Agroforestry Land Research Articles

Geospatial assessment of agroforestry land use systems using very high-resolution satellite images and artificial intelligence

Geospatial assessment of agroforestry land use systems using very high-resolution satellite images and artificial intelligence

Growth and productivity of stevia variety Cibodas Manis 3 (Stevia rebaudiana) in 40 days planting with agroforestry

Abstract. Choeriah MN, Wijayanto N, Batubara I. 2024. Growth and productivity of stevia variety Cibodas Manis 3 (Stevia rebaudiana) in 40 days planting with agroforestry. Biodiversitas 25: 3277-3283. Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni.) is a shrub plant that can be used as a substitute for sugar cane and has the potential to be cultivated in agroforestry ways. This study aims to analyze the growth and productivity of stevia in agroforestry systems compared to monocultures. Stevia was planted in 2 types of land, namely agroforestry and monoculture. The research location's soil and area's climatic conditions were observed stevia agroforestry was grown under pine, eucalyptus, and coffee trees. During stevia planting, the height was measured. Stevia was harvested 40 days after planting, and leaf area, number of leaves, leaf weight, and harvest productivity were measured. In addition, chlorophyll and stevioside yields were analyzed using UV VIS and LC-MS/MS spectrometry. Stevia in agroforestry land had higher chlorophyll and stevioside content than monoculture, although not as good as stevia in monoculture, which had higher height, number of leaves, leaf area, wet weight, dry weight, and productivity compared to agroforestry. The total stevioside produced from agroforestry land was 1.63 kg/ha, while it was 2.19 kg/ha from monoculture land. Stevia in agroforestry land also has a higher secondary metabolite content than in monoculture. This is related to the growing conditions that stress stevia. Pearson correlation test results also show a relationship between the amount of chlorophyll and the stevioside content in stevia plants.

Evaluating land suitability for kemiri (Aleurites moluccana) as a multi-purpose tree species in community agroforestry land within Langkat District, North Sumatra

Evaluating land suitability for Aleurites moluccana in community agroforestry land within Langkat District, North Sumatra, is crucial for promoting sustainable development, enhancing livelihoods, and preserving ecosystems while honoring local traditions and cultures. The primary objective of this research was to evaluate and map the land suitability for A. moluccana within Langkat District, located in North Sumatra, Indonesia. To gather the necessary data, this study employed a survey method, involving the collection of soil samples from ten distinct land units within the field. The assessment of land suitability was carried out using the matching method. Geographic Information System (GIS) technology was utilized to create maps illustrating the distribution of land suitability, while a Global Positioning System (GPS) was employed to accurately record the coordinates of the collected soil samples. The findings revealed that within Gunung Ambat, Simpang Kuta Buluh, Rumah Galuh, and Telagah Village, the actual land suitability classes for A. moluccana were classified as moderately suitable (S2) and marginally suitable (S3). The prevailing limiting factors in this region were temperature (tc) and the characteristics of the root zone medium (rc). Consequently, this influenced the potential land suitability classes for A. moluccana, resulting in classifications ranging from highly suitable (S1) to moderately suitable (S2) and marginally suitable (S3). By implementing land suitability evaluation for A. moluccana in community agroforestry land, promoting sustainable land use, enhancing livelihoods, and conserving natural resources.

Assessing Soil and Land Suitability of an Olive–Maize Agroforestry System Using Machine Learning Algorithms

