Agricultural Sub-sector Research Articles

Environmental Study and Land Suitability for Livestock Farming in Flores Bajawa

The livestock sector is classified as a subsector of agriculture that continues to develop in national development, playing a role in improving community welfare. Development in the livestock sector within the cultivation subsystem (on-farm) in Indonesia generally aims to increase livestock production and productivity. Land suitability evaluation requires environmental data and soil quality data for a specific area. The assessment of land suitability for a particular crop cultivation is conducted by identifying land characteristics, including topographic data, climate, soil conditions, and soil quality, as well as several physical environmental properties of the land to be evaluated for its suitability. The Bajawa region is very suitable for livestock farming activities. The purpose of this research is to understand the environmental study and land suitability for livestock farming in Flores Bajawa. The method used in this research is a literature review approach. (library research). The results show that the environment in Flores Bajawa is very suitable for livestock farming with a cool climate, green hills, and an abundance of available livestock feed sources. With the suitability of the farming land, it supports the agricultural efforts undertaken by the community. The suitability of the farming land can also be seen from the relatively high economy of the community in the livestock sector, which includes pigs, cattle, horses, goats, and chickens, with pigs being the dominant livestock in the Flores Bajawa region.

Macroeconomic Impact of Foreign Remittances on Afghanistan's Agriculture Sector

The study delved into the shock of foreign remittances to Afghanistan's agricultural industry, which accounts for 37% of the fiscal year's budget. It utilizes a computable general equilibrium model and social accounting matrix to evaluate the short-term macroeconomic responses of 2018 foreign remittance changes using GAMS software. The research explores eight scenarios based on percentage changes in foreign remittance, comparing Afghanistan's actual foreign remittance values to a baseline scenario. The results investigated a correlation between domestic production in agriculture sub-sectors and foreign remittance variables. Scenario H depicts swelling percentages for domestic production of cereals, fruits, vegetables, livestock, and opium, whereas scenario D illustrates declining percentages. Contracted remittances decline prices, while scenarios with enhanced remittances upsurge the purchasing power of agricultural products, particularly cereals. Dropping foreign remittances leads to lower labor and capital share in all agriculture sectors; however, soaring remittances boost agricultural purchasing power. Household consumption drops in all agricultural sectors except cereals due to a fall in foreign remittances. The study recommends that the government boost investment in the agriculture sector, use skilled immigrants as scientific capital, and encourage migrant investors to invest in sustainable agriculture to promote sustainable consumption.

Evaluation of Capital Utilization Efficiency in Agricultural Listed Firms Based on a Three-Stage Data Envelopment Analysis

Rural revitalization is intricately tied to national prosperity, with listed companies in agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, and fisheries playing pivotal roles in driving this transformative agenda. However, these sectors face critical challenges, notably resource constraints and environmental pressures, which underscore the necessity of evaluating capital utilization efficiency. This study employs a combined three-stage DEA model and Malmquist index to analyze capital utilization efficiency across 85 listed companies within China’s agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, and fishery industries over the period 2018–2022. The primary objectives are to quantify capital utilization efficiency, identify pathways for industry optimization, advance ecological agricultural sustainability, and offer valuable insights to investors and policymakers. Key findings include: (1) When grouped by sub-sector and adjusted to account for external environmental factors and random disturbances, the initial comprehensive capital utilization efficiency in agricultural companies was found to be significantly overestimated. Subsequent third-stage adjustments revealed decreases in average comprehensive efficiency, technical efficiency, and scale efficiency by 29.79%, 3.03%, and 27.37%, respectively, largely driven by a marked decline in scale efficiency, ultimately diminishing overall efficiency. (2) The capital utilization efficiency in agricultural trading firms remains suboptimal, with scale efficiency posing a critical limitation. High dependency on government subsidies and excess specialized personnel further constrain efficiency improvements. (3) Dynamic analysis using the DEA-Malmquist model indicates low total factor productivity in the agricultural sub-sector, primarily due to inefficiencies in capital management and suboptimal scale allocation. These findings underscore the need for targeted strategies to enhance resource allocation and management, bolster talent development and financial management frameworks, and drive technological research and development, innovation, and efficient capital allocation across the agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, and fishery sectors.

