphylla, (M2) Pinus massoniana and Ficus simplicissima, (M3) Pinus massoniana and Amomum villosum, and (M4) Pinus massoniana and Curcuma longa on soil properties and microbial activity in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere environments. Our results showed significantly higher pH (4.80) and total nitrogen (N) content (1.77 g kg−1) in the rhizosphere of model (M4) compared to (CK). Total organic carbon (TOC) and carbon fractions (POC, DOC, and MBC) also differed significantly across monoculture and agroforestry models, with highest TOC concentrations (31.70 g kg⁻1) in rhizosphere of CK. Exchangeable cations, including Ca2⁺, and Mg2⁺ were significantly higher in the rhizosphere of agroforestry models compared to CK, particularly in M4, where Ca2⁺ was recorded at 12.03 cmol kg−1 with the highest percent base saturation (PBS) at 90.17%. Enzymes leucine aminopeptidase and polyphenol oxidase varied significantly, with higher activity in the rhizosphere of agroforestry models and greater activity in non-rhizosphere of monoculture. Soil microbial respiration (MRes) revealed substantial differences, with an average 17% decrease in rhizosphere soil for models M2 and M4 and a 20.83% reduction in non-rhizosphere soil for model M1 compared to CK. Generalized Linear Model (GLM) demonstrated a significant positive correlation between TOC and MRes (R2 = 0.885, p < 0.01), indicating that higher TOC levels are linked with increased MRes. In conclusion, model M4 most effectively enhanced soil fertility and nutrient availability followed by the other agroforestry models tested. This suggests that integrating medicinal plants into agroforestry systems is a viable strategy for improving ecosystem functioning compared to monoculture practices.

Assessing the Role of Agroforestry-Livelihood-Food Security Nexus in the Madhupur Sal Forest of Bangladesh

Agroforestry practices play an inevitable role in reinforcing the livelihood of millions of small-scale farmers while ensuring sustainable food security throughout the world. The significance of practicing various strategies of agroforestry models in densely populated countries like Bangladesh is highly recognized according to livelihood functionalities. To achieve the sustainable goals of the United Nations, identifying potential agroforestry practices along with their impacts towards socio-economic, and ecological demands is crucial. Socio-economic interactions are highly influenced by livelihood improvement and assurance of food security for the participants. Madhupur Sal forest is one of the major sources of diversified combination agroforestry systems practiced by the people around it. Age, education, annual income, and agroforestry knowledge had a significant relationship with the farmers' opinions on socio-economic development through agroforestry practices. Sustainable livelihood capitals (Human, Social, Physical, Financial, and Natural) were improved in each model we determined, and agroforestry multi-functionally increased food security ensuring 94% yearly food sufficiency, and 6% sufficiency for two-thirds of the year according to the response variables. This study depicted various prospects for livelihood enhancement and food security concerning diverse agroforestry models.

Agroforestry Model in Leimea Sorin Village, Emerera District, Timor Leste

Agroforestry is an optimal and sustainable management of land use, by combining forestry and agricultural activities on the same land management unit by taking into account physical, social and economic environmental conditions. The purpose of this study is to calculate the value of farmers' income from the results of the agroforestry model, and the best feasibility analysis on consideration of three factors, namely economic, social and ecological. This research was carried out in the village of Leimea Sorin, Ermera District, Timor Leste in March-May 2021 using qualitative and quantitative methods. The data used in this study are data obtained directly from agroforestry farmers in the Ermera district of Timor Leste by means of interviews with the help of a questionnaire. Economic data analysis using three criteria NPV, BCR and IRR, and social and ecological analysis using qualitative descriptive. The results of the financial analysis show that the NPV is $ 220,184.66, the BCR is 28.7 and the IRR is 35%. The results of the social analysis show that the social aspect in the application of agroforestry in the village of Leimea Sorin Balu is the local community of the Kemak ethnic group of agricultural crops as their daily livelihood such as vanilla, coffee, teak, and others. And the ecological aspect is the results of the study show that the agroforestry model in the village of Leimea Sorin is an agroforestry system that has polycultural properties, and provides various benefits for the community compared to non-agroforestry systems.