Exponential population increases are threatening food security, particularly in mountainous areas. One potential solution is dual-use intercropped agroforestry systems such as olive (Olea europaea)–maize (Zea mays), which may mitigate risk by providing multiple market sources (oil and grain) for smallholder producers. Several studies have conducted integrated agroforestry land suitability analyses; however, few studies have used machine learning (ML) algorithms to evaluate multiple variables (i.e., soil physicochemical properties and climatic and topographic data) for the selection of suitable rainfed sites in mountainous terrain systems. The goal of this study is therefore to identify suitable land classes for an integrated olive–maize agroforestry system based on the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) land suitability assessment framework for 1757 km2 in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Pakistan. Information on soil physical and chemical properties was obtained from 701 soil samples, along with climatic and topographic data. After determination of land suitability classes for an integrated olive–maize-crop agroforestry system, the region was then mapped through ML algorithms using random forest (RF) and support vector machine (SVM), as well as using traditional techniques of weighted overlay (WOL). Land suitability classes predicted by ML techniques varied greatly. For example, the S1 area (highly suitable) classified through RF was 9%↑ than that of SVM, and 8%↓ than that through WOL. The area of S2 (moderately suitable) classified through RF was 18%↑ than that of SWM and was 17%↓ than the area classified through WOL; similarly, the S3 (marginally suitable) class area via RF was 27%↓ than that of SVM, and 45%↓ than the area classified through WOL. Conversely, the area of N2 (permanently not suitable class) classified through RF and SVM was 6%↑ than the area classified through WOL. Model performance was assessed through overall accuracy and Kappa Index and indicated that RF performed better than SVM and WOL. Crop suitability limitations of the study area included high elevation, slope, pH, and large gravel content. Results can be used for sustainable intensification in mountainous rainfed regions by expanding intercrop agroforestry systems in developing nations to close yield gaps.

Potential of Agroforestry Practices in Multifunctional Landscapes for Enhancing the Livelihoods of Local Dwellers in the North-Western Charlands of Bangladesh

Char is any accretion in a river course that extends or establishes new land. A well-planned integrated land-use system combining woody perennials (agroforestry) can ensure sustainable, environmentally friendly climate resilience land-use systems and livelihood options on charland. To date, no systemic investigation of charland land agroforestry has been undertaken. A comprehensive study of the potential of agroforestry systems in charland areas was conducted using qualitative and quantitative methodologies. Two methods were employed: structured questionnaire interviews and botanical surveys. Findings revealed that considerable variation exists in both charland and mainland areas in terms of socio-demographic characteristics. Both tree and agroforestry knowledge of mainland farmers is greater than that of charland farmers. Charland dwellers sell almost all their farm products, while most mainland farmers consume their products. Agroforestry-related communication between extension workers and farmers is limited in both ecosystems. However, farmer interaction with extension workers is far less common in charland areas. Mainland farmers are satisfied with their homestead production systems, whereas cha land farmers face huge problems with the free grazing of cattle and goats. Mainland farmers think quality planting materials and fencing systems are key issues. Leafy short-rotation vegetables and climbing vegetables are more common in charlands. Other common marketable vegetables are tomato, brinjal, carrot, cauliflower, and cabbage. All fruit trees common on charland are more frequently found in the mainland areas. In the case of timber, eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) is more common on charland, whereas mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) frequency is higher in the mainland. Medicinal trees are uncommon in both ecosystems except for neem (Azadirachta indica). Through proper training and motivation of farmers, there is a vast scope to increase tree and vegetable diversity in charland farms.

Green Farming: Practice of Agroforestry as Response to Climate Variability and Strategy for Farm Income Diversification in Kafa Zone, Southwest Ethiopia

Agroforestry farming is a crucial agricultural practice that has been the indigenous economic activity of tropical areas since early times. In addition to its financial advantages, this economic activity plays a significant role in environmental conservation. The study's objective was to evaluate the spread and content of agroforestry practices for raising farm income and climate adaptation in the Kafa Zone of southwest Ethiopia. To address the objective of this study, a survey design was used. Purposive sampling and simple random sampling techniques were employed to select sample. Approximately 375 sample households were surveyed. In addition, interviews, Focus Group Discussion, and observation were used during this study for the collection of data. As the study results showed, the hectares of land use under agroforestry were vary among the study kebeles. There was a significant difference among the study areas regarding land use size under agroforestry (F2 was 11.869, and sign was 0.03). In addition, the study revealed diversified agroforestry with crop species were found in home garden agroforestry. Similarly, the variability of the tree species per plot in agroforestry land use was significantly associated with the agroecology of the study area (p<0.05), which was greater varieties in the Dega agroecological area than in the Kola area. The main challenges to the practices of diversification of agroforestry in the study area were issues related with market accessibility, climate, wildlife, and agricultural policy. About 86.4% of the farmers surveyed indicated that there were limitations on support or government help for seedlings. To conclude, the agroforestry farm implementation in the study was related to indigenous knowledge-based practice, which was highly focus on coffee and gardens. To improve and implement sound agroforestry practices, the concerning body needs to strengthen a policy and plan that initiates diverse species in agroforestry practices.