Maternal employment in high-value agriculture and child nutrition: Evidence from the Ethiopian cut-flower industry

In many low- and middle-income countries, agri-food supply chains are transforming rapidly. One important feature of this transformation is growth in certain high-value agricultural subsectors, such as horticulture and cut-flowers for export. Growth in high-value agriculture often creates new employment opportunities, especially for women. More employment can lead to higher rural incomes, but the broader implications for social welfare are not yet sufficiently understood. Here, we use survey data from Ethiopia to investigate the effects of women’s employment in floriculture on child nutrition, focusing on children aged 0–5 years. We develop and estimate endogenous switching regressions to account for possible endogeneity. Our results suggest that maternal employment in floriculture negatively affects child height-for-age and weight-for-age z-scores (HAZ and WAZ). Exploration of the underlying mechanisms reveals that floriculture employment may influence time allocation, dietary quality, income, and female financial autonomy. Maternal employment is negatively associated with time spent on childcare and consumption of animal-sourced foods.

QUALITY ATTRIBUTES AND FOOD WASTE IN APPLE VALUE CHAIN: A CONSUMER PERSPECTIVE

Fruticulture is one of the main sub-sectors of Albanian agriculture, the production of which is mainly dominated by apples. Despite the development trend of the last years, actors in the Apple supply chain are facing various issues, leading to product loss and waste within the chain. This derives due to problems related to the quality of seedlings, the varietal structure, low level of technology, the lack of storage capacities, lack of labor force, etc., but also as a consequence of consumer's perception and knowledge related to the attributes of fruit quality. Although losses are higher at the bottom part of the value chain, the waste generated at the consumption level (consumers) cannot be neglected either. The study aims to identify the factors that influence the behavior of consumers in the market, analyzing the characteristics that contribute to food quality. According to the nature of the study and the data type, the quantitative research method was determined as the most appropriate for addressing the research findings. Through primary research instruments (structured questionnaires), 286 consumers were interviewed in the retail market in the city of Korça. In addition, the collected data were processed and analyzed through the SPSS program. Accordingly, consumers evaluated the qualities related to sensory, safety, and aesthetic features, (appearance and color) as the most important. To reduce the level of waste, concrete actions are needed from all the stakeholders, encouraging not only the cooperation between actors of the food chain but also increasing the awareness of consumers as important contributors to the reduction of waste.

Pengaruh Luas Lahan dan Jumlah Produksi Kelapa Sawit terhadap Produk Domestik Regional Bruto (PDRB) Sub. Sektor Perkebunan di Propinsi Bengkulu Tahun 2011-2021

Agriculture has an important role for the economy in Indonesia. One of the agricultural sub-sectors is plantations, the role of agriculture is proven by its effect on GRDP. GRDP is a determinant of measuring regional economic development. This research aims to find out how and how much influence the land area and amount of palm oil production have on the GRDP of the Plantation Sub-Sector in Bengkulu Province. This research uses secondary data obtained from the official website of the Central Statistics Agency, totaling 11 samples. The results of the multiple linear regression test show that there is a positive and significant relationship between land area and total palm oil production on GRDP in the Plantation Sub-Sector in Bengkulu Province, both partially and simultaneously.The contribution of land area and total production to GRDP in the agricultural sub-sector was 45.5% in Bengkulu Province during 2011-2021.

Factors Affecting Adoption of Improved Modern Beehive Technology in West Hararghe Zone, Oromia National Regional State, Ethiopia

This study attempted to identify adoption status, factors affecting the adoption decision and intensity, and identify major constraints of beekeepers for modern beehive adoption. Agriculture is a backbone of country economy. Beekeeping is one of an agricultural subsector which is a sustainable and low-investment strategy for poverty reduction. Both qualitative and quantitative data collected from a sample of 180 beekeepers which collected from three districts of West Hararghe zone and analyzed using STATA software. Heckman two-stage model was employed for the analyses. In study area less than half of the beekeepers were adopters of modern beehive technology. Heckman two-stage model of first-stage results revealed that households’ decision to adopt modern beehive were influenced by factors such as age of household head, education level, livestock owned (tlu) and number of extension contact. Furthermore, the second-stage results indicated that intensity of modern beehive adoption of households’ was influenced by factors such as distance from FTC, access to accessory, livestock owned (tlu), access to training and number of extension contact. From policy perspective improving distribution of modern beehive with full package; encourage extension service, and focus on the deliverance of training are crucial for the adoption of beekeeping technologies and increasing honey production.