Pomegranate-Quinoa-Based Agroforestry System: An Innovative Strategy to Alleviate Salinity Effects and Enhance Land Use Efficiency in Salt-Affected Semiarid Regions.

Salinity is a major problem, impeding soil productivity, agricultural sustainability, and food security, particularly in dry regions. This study integrates quinoa, a facultative halophyte, into a pomegranate-based agroforestry with saline irrigation in northeast Morocco. We aim to explore this agroforestry model's potential in mitigating salinity's effects on quinoa's agronomic and biochemical traits and evaluate the land equivalent ratio (LER). Field experiments in 2020 and 2021 used a randomized block design with three replicates, including monocropping and agroforestry systems, two salinity levels (1.12 and 10.5 dS m-1), four quinoa genotypes (Titicaca, Puno, ICBA-Q4, ICBA-Q5), and a pomegranate control. Salinity significantly decreased total dry matter (40.5%), root dry matter (50.7%), leaf dry matter (39.2%), and root-to-shoot ratio (7.7%). The impact was more severe in monoculture than in agroforestry, reducing dry matter (47.6% vs. 30.7%), grain yield (46.3% vs. 26.1%), water productivity (47.5% vs. 23.9%), and total sugar (19.2% vs. 5.6%). LER averaged 1.86 to 2.21, indicating 86-121% higher productivity in agroforestry. LER averaged 1.85 at 1.12 dS m-1 and 2.18 at 10.5 dS m-1, reaching 2.21 with pomegranate-ICBA-Q5 combination. Quinoa-pomegranate agroforestry emerges as an innovative strategy, leveraging quinoa's salt resistance and agroforestry's potential to mitigate salinity impacts while enhancing land use efficiency.

Sustainable integration of rubber plantations within agroforestry systems in China: current research and future directions

The integration of rubber plantations with agroforestry systems, or the under-forest economy, represents a pivotal shift towards sustainable agriculture in China. This paper reviews the latest research on agroforestry practices and innovations within China's rubber plantation under-forest economy, with a focus on the balance between economic productivity and environmental sustainability. We explore the adoption of diverse agroforestry models that incorporate rubber trees with other valuable plant species, aiming to enhance ecosystem services, biodiversity, and farmers' livelihoods. The review highlights significant advancements in sustainable management practices, including species selection, planting designs, and soil and water conservation techniques that contribute to the resilience of these systems against environmental stresses. Economic analyses underscore the potential for rubber agroforestry systems to improve income diversification and stability for rural communities while also navigating market challenges. Environmental assessments reveal the positive impacts of these practices on carbon sequestration, biodiversity preservation, and soil health, positioning rubber agroforestry as a beneficial strategy for mitigating climate change effects. However, the review also identifies challenges, including the need for supportive policy frameworks, access to knowledge and technology for smallholders, and further research on long-term sustainability outcomes. Future directions for research are proposed, emphasizing the integration of ecological, economic, and social dimensions to fully realize the potential of the rubber under-forest economy in China.

ESTIMASI POTENSI NILAI EKONOMI AGROFORESTRI BERBASIS PALUDIKULTUR UNTUK RESTORASI LAHAN GAMBUT

Paludiculture-based agroforestry promotes sustainable peatland-use management practices through rewetting activities on drained peatland, revegetating degraded peatland using high-value local tree species and at the same time providing economic benefits for local communities. Due to its potential benefits in maintaining balance between production and protection function of the landscape, paludiculture-based agroforestry in peatlands is purposed to support the restoration efforts. This paper explores the potential, ideal paludiculture-based agroforestry direction, and economic value. We present two scenarios for agroforestry in peatlands: 1) business as usual (BAU) agroforestry by combining native peatland tree species and dryland crops, and 2) paludiculture-based agroforestry by combining native peatland tree species and paludiculture crops. The results show that the economic value of BAU agroforestry ranges from IDR 40.32 million (US$2,826) to IDR 133.47 million (US$9,355) per hectare per year (ha/year) and paludiculture-based agroforestry from IDR 44.22 million (US$3,099) to IDR 106.73 (US$7,481) million ha/year. Taking the BAU model as baseline, the paludiculture model leads to higher emission reduction with a value of IDR 6.2 million (US$435) to IDR 25.21 million (US$1767) per ha/year relative to the BAU. This implies a wider scope of ecological and economic benefits offered by the paludiculture-based agroforestry model compared to the BAU.