Sustainable mined land reclamation: the pujada nickel case study

Decision making is severely challenging in mined-land reclamation where multiple interests of various and often conflicting stakeholders should be satisfied. Thru the use of Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA), sustainable options of reclaiming the mined land in manner that is environmentally sound, technically feasible, economically viable, socially acceptable, culturally sensitive and spiritually rooted are fully explored and considered. Multiple stakeholders like; the indigenous peoples, mining host communities, the non-government organization, the church, the mining company, the Mines Bureau, the National Commission on Indigenous Peoples and the local government units were engaged in the study to determine their interests in mining reclamation. Having full appreciation of the stakeholders’ interests and proposed options, the Mine Rehabilitation Fund Committee and the Multi-partite Monitoring Team are confident that reclaiming the mined land thru the options-mix of Forestry and Botanical Park Development shall perform better and is more sustainable. The results of MCDA of the Pujada Nickel Project enabled the decision makers to have confidence that the blended options of Forestry Reclamation Approach (FRA), Sloping Agro-forestry Land Technology (SALT) and Botanical Park Development in transforming the Pujada Nickel Mine shall satisfy the best interests of the multiple mining stakeholders.

Profitability of coffee-based agroforestry system to support farmers’ income in Toba Regency, North Sumatra Province, Indonesia

Indonesia is a country with the application of agroforestry systems on community land. People who live in Toba Regency, North Sumatra have long applied coffee-based agroforestry systems and have become a hereditary tradition. The purpose of this study is to determine the profitability of coffee-based agroforestry land and economic value for farmers so that it can be developed further. Coordinate points of land distribution, taken with GPS, conducted interviews, profitability analysis and income analysis to obtain farmer land data. Mapping the distribution of farmers’ coffee-based agroforestry land was mapped with ArcGIS 10.8. Four respondent farmers implemented coffee-based agroforestry (Coffea arabica) with a planting distance of 2 m x 2.5 m combined with Gmelina arborea (white teak), Eucalyptus sp. (eucalyptus), Cinnamomum verum (cinnamon), Pinus merkusii (pine), Psidium guajava (guava), Durio zibethinus (durian), Persea americana (avocado), and others. Based on the profitability analysis, all four farmers’ lands are feasible for further development. The economic value of land depends on the area of land managed by the farmer, where farmers with a land area of 2 Ha have the largest income during 10 years of land management, namely Mr. Bisken with an income of IDR 162,719,500. Utilization of Multi-Purpose Trees Species (MPTS) or plantation and industrial crops can increase the economic value and profitability of farmers’ land.

Plant species composition and diversity in traditional agroforestry landscapes on Siberut Island, West Sumatra, Indonesia

Abstract. Indra G, Mukhtar E, Syamsuardi, Chairul, Mansyurdin. 2024. Plant species composition and diversity in traditional agroforestry landscapes on Siberut Island, West Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 1286-1296. The research conducted on Siberut Island, situated in the western part of Sumatra, focuses on traditional communities practicing an agroforestry land management system. This study aimed to identify the plant species within agroforestry land, their respective uses, and techniques for adapting these species to the landscape in two villages, Matotonan in South Siberut District and Bojakan in North Siberut District, Mentawai Islands. Data collection involved direct observation, unstructured interviews for plant species utilization, and transects with a 10m width along contour lines for landscape data. The findings revealed that Siberut's traditional agroforestry land, known as "Pomunean," is divided into Tinugglu and Mone categories based on land slope, proximity to riverbanks, and planted species. Plant species in agroforestry land served nine primary purposes, including staple and additional food, construction, furniture, medicine, firewood, traditional rituals, and commercial activities. Tinugglu land exhibited a higher Landscape Utilization Value Index (LUVI) at 57% compared to Mone land (43%). Regarding specific plant types, Metroxylon sago (Bojakan) and Durio zybethinus (Matotonan) had the highest LUVI values. These findings shed light on the vital role that traditional ecological knowledge and sustainable land management play in maintaining the delicate balance between human livelihoods and the preservation of natural ecosystems.