Kajian pengembangan agrotechnopreneurship berbasis potensi sektor pertanian di Kabupaten Jember

Jember Regency is an agricultural area in East Java Province that produces various agricultural commodities that can be used as a base in developing agrotechnopreneurship activities. In general, this research aims to analyze the potential for agrotechnopreneurship development based on the potential of the agricultural sector in Jember Regency, including subsectors of food crops, horticulture, plantations, fisheries, and livestock. The aspects studied in detail include identifying agrotechnopreneurship products that have the potential to be developed in Jember Regency, determining potential agrotechnopreneurship products in each agricultural subsector, calculating the added value obtained, and estimating market opportunities for potential agrotechnopreneurship products. There are several methods used in this research, including descriptive methods for the identification of agrotechnopreneurship products, the MPE method to determine potential agrotechnopreneurship products, the Hayami method to calculate the added value of potential agrotechnopreneurship products, and Least Square method to calculate the estimated amount of market demand for potential agrotechnopreneurship products. The results showed that the number of agrotechnopreneurship products identified was recorded at 93 products, including products from the food crop subsector (23 products), horticulture subsector (28 products), plantation subsector (17 products), livestock subsector (5 products), and fishery subsector (20 products). Agrotechnopreneurship products selected as potential products include mocaf flour (food crops), chili sauce (horticulture), coconut briquettes (plantation), cow's milk kefir (livestock), and shredded catfish (fishery). Agrotechnopreneurship products that have the highest added value are coconut briquettes (49%) and shredded catfish (45%), followed by cow's milk kefir (39%), mocaf (18%), and chili sauce (10%). The results of the market potential analysis show that the potential agrotechnopreneurship products analyzed have good market prospects and tend to increase market demand.

Peluang dan Tantangan Pengembangan Usahatani Tomat dan Pengaruhnya Terhadap Pendapatan Petani di Kecamatan Ruteng Kabupaten Manggarai

Agriculture is a sector that has an important role in the economy in Indonesia. One agricultural commodity that has great potential is horticulture. Horticulture is one of the agricultural subsectors that has the potential to make a major contribution to economic development and plays an important role in the source of farmers' income, trade and employment. This research aims to determine the opportunities and challenges of developing tomato farming and its impact on farmers' income in Ruteng District, Manggarai Regency. The research was conducted in Ruteng District, Manggarai Regency with the consideration that this area is one of the areas for developing tomato horticulture farming. Data collection was carried out by interviewing main and key informants consisting of farmers, heads of farmer groups, agricultural extension workers. Data sources consist of primary data and secondary data. Research result. By taking advantage of supportive climate conditions, optimizing high market demand, managing stable selling prices, and diversifying products, farmers in Ruteng District have a good opportunity to develop tomato farming in a sustainable manner and can improve their standard of living. In facing farming challenges, it is important to have a holistic and integrated approach between governments. in terms of providing technological support, education, access to capital and risk management to help increase productivity, sustainability and income of farmers in Ruteng District. Apart from that, intense assistance to farmers in implementing good agricultural practices will also support increasing crop yields and farmer welfare. With the implementation of the right strategy and continuous support, tomato farming in Ruteng District has great potential to increase productivity, farmer income and contribution to the local economy.

Analisis Hasil Tanaman Perkebunan (Kopi Dan Teh) Menggunakan Regresi Linear

Plantation crops are an agricultural sub-sector which also plays an important role in boosting the country's economy, one of which is coffee and tea. However, it is known from the Statistics Indonesia that data shows that the production of plantation crops has decreased, this is caused by one of the factors, namely due to the reduced area of plantation land caused by changes in the conversion of plantation land. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of land area on the production of plantation crops with linear regression. The results of the study with linear regression analysis show that the variable area of land simultaneously or partially can affect the production of plantation crops, especially coffee and tea plant.