Enhancing Roselle Growth and Yield through Planting Density and Fertilization Strategies: A Study on BRIS Soil Area

Optimizing planting density and fertilization practices are crucial factors influencing the micro-environment of agricultural fields, thereby profoundly impacting the growth, development, and yield formation of Roselle plants. This study investigates the combined effects of planting density and Sesbania grandiflora integration on nitrogen dynamics within the BRIS soil area, aiming to enhance Roselle growth and yield. Employing a randomized complete block design (RCBD), three fertilizer treatments—control, green manure, and organic fertilizer—were implemented. Nitrogen content was analyzed using the Kjeldahl method, while phosphorus and potassium contents were determined via UV spectrometry and atomic absorption spectrophotometry, respectively. Within an agroforestry model employing a spacing of 20 cm between plants, results revealed that Roselle plants treated with organic fertilizer exhibited higher nitrogen (N: 3.54 %), phosphorus (P: 0.54 %), and potassium (K: 1.61 %) content in their leaves, and similarly in their roots (N: 1.93%, P: 0.45%, K: 2.11%). However, soil analysis indicated that green manure fertilizer treatment led to higher nitrogen (0.11 %), phosphorus (44.67 %), and potassium (0.17 %) content within the BRIS soil. In conclusion, the green manure fertilizer treatment demonstrated a propensity to enhance nitrogen dynamics within the poorly structured BRIS soil, thereby promoting growth and development. Conversely, the integration of Sesbania grandiflora along with suitable plant spacing appeared instrumental in sustaining Roselle yield productivity. This research sheds light on the interplay between planting density, fertilizer strategies, and soil dynamics, providing valuable insights for optimizing Roselle cultivation practices in similar agroecological contexts.

PENGENDALIAN PERLADANGAN BERPINDAH DENGAN AGROFORESTRI BERBASIS TANAMAN DAMAR DI DESA IMABATAI KECAMATAN INAMOSOL KABUPATEN SERAM BAGIAN BARAT

Shifting cultivation is an agricultural system that is widely practiced by farmers because it does not require much capital for its activities. However, the impact of shifting cultivation activities is quite large, especially on forest destruction. To control the impact of shifting cultivation practices is to introduce the agroforestry model to farmers. Agroforestry is a farming model that combines agricultural crops and forestry crops. The aim of the activity is to provide insight and understanding to farmers/cultivators who practice shifting cultivation so that they can reduce shifting cultivation activities. A total of 20 representatives from 20 families or 25% of the total number of families in Imabatai village were involved in intensive activities. This activity also involved female representatives, namely 10 people representing 10 families, while 10 men were involved representing 10 families. Participants really responded to this training, because it was something new for farmers. So far, participants have focused more on agricultural systems that rely more on business patterns that only focus on agricultural crops. Apart from that, the aspect of understanding the training material was very good, because 85% of participants were able to answer the evaluation questions well. The future hope is that participants can immediately try to practice agroforestry or dusung because it is very promising to increase farmers' income in the future when harvest time comes. Apart from that, agroforestry practices can reduce the impact of shifting cultivation which leads to the formation of critical land.