Shifting mammal communities and declining species richness along an elevational gradient on Mount Kenya.

Conservation areas encompassing elevation gradients are biodiversity hotspots because they contain a wide range of habitat types in a relatively small space. Studies of biodiversity patterns along elevation gradients, mostly on small mammal or bird species, have documented a peak in diversity at mid elevations. Here, we report on a field study of medium and large mammals to examine the impact of elevation, habitat type, and gross primary productivity on community structure. Species richness was observed using a camera trap transect with 219 sites situated across different habitat types from 2329 to 4657 m above the sea level on the western slope of Mt Kenya, the second highest mountain in Africa. We found that the lowest elevation natural habitats had the highest species richness and relative abundance and that both metrics decreased steadily as elevation increased, paralleling changes in gross primary productivity, and supporting the energy richness hypothesis. We found no evidence for the mid-domain effect on species diversity. The lowest elevation degraded Agro-Forestry lands adjacent to the National Park had high activity of domestic animals and reduced diversity and abundance of native species. The biggest difference in community structure was between protected and unprotected areas, followed by more subtle stepwise differences between habitats at different elevations. Large carnivore species remained relatively consistent but dominant herbivore species shifted along the elevation gradient. There was some habitat specialization and turnover in species, such that the elevation gradient predicts a high diversity of species, demonstrating the high conservation return for protecting mountain ecosystems for biodiversity conservation.

Plant diversity on coffee agroforestry land in the buffer zone of Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park in East Java, Indonesia

Abstract. Zayadi H, Hakim L, Sudarto, Batoro J. 2024. Plant diversity on coffee agroforestry land in the buffer zone of Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park in East Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 1030-1036. Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park (BTSNP) is facing threats to biodiversity due to land transfer functions and sand mining in rural areas. Land use conversion and sand mining in rural areas near BTSNP and Perhutani are threatening biodiversity through activities like land degradation, deforestation, forest depletion, and global climate change impacting local agriculture. Coffee farms in Poncokusumo and Wajak have been abandoned, leading to a decline in coffee farming and other agricultural commodities. Coffee-based agroforestry systems have been implemented to address this issue and improve soil fertility and vegetation diversity. This research aimed to identify and analyze plant diversity in coffee agroforestry land in BTNSP. The study was carried out in January-December 2022 in the village districts of Poncokusumo Sub-district (Sumberejo) and Wajak Sub-district of Malang District, which borders directly with BTSNP, collecting flora compositions and classifying them based on growth rate. The study identified 27 orders, 38 families, and 71 species of plants in the coffee fields. The presence of various plant species in the coffee fields contributes to the ecosystem's stability and the soil's quality. This research highlights the importance of the agroforestry system in promoting biodiversity conservation and sustainable coffee farming in the BTSNP area.

The economic impact of agroforestry practice in production forest areas, Сentral Java province, Indonesia

The concept of Joint Community Forest Management in Indonesia is an effort to involve communities in forest management through agroforestry to support forest sustainability. Agroforestry (or persilan in local language) carried out by pesanggem in the KPH Kebonharjo and KPH Mantingan Working Areas significantly contributes to the pesanggem household income. This research wants to measure the provision of agroforestry on pesanggem household income and examine agroforestry factors that influence pesanggem household income. Data collection techniques through surveys and observations of 216 pesanggem households were carried out in the KPH Kebonharjo and KPH Mantingan areas, divided into eight villages respectively. The data was then analyzed descriptively and by multiple linear regression analysis. The research results found that the agroforestry pattern through land plots refers to agricultural activities by pesanggem in forest areas by utilizing forest land belonging to Perum Perhutani as agricultural/persilan for planting seasonal crops. Persilan contributions provide a moderate contribution to pesanggem households in KPH Kebonharjo and KPH Mantingan with a total contribution percentage of 38% or IDR 11,000,000 per household per year with details for each KPH Kebonharjo 44% (IDR 10,900,000 per household per year) and KPH Mantingan 33% (Rp. 11,200,000 per household per year). Based on the results of linear regression analysis, some variables significantly influence measurements with degrees of confidence of 85%, 95%, and 99%. The variables agricultural equipment (sig. 0.133), distance to agroforestry land (sig. -0.051), labor utilization (sig. 0.038), and land area of land persil (sig. 0.001) show an influence on the agroforestry income of pesanggem households in KPH Kebonharjo. In addition, the variables farming income (sig. -0.143), other income (sig. 0.048), area of land plots (sig. 0.037), and distance to agroforestry land (sig. 0.001) show an influence on the agroforestry income of pesanggem households, at KPH Mantingan. This research provides valuable insights into the complex relationships between agroforestry, production forests, and economic dynamics, providing a foundation for sound policy-making and encouraging environmentally conscious economic growth