Assessing the carbon footprint of the agriculture, forestry, and fishing industry of Australia

Purpose This study examines the carbon emissions of Australia’s agriculture, forestry and fishing sectors from a consumption perspective to develop effective policy frameworks. The objective is to identify key supply chains, industries and products contributing to these emissions and provide recommendations for sustainable development. Design/methodology/approach A multiregional input-output lifecycle assessment was conducted using the Australian Industrial Ecology Virtual Laboratory (IELab) platform to disaggregate sectors and enable benchmarking against other economic sectors. Findings In 2018, the “agriculture, forestry, and fishing” sector was responsible for 12.15% of Australia’s carbon footprint. Major contributors included the “electricity, gas, water, and waste” category (26.1%) and the sector’s activities (24.3%). The “transport, postal, and warehousing” sector also contributed 18.4%. Within the industry, the agriculture subsector had the highest impact (71.3%), followed by forestry and logging (15%) and fishing, hunting and trapping (7.6%). Aquaculture and supporting services contributed 6.1%. Research limitations/implications The principal constraint encountered by the present study pertained to the availability of up-to-date data. The latest accessible data for quantifying the carbon footprint within Australia’s agriculture, forestry and fishing sector, utilizing the Input-Output analysis methodology through the Australian Industrial Ecology Virtual Laboratory (IELab) platform, about 2018. Practical implications The findings of this study provide policymakers with detailed insights into the carbon footprints of key sectors, highlighting the contributions from each subsector. This information can be directly used to develop effective emission-reduction policies, with a focus on reducing emissions in utility services, transport and warehousing. Social implications The study, by raising public awareness of the significant role of industrial agricultural methods in Australia’s carbon footprint and emphasizing the importance of renewable energy and sustainable fuels for electricity generation and road transport, underscores the urgent need for action to mitigate climate change. Originality/value This study stands out by not only identifying the most impactful industries but also by providing specific strategies to reduce their emissions. It offers a comprehensive breakdown of specific agricultural activities and outlines mitigation strategies for utility services, agricultural operations and transport, thereby adding a unique perspective to the existing knowledge.

Digital transformation as a factor in reducing labor shortages in Russian agriculture

This article examines the dynamics of the number of employees of agricultural organizations, the dynamics of energy availability, electrical equipment, the level of mechanization and technical equipment as key conditions for the introduction of digital solutions and the reduction of labor shortages in the industry. In addition, an analysis of the dynamics of labor costs in the sectoral and product context was carried out, which allows us to identify the most labor-intensive and requiring the introduction of digital solutions in the agricultural sub-sector. The key digital technologies that contribute to reducing the shortage of labor resources have been studied. A factorial regression model is proposed that allows us to study the impact of digital transformation on reducing the labor costs of producing a unit of production. The results of the study allowed us to propose an approach to assessing the impact of the digital transformation of agriculture on labor costs and reducing the shortage of labor resources of an industry or an individual enterprise (group of enterprises), consisting in analyzing the dynamics of the need for workers, the conditions of technical equipment of production, labor costs and approximation based on a regression model of the impact of digital transformation technologies on labor cost reduction.

Greenhouse gas emissions in the Indian agriculture sector and mitigation by best management practices and smart farming technologies-a review.

The growing demand for agricultural products, driven by the Green Revolution, has led to a significant increase in food production. However, the demand is surpassing production, making food security a major concern, especially under climatic variation. The Indian agriculture sector is highly vulnerable to extreme rainfall, drought, pests, and diseases in the present climate change scenario. Nonetheless, the key agriculture sub-sectors such as livestock, rice cultivation, and biomass burning also significantly contribute to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, a driver of global climate change. Agriculture activities alone account for 10-12% of global GHG emissions. India is an agrarian economy and a hub for global food production, which is met by intensive agricultural inputs leading to the deterioration of natural resources. It further contributes to 14% of the country's total GHG emissions. Identifying the drivers and best mitigation strategies in the sector is thus crucial for rigorous GHG mitigation. Therefore, this review aims to identify and expound the key drivers of GHG emissions in Indian agriculture and present the best strategies available in the existing literature. This will help the scientific community, policymakers, and stakeholders to evaluate the current agricultural practices and uphold the best approach available. We also discussed the socio-economic, and environmental implications to understand the impacts that may arise from intensive agriculture. Finally, we examined the current national climate policies, areas for further research, and policy amendments to help bridge the knowledge gap among researchers, policymakers, and the public in the national interest toward GHG reduction goals.