Post-landslide restoration through multistrata agroforestry-based land management in the West Bogor area of Indonesia

The West Bogor area experienced a landslide disaster, causing extensive damage to secondary forest areas, plantations, and residential homes. Despite evacuations, the community persists in using the affected land for agriculture. This study aims to develop a land management model based on agroforestry for post-landslide restoration, to prevent landslide reactivation, and to provide benefits for the local community. Introducing an agroforestry system that includes deep-rooted trees and perennial crops on landslide-prone slopes can improve slope stability by enhancing soil structure and water retention, minimising erosion and landslides. The study examines unexplored aspects of landslide characteristics and zoning as a novel approach to improve mitigation strategies. We classify the post-landslides area into depletion, transition, and accumulation zones. The lithology comprises Breccia with pumice and Andesite gravels, a sandy tuff matrix, and Claystone underneath, acting as the slip surface. The northern landslide has depletion, transition, and accumulation zones ranging from 743 to 710 m above sea level (masl), 710 to 694 masl, and 694 to 676 masl. In the southern landslide, these zones range from 783 to 720 masl, 720 to 705 masl, and 705 to 676 masl. Based on the characteristics of those zones, we develop an agroforestry model in a vertical pattern with species strata, fast-growing local plants, strong and deep roots, and a relatively high evapotranspiration rate. The depletion zone is managed as a complex agroforestry system (forest type) consisting primarily of forest plants and plantation crops. The transition zone is a complex agroforestry (garden type) with plantation crops and some forest plants. The accumulation zone is a simple agroforestry system with seasonal crops. On almost flat land in an accumulation zone suitable for Oryza sativa cultivation, we apply Cocos nucifera as a protective plant. Soil fertility in all zones is improved with organic and inorganic fertilization, and it also increases the mycorrhizal population through the planting of leguminous plants. The multistrata agroforestry model, created and adapted to the specific characteristics and zoning of landslide-prone areas, is expected to significantly enhance landslide restoration and erosion mitigation and reduce the risk of future landslides. Such approaches can be extended to regions with comparable characteristics.

Pemikiran Ekologis pada Petani Kopi dalam Kawasan Hutan Konservasi di Desa Tiwingan Baru Kabupaten Banjar

The agroforestry model has ecological values, where it is practiced by farmers in Tiwingan Baru Village, Banjar Regency. This research used qualitative methods, and a phenomenological research design. The research subjects were coffee farmers in Tiwingan Baru Village. The research data were collected through observation, semi-structured interviews, and documentation. Data were analyzed using the Miles and Huberman interactive model. The results showed that coffee farmers in Tiwingan Baru Village implemented agroforestry farming practices supported by ecological thinking, so as to maintain the sustainability of the forest ecosystem of Tiwingan Baru Village. The agroforestry model practiced by the community manifests the environmental ethics of ecofeminism, which prioritizes care and compassion for nature. In terms of the concept of sustainable development, the forest management practices are able to: 1) maintain forest cover and avoid agricultural commodities that are bad for the ecosystem, so that the threat of deforestation can be avoided; 2) become a stable source of income for the community because the coffee commodity cultivated is an important commodity and is sustainable to the next generation; and, 3) raise awareness of the importance of institutional formation that supports the socio-economic processes of the community. The model of forest management through coffee agroforestry implemented by the community in Tiwingan Baru Village needs to be protected and sustained through strategic policies and empowerment programs. Furthermore, it is important that the forest management model is replicated elsewhere as a model of equitable and sustainable forest management.

Sustainable Agroforestry Model for Supporting Farming Communities by Identifying Land Development in Bone District

Agroforestry is an optimal land management approach that combines forestry, agriculture, livestock, and fisheries activities within the same area. Sustainable agroforestry models are implemented through community support in Bone District. The Bengo region is one of the initiatives undertaken by STIP YAPI BONE as part of a partnership scheme for the Agroforestry model, which represents a local wisdom aimed at safeguarding water sources by integrating several key components, including food crops, perennial plants, and livestock. It is undeniable that the Bengo region is highly unique, as it is divided into several zones, such as the core zone (Integrated Agrocomplex Gardens), buffer zone (Land for Integrated Forestry, Plantation, Agriculture, and Fisheries Commodities), and utilization zone. It holds significant social, cultural, economic, and ecological value. Bengo boasts two key farmers, Mr. Sahir and Mr. Asgar, who have successfully transformed their cocoa plantations into Agroforestry gardens. Therefore, Bengo has the potential to become a cornerstone for the partnership between the Research and Community Service Institution, offering economic, social, and ecological benefits. Hence, it is imperative to preserve Bengo. One approach to achieving this is to raise awareness among all stakeholders, including both the community and the government, regarding the importance of applying Sustainable Agroforestry models to critical lands in Bone District, particularly in South Sulawesi.