Phytosociological Analysis of Functional Components in Silvipastoral Land Use Systems of Himachal Pradesh, India

Phytosociological studies are important for devising suitable conservation strategies of the plant genetic resources. Himachal Pradesh is a north-western Himalayan state with diverse landscape having rich and unique floristic diversity. Silvipastoral systems are one among the most prominent agroforestry land use systems which contributes significantly in productivity, ecological balance and livelihood of local communities. Thus, to know the status of floristic and phytosociological diversity in these land use systems, the present study has been conducted from April 2018 to March 2022 in 12 selected villages in Himachal Pradesh. Total number of plant species recorded in study area was 1046 (including 114 tree, 170 shrub and 762 herb species), belonging to 108 families and 538 genera. Poaceae, Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Rosaceae and Lamiaceae were the five most dominant families. Maximum tree density recorded for species Myrica esculenta (980 ind. ha-1) at site 3, Grewia optiva (660 ind. ha-1) at site 2 and Grewia optiva (640 ind. ha-1) at Site 1 Naun, Mandi, followed by Bauhinia variegata (630 ind. ha-1) at Site 2 Banalgi, Solan in zone-II. On the basis of IVI, Cedrus deodara (252.30) was most dominant species followed by Quercus oblongata (193.11), Pinus wallichiana (164.68) and Myrica esculenta (149.10). Among the shrubs Hippophae salicifolia (119.24) was most dominant species followed by Berberis lycium (96.14) and Berberis aristata (90.98). However, Achyranthus aspera (107.66) was most dominant herb species followed by Commelina benghalensis (97.50) and Sonchus asper (44.01). The lowest value of IVI was observed for Capsella bursa-pastoris (9.63) and Tanacetum dolichophyllum (10.54). According to CAMP (Conservation Assessment and Management Prioritization), 2013 nine species viz., Angelica glauca, Berberis aristata, Dioscorea deltoidea, Polygonatum cirrhifolium, Hyoscyamus niger, Bunium persicum, Ephedra gerardiana, Juniperus communis and Selinum vaginatum are threatened and requires conservation and management efforts. In past no study was conducted on floristic and phytosociology diversity of silvipastoral systems of Himachal Pradesh. Hence, present study will definitely act as base line data for further in-depth studies on restoration of degraded lands and silvipastoral system management and improvement programs.

Imputation of missing microclimate data of coffee-pine agroforestry with machine learning

This research presents a comprehensive analysis of various imputation methods for addressing missing microclimate data in the context of coffee-pine agroforestry land in UB Forest. Utilizing Big data and Machine learning methods, the research evaluates the effectiveness of imputation missing microclimate data with Interpolation, Shifted Interpolation, K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), and Linear Regression methods across multiple time frames - 6 hours, daily, weekly, and monthly. The performance of these methods is meticulously assessed using four key evaluation metrics Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Mean Squared Error (MSE), Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE), and Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE). The results indicate that Linear Regression consistently outperforms other methods across all time frames, demonstrating the lowest error rates in terms of MAE, MSE, RMSE, and MAPE. This finding underscores the robustness and precision of Linear Regression in handling the variability inherent in microclimate data within agroforestry systems. The research highlights the critical role of accurate data imputation in agroforestry research and points towards the potential of machine learning techniques in advancing environmental data analysis. The insights gained from this research contribute significantly to the field of environmental science, offering a reliable methodological approach for enhancing the accuracy of microclimate models in agroforestry, thereby facilitating informed decision-making for sustainable ecosystem management.