State Support for Agriculture in the Region: Economic and Social Aspects

The article is devoted to the development of scientific and methodological provisions for improving the human potential of the crop industry of the Altai Territory, formed based on the results of the assessment of state support for the agricultural sub-sector. The purpose of this work is to develop recommendations for improving the directions of state support for the agricultural sector in the Altai Territory. Materials and methods: the assessment of state support for the agricultural sub-sector is based on specific indicators and on the materials of specific enterprises. The theoretical and methodological foundations of the formation of state support in the field of agricultural production are considered. A study of state support of the agricultural sector on the example of a subject of the Russian Federation has been conducted. The main problems of the development of state support for the agricultural sector in the Altai Territory are outlined. Recommendations were formulated for state support of human capital in agriculture. The conducted research has shown that the methods of state support of the agricultural sector at the regional level are economic methods and administrative and legal methods.

Determinants of market participation for small scale broiler farmers in Leribe District of Lesotho

The poultry industry is the fasted growing sub-sector of agriculture in the developing world and this is attributed to several pulling and pushing factors. On the demand side, the issue of urbanisation, income increase and animal protein requirements particularly for chicken has a positive influence on the growth of poultry production. Poultry farming is highly practised in rural households in Lesotho, and it constitutes an important contribution to the development of the rural economy in most developing countries. The poultry industry remains an important sub-sector of agriculture like in many other developing countries and it remains the main source of livelihood for village people and other small-scale farmers in the economy. Many rural communities are keeping poultry as a source of meat and eggs to feed their families, raise income from the surplus and create employment opportunities. However, access to formals markets remains a critical challenge for the farmers. This study examined the socio-economic, market and institutional factors that influenced broiler farmers’ market participation and intensity of participation in the Leribe district in Lesotho. A two-stage sampling technique was employed to select 114 respondents from five villages and the survey data was collected through a structured questionnaire. Heckman's two-stage model was used to analyse factors influencing farmers' market participation and the intensity of market participation. Gender, farmer income, storage access, production experience, extension service, credit access and information access were significant and influenced farmers’ market participation decisions. The study recommends interventions that will increase access and formal market participation.

Logistic Analysis of Fishery Cold Supply Chain

As a country where two-thirds of its territory consists of oceans, the fisheries sector is one of the government's main programs. Fisheries, which is also an agricultural subsector, has great potential in developing the country's economy, which is shown by the increasing number of fisheries production from year to year. The increase in the production of fishery products, both raw and processed materials, must be balanced with an effective and efficient distribution system method to ensure the quality of the fish remains in good condition. Good distribution management of fish products by controlling product temperatures that remain low throughout the distribution process is known as cold supply chain management. This requires cold supply chain management to be handled well because it has a controlling effect on fisheries logistics costs. Some of the facts above are the background for this research through analysis of the logistics cost structure, including the obstacles faced by the cold chain supply chain for caught fish and the cold chain business prospects and obstacles faced by this industry. Analysis of the distribution process also involves a review of the refrigerated transport fleet. The methodology used in this study is a mix method which begins with the development and distribution of questionnaires related to logistics operations and fishing costs. Next, data collection was carried out through interviews with fishermen, collectors and traders on the north and south coasts of Java Island.

Analisis Tren Nilai Tukar Petani Antar Subsektor Pertanian Di Provinsi Sulawesi Utara

This study aims to analyze the trend of Farmer Exchange Rate between five agricultural subsectors in North Sulawesi Province in 2013-2022. The data collection method in this research is the secondary data survey method. This research uses time series data in 2013-2022 obtained from the North Sulawesi Central Bureau of Statistics. Data analysis in this study used trend analysis with the least square method. The results showed an increasing trend in the five subsectors in the future. The trend analysis formula formed in the food crop subsector is 98.10 + 0.38x, in the horticulture subsector is 101.55 + 0.41x, in the plantation subsector 96.85 + 0.46x, in the livestock subsector is 102.21 + 0.28x, and in the fisheries subsector is 104.049 + 0.34x. The subsector that showed the highest increase was the plantation subsector. The subsector that experienced the lowest increase was the livestock subsector.