Potential and Performance of Poplars under Short Rotation Agroforestry Models: A Case Study of Yamunanagar District of Haryana

Potential and Performance of Poplars under Short Rotation Agroforestry Models: A Case Study of Yamunanagar District of Haryana

Farmers’ perceptions of agroforestry, Democratic Republic of the Congo

The development of agriculture, particularly monocultures and extensive land-consuming practices, are causing deforestation and forest degradation, and this destruction of important carbon sinks is fueling climate change. Agroforestry, which involves the association of trees with crops and/or livestock, is presented as an alternative to industrial agriculture and slash-and-burn practices, to promote climate change resilience. In addition to climate change mitigation, agroforestry offers a plenitude of benefits, but there are often challenges to implementing agroforestry models. These include ensuring feasibility in local contexts and meeting diverse needs, which requires constant adaptation and mutual learning between farmers and technical experts. This proved true for Tropenbos DRC who worked to promote agroforestry among small forest and agricultural producers in the Bafwasende area of Tshopo Province. Tropenbos DRC’s initial approach of creating community agroforestry fields faced limited success as an unexpected degree of individualism made a communitarian approach unsuitable. The original model also met resistance as it combined cocoa and plantain with trees despite plantain not being an economically viable crop for farmers. In response, a shift in approach was made to rather support individual farmers interested in agroforestry, who could prioritise cocoa plants amongst trees, to ensure greater profits. In the former model, from 2019 to 2021, only 4 ha of cocoa trees were planted. Conversely, in just six months of adopting the new model in 2021, 45 ha of cocoa trees were planted. It is clear then, that the success of agroforestry models depends on farmer’s acceptance. All stakeholders must be included in what should be a participatory and iterative process that must remain flexible, as adaptability is essential for the continuous improvement and success of agroforestry initiatives.

Inga tree agroforestry in Honduras

Slash-and-burn agriculture is a critical issue in Honduras and other tropical regions, as it causes deforestation, soil degradation, erosion, crop failure, food insecurity, and vulnerability to natural disasters - devasting the environment and adversely effecting communities. These calamities are further exacerbated by the climate crisis, forcing people to become climate refugees. In response, the article introduces the Inga agroforestry model as a sustainable alternative to slash-and-burn agriculture. Developed by the Inga Foundation, this model utilises the tree genus Inga, a nitrogen-fixing tree, to create resilient and productive agroforestry systems. By intercropping basic grains with other cash crops, amongst the Inga trees and other fruit and hardwood trees, farmers can achieve food security and economic diversity. The Inga agroforestry model is also characterised by its minimal input requirements, as it uses no agrochemicals, chemical fertilisers, fossil fuels, heavy equipment, herbicides or pesticides, further enhancing land restoration and climate change mitigation. Proven to be a regenerative system, Inga agroforestry has been implemented successfully in Honduras, empowering marginalised rural smallholder farmers in a socially and ecologically sustainable manner. Compared to monocrop plots, the model’s economic benefits include increased yields and income generation, which has improved rural livelihoods, including for women and youth, reducing out-migration. The environmental benefits include land restoration, carbon sequestration, and increased biodiversity, improving climate resilience. Despite its proven effectiveness, the widespread adoption of the Inga agroforestry model remains constrained by funding and policy barriers which favour industrial agriculture. The team remains committed, however, to seeing it replicated widely and remains optimistic about the model's potential to transform rural economies. They, therefore, urge for greater support from governments and international institutions.

