Agricultural Season Research Articles

Hatchery type influences the gill microbiome of Atlantic farmed salmon (Salmo salar) after transfer to sea

BackgroundSalmon aquaculture involves freshwater and