City level water withdrawal and scarcity accounts of China

In the context of China’s freshwater crisis high-resolution data are critical for sustainable water management and economic growth. Yet there is a dearth of data on water withdrawal and scarcity regardless of whether total or subsector amount, for prefectural cities. In administrative and territorial scope, we accounted for water withdrawal of all 63 economic-socio-environmental sectors for all 343 prefectural cities in China, based on a general framework and 2015 data. Spatial and economic-sector resolution is improved compared with previous studies by partitioning general sectors into industrial and agricultural sub-sectors. Construction of these datasets was based on selection of 16 driving forces. We connected a size indicator with corresponding water-withdrawal efficiency. We further accounted for total blue-water withdrawal and quantitative water scarcity status. Then we compared different scopes and methods of official accounts and statistics from various water datasets. These disaggregated and complete data could be used in input-output models for municipal design and governmental planning to help gain in-depth insights into subsector water-saving priorities from local economic activities.

Sustainability concern in Indian agriculture: needs science-led innovation and structural reforms

Agriculture in India is facing several challenges which together are manifested into the sustainability issues. The broad contours of the agricultural production system in the country have been defined by the need to achieve food security which calls for close attention to rice–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cropping system of the Indo Gangetic Plains (IGP) whose sustainability is under threat. Degradation of natural resources, severe biotic and abi otic stresses specially drought, floods, pest infestations with accompanying impacts on biodiversity and agricultural productivity are the major constraints to agricultural development. Further, climate change has gained significant global attention over the past decade due to concerns of deleterious long-term impacts on agriculture, water sup ply, human welfare, regional and political stability. All the related issues need to be addressed on priority, with par ticular emphasis on soil-carbon through a holistic approach. As the strategy brings focus on income of farmers, the agricultural technology needs to move from “Production oriented-Green Revolution” to “Farmer’s Income oriented Revolution” and environmentally sustainable farming. Therefore, for long-term sustainability in agriculture, 4 pil lars/ components (good agricultural practices, climate-change mitigation and adaptation, diversification of high value crops and biodiversity management) needs to be addressed properly, more importantly good agricultural practices (GAP). The GAPs are based on the principles of risk prevention, risk analysis, sustainable agriculture, and integrated crop management (ICM), which are of utmost importance in present time. The GAPs for agricultural sustainability are reduced tillage, conservation agriculture, resource-conservation technologies (RCTs), erosion control measures, diversified cropping system, micro-irrigation, balanced fertilization, manuring, watershed man agement, organic farming, and integrated farming systems etc. Now that the vision is to impart income security to the farmers of the country, diversification of the system across all the sub-sectors of agriculture assumes impor tance which is, indeed a de-risking mechanism capable of negotiating both endogenous and exogenous risks as sociated with the system. The effective and efficient management of agro-biodiversity is also essential through management of genebanks, science-led innovations; livelihood, food and nutrition security though crop diversifica tion, use of lesser-known crops and wild relatives in crop improvement; dealing appropriately with quarantine, bio safety and bio-security.

THE INFLUENCE OF GOOD CORPORATE GOVERNANCE ON PROFITABILITY IN AGRICULTURE SUB-SECTOR COMPANIES REGISTERED IN 2018-2022 ON THE INDONESIAN STOCK EXCHANGE

Corporate governance is a set of guidelines used by companies in managing their operations with the hope of maintaining productivity and sustainability, so as to optimize company profits. The objective of this research is to evaluate the impact or influence of corporate governance, both partially and simultaneously, on profitability in agricultural sub sector enterprises publicly listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. Assessment of corporate governance is carried out through indicators such as the composition of the board of commissioners, board of directors, audit committee and institutional ownership, while profitability uses return on assets (ROA). This research utilizes a quantitative methodology utilizing secondary data acquired from financial reports, company annual reports, and corporate governance implementation reports. The data analysis methods used include quantitative descriptive statistics, data normality tests, multiple linear regression analysis, additionally conducting hypothesis testing utilizing the t test and F test. The outcomes of the t test research indicates that the variables concerning of the board of commissioners, board of directors and audit committee do not have a significant effect on profitability (ROA) agricultural sub-sector enterprises publicly listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. However, institutional ownership has a significant effect on the company's profitability (ROA). The results of the study indicate the f test indicates that the variables board of commissioners, board of directors, audit committee and institutional ownership have a significant influence on the profitability (ROA) of agricultural sub sector enterprises publicly listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. Keywords: Corporate Governance, ROA