Promoting smart agroforestry of sengon-based arrowroot and cardamom to support food security

The forest land has great potential to provide food and also contributes to achieving Indonesia’s forest and other land uses (FOLU) Net Sink 2030, as a concrete contribution of the forestry sector to addressing national and global needs, which can be done by promoting smart agroforestry. This research aims to provide smart agroforestry model of sengon (Falcataria moluccana) with arrowroot and cardamom, to analyze the sengon growth, the arrowroot and cardamom biomass productivities under the agroforestry models. The split-plot design was employed with six cropping pattern as the main plot, in three agroforestry models (sengon-arrowroot; sengon-cardamom; sengon-arrowroot-cardamom) and three monoculture plots, and three levels of the dosage of manure as subplots (0; 250; 500 g). The results showed that higher growth of sengon was found in the three agroforestry models (3.0-3.5 m3.ha−1) compared to monoculture (2.1 m3.ha−1). The highest dry weight of leaf, stem, root, tuber, fruit bunch and total biomass of arrowroot and cardamom was produced in the monoculture. These agroforestry models have the potential to support food security and Indonesia’s FOLU Net Sink 2030, which will be prospective mainstreaming in implementing Social Forestry programs.

The Characteristics of Land Use in Kemiri-based Agroforestry Patterns in Maros Regency, South Sulawesi Province

One of the leading causes of global warming is land damage due to forest encroachment and the conversion of forest areas. One of the efforts to reduce the increase in greenhouse gas concentrations is maintaining carbon reserves by developing and improving forest vegetation. The agroforestry pattern can solve problems from both environmental and economic aspects in society. Candlenut plants are one of several types of plants that are usually used by applying the agroforestry model. Cenrana, Camba, Mallawa Districts, and Maros Regency are still developing and utilizing candlenut plants on community-owned land and in forest areas. This study aims to determine the spatial characteristics of the candlenut-based agroforestry pattern in Maros Regency. This research uses a quantitative method using remote sensing technology based on Google Earth Engine (GEE). The results of the study show that the agroforestry pattern in Maros Regency (Mallawa District, Camba District, Cenrana District) applies the Agrisilvicultural and Silvipastural patterns, apart from that the community's candlenut agroforestry land is located at a distance that can be reached by the community, namely 0-2 km outside the forest area. The composition of candlenut-based agroforestry and non-agroforestry patterns shows several crop combinations: horticulture, food, and plantations.

Innovative agroforestry development in private forest through community partnership

Management of private forests in general is still traditional with various weaknesses of the farmers, including the limited area of private forests ranging from 0.25 – 1 hectare and in general they are not located in one stretch. Therefore, the results of private forest management have not fully provided proper income for farmers, namely in the range of 20-30 percent. Referring to an MTG (Master Tree Grower) approach, innovation was carried out in the development of agroforestry models in private forests by involving neighboring farmers in the form of farmer-to-farmer mentoring (F2FM) through community partnerships. The innovations carried out are in the form of implementing training results and increasing the capacity of private forest farmers to be market oriented in managing forests. Research was conducted in Bulukumba, South Sulawesi in 2018 which aims to find opportunities to increase farmers’ income through the development of innovative agroforestry. The research applied training, interview, observation and FGD (Focus Group Discussion) methods. The results of the research show that there is a change in the orientation of farmers in managing their forests and there are opportunities to increase income from these forests. Innovative agroforestry development can be an option for farmers to increase their income from private forest management.