Processing rubber latex (Hevea brasiliensis) in agroforestry in Menggala Mas Village, Tulang Bawang Tengah District, Tulang Bawang Barat Regency

Local knowledge of rubber latex processing is important for village communities that depend on rubber plants for their livelihood. This research aims to determine the processing of rubber latex in agroforestry carried out by the community in Menggala Mas Village, Lampung Province, Indonesia. This research approach is qualitative. Data was obtained by observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation studies. Then, the data was processed by making data transcripts, coding, categorizing, drawing temporary conclusions, triangulating, and drawing conclusions so that the results obtained could be analyzed to determine the data processing. Local communities carry out rubber in agroforestry. The research results showed that three applications of agroforestry planting patterns were found, namely alley cropping (alley pattern), Trees along border (fence pattern), and random mixture (random pattern). The dominant combination in alley cropping is rubber-pulai, and rubber-mentru-afrika wood. The dominant combinations in Trees along the border are rubber-acacia, rubber-jackfruit-cempedak, rubber-petai-teak. The dominant combinations in the random mixture are rubber-jengkol, rubber-petai-jengkol-acacia, rubber-jackfruit-cempedak, rubber-pulai-noni-jengkol, rubber-banana-gadung-sungkai. The rubber latex processing process in agroforestry is carried out traditionally, starting from the tapping process, sap acidification, sap harvesting (napeu), sap separation, and sales and harvesting of agroforestry crops. The community's local knowledge has been passed down from their parents to reduce the costs of processing rubber latex from expensive materials so that the community can gain more profits. This has been proven if local communities can manage their land well, which can become a long-term source of livelihood. The government needs to assist with strategies for processing rubber latex as well as managing rubber agroforestry land to increase farmers' knowledge and harvest yields

A SABEDORIA LOCAL EM SISTEMAS AGROFLORESTAIS: O ESTUDO DE CASO NA VILA WANGA, SUBDISTRITO DE MOTOLING LESTE, REGÊNCIA DE MINAHASA DO SUL, INDONÉSIA

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to ascertain how the Wanga Village community manages land using agroforestry technologies. Based on the observations, different component kinds are found in the sites of the respondents. Agrisilviculture, agrosilvofishery, agrosilvopasture and agroforestry patterns employed by the residents of Wanga village. Method: The approach is a survey that combines field observations and interviewing methods. Purposive sampling was used to select respondents, and the indigenous inhabitants of Wanga Village who oversee agroforestry land met the selection criterion. Interviews with respondents using questionnaires. Following the research results, a descriptive analysis was conducted on the data. Results and conclusion: The Wanga Village community still uses an agroforestry technique to manage their land with the help of local knowledge. The agroforestry system in Wanga Village is still used to manage land utilizing the traditional knowledge of "mapalus" or "maendo," "toki bulu," and moon observation. Research implications: The way the residents of Wanga Village observe the "New Moon" phase which comes once a month when the moon is in the west, appears at sunset and the moon adopts the appearance of a crescent. The young quartile moon phase follows the "new moon" phase, which lasts for three days during which people are believed to not plant anything. After the young quartile phase, people wait six days for the big moon phase, during which they believe they cannot plant any fruit plants because they will not bear fruit. Originality/value: "Toki Bulu" is a community activity on agrosilvofishery land in providing fish food. Based on the results of interviews, the community's unique way of feeding fish is by "Toki Bulu" (tapping the feathers) first to call the fish. "Mapalus" is a social activity originating from Minahasa culture and is usually called mutual cooperation. "Mapalus" for the Tountemboan people is called "Maendo" which means taking the day or taking advantage of the day to work together with other people. The Wanga Village community still carries out this activity, especially in land preparation.