Yield Performance of Intercropped Marantha arundinacea L. (Arrowroot) in Two Rubber Plantation Designs

Developing rubber agroforestry systems is crucial to ensure the sustainable development of natural rubber cultivation. This study focuses on the starch crop Maranta arundinacea (arrowroot) and assesses its productivity and influencing factors when intercropped in 6–7-year-old conventional single-row and double-row rubber plantations. We analyze various aspects, including light resources, root distribution, soil nutrients, arrowroot growth characteristics, and product quality. The results indicate that the daily average photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) in the double-row rubber agroforestry system intercropping area ranges from 896.4 to 940.2 μmol·m−2·s−1. Additionally, the rubber tree roots near the intercropping area are less dense (107.0 g cm−3). In contrast, the conventional single-row rubber agroforestry system has a significantly lower daily average PAR of only 145.7 μmol·m−2·s−1, and the nearby rubber tree roots are more abundant (616.2 g cm−3). Although soil nutrient levels were slightly lower in the intercropping area on the double-row treatment compared to the single-row treatment, there was no statistical difference (p &lt; 0.05). Arrowroot’s photosynthetic capacity in the double-row rubber agroforestry system intercropping area is significantly greater than in the single-row rubber agroforestry system intercropping area. The yield per unit area in the former (23.46–27.47 t·ha−1) is also significantly higher than in the latter (2.87–4.75 t·ha−1, p &lt; 0.05), with higher starch content. Therefore, arrowroot exhibits higher productivity when intercropped in double-row rubber agroforestry systems, making it suitable for establishing a “rubber–arrowroot” agroforestry model to enhance the yield per unit area of rubber plantations.

Soil Carbon Sequestration in the Age of Climate Change: A Review

Soil carbon sequestration has garnered attention as a pivotal strategy in mitigating climate change. Its relevance is accentuated by the soil's dual role in both storing carbon and supporting agriculture, thereby contributing to both environmental and food security. The purpose of this review is to analyze the various facets of soil carbon sequestration in the Indian context, specifically focusing on case studies that highlight both successes and failures in this realm. Key findings indicate that multifaceted approaches, such as agroforestry models in Tamil Nadu and community-led natural farming in Andhra Pradesh, have been effective in enhancing soil carbon stocks. These approaches are not only beneficial for carbon sequestration but also demonstrate positive implications for farm yield and biodiversity. However, the study also uncovers shortcomings in soil management practices, evident in the decline of soil carbon levels in regions such as Punjab due to monoculture and excessive fertilizer use. The consequences of such practices manifest in reduced soil fertility, emphasizing the urgent need for sustainable agricultural methods. In fragile ecosystems like the Himalayan region, soil erosion has further reduced the soil's ability to act as a carbon sink, indicating the necessity for immediate conservation efforts. These findings imply that an integrated approach, coupling agricultural innovation with policy support, can substantially improve the effectiveness of soil as a carbon sequester. Moreover, it is essential for policies to be adaptive and region-specific, accounting for the diverse geographical and climatic conditions across India. This review aims to serve as a comprehensive guide for policymakers, researchers, and agricultural practitioners, emphasizing that soil carbon sequestration is not an isolated goal but must be integrated into broader environmental and agricultural objectives.

Model Agroforestri di Desa Leimea Sorinbalo Kabupaten Ermera Timor-Leste

Agroforestry is the management of optimal and sustainable land use, by combining forestry and agricultural activities in the same land management unit by taking into account physical, social, and economic environmental conditions. This research was carried out in Leimea Sorinbalo village, Ermera Regency, East Timor, in March and May 2021 using qualitative and quantitative methods. The data used in this study are data obtained directly from agroforestry farmers in Ermera District, East Timor by means of direct interviews with 30 respondents (farmers) regarding the agroforestry model with the help of questionnaires. Analysis of economic data using the three criteria of NPV, BCR and IRR, social and ecological analysis of Descriptive qualitative. The results of the financial analysis showed that the NPV was the results of the financial analysis showed that the NPV was $ 220,184.66, the BCR was 28.7 and the IRR was 35 %. The results the ecological analysis showed that the biodiversity is vanilla, chocolate, Agarwood teak, gamal, jackfruit, orange etc, and social analysis showed that the Local institutions and culture are studies on social aspects. The central institution that serves as a driving force for farmers The non-formal institution in Leimea Sorinbalo village is recorded only as a customary institution that maintains the preservation of agroforestry land through the application of customary laws. &#x0D; Key words: Agroforestry model, ecologicalm, economy, social