Soil Dynamics for Carbon Buildup in Different Land Use Systems in the South Region of Gujarat, India

Soil dynamics for carbon build-up vary across different land use systems. Understanding the soil dynamics and land use system management practices that contribute to carbon build-up is essential for designing effective carbon sequestration strategies. In a recent study, fifteen different land use systems were examined, including agriculture land-use systems, tree plantation land-use systems, and agroforestry land-use systems. The study assessed the potential of these land use systems to store carbon based on the extent of tree components. Various physical and chemical characteristics of the soil and their impact on soil carbon conservation were also investigated. The results showed that as the number of tree components increased, the soil pH and bulk density decreased from 6.10 to 5.55, and 1.48 to 1.33g/cm3. The available soil nitrogen was significantly higher in tree plantation land-use systems than in agriculture land use systems while soil moisture was higher in the latter. Tree components increase soil carbon build-up and agroforestry land use systems fulfill the requirement for human and environmental balance.

Out of the woods: social capital and smallholder dairy farmers' access to state-owned agroforestry lands in West Java, Indonesia

Out of the woods: social capital and smallholder dairy farmers' access to state-owned agroforestry lands in West Java, Indonesia

Kajian Sistem Agroforestry untuk Mendukung Ketahanan Pangan di KPH Yogyakarta dan di Lahan Masyarakat Desa Sriharjo Bantul

Through the agroforestry farming system, which is able to overcome food problems due to land use change for communities or farmers living in areas around the forest, KPH Yogyakarta provides space for the community to be involved in KPH land management by allocating land to be managed together. The purpose of this study was to determine the same types of plants in the dry season and rainy season, to determine the planting pattern of agroforestry, and to determine the income of the community from agroforestry land. This research was conducted at KPH Yogyakarta and communal forest in Sriharjo Bantul village. The method is purposive sampling which has primary data by structure and composition of vegetation then use SEXI FS program and questionnaires in interviews and secondary data. The research was conducted in February-March 2023. The results showed that three types of crops in RPH Kepek and Pengkol, Bantul. The pattern of agroforestry land in KPH Yogyakarta (RPH Kepek) is alley cropping while the planting pattern in Pengkol, Bantul is random mixture. The income of RPH Kepek’s farmer is Rp 135,046, 729 with a total 10.7 ha and in Pengkol Bantul is Rp 2,382.22 with a total 1.35 ha area.

STRATEGI PENGEMBANGAN SISTEM PENGELOLAAN AGROFORESTRI DI DESA KARANGSARI KECAMATAN DARMA KABUPATEN KUNINGAN

Karangsari Village is one of the villages that applies agroforestry in land management. Around 204 ha or 74% of the village area is agroforestry land and about 500 people of the total population are farmers. However, in its management there are various obstacles such as fluctuating prices or tending to fall during the harvest, pest and disease attacks and capital procurement. Some of these problems are common, but by conducting a SWOT analysis based on the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats contained in the management of agroforestry in Karangsari Village, it is found that the ST (Strength Threat) strategy is a situation when facing various threats, but still has strengths from internal aspects. Several strategies were obtained: 1) implement a coordination system to determine market needs; 2) using organic fertilizer as an alternative material; 3) planting crops that are in high demand during a pandemic; 4) implementing the development of young agricultural entrepreneurs, 5) utilizing farmer groups as a forum for farmers to plan and deal with problems contained in management, 6) strengthen relationships between farmers and village officials so that there is good synergy, and 7) improve infrastructure development especially for road access.Karangsari Village is one of the villages that applies agroforestry in land management. Around 204 ha or 74% of the village area is agroforestry land and about 500 people of the total population are farmers. However, in its management there are various obstacles such as fluctuating prices or tending to fall during the harvest, pest and disease attacks and capital procurement. Some of these problems are common, but by conducting a SWOT analysis based on the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats contained in the management of agroforestry in Karangsari Village, it is found that the ST (Strength Threat) strategy is a situation when facing various threats, but still has strengths from internal aspects. Several strategies were obtained: 1) implement a coordination system to determine market needs; 2) using organic fertilizer as an alternative material; 3) planting crops that are in high demand during a pandemic; 4) implementing the development of young agricultural entrepreneurs, 5) utilizing farmer groups as a forum for farmers to plan and deal with problems contained in management, 6) strengthen relationships between farmers and village officials so that there is good synergy, and 7) improve infrastructure development especially for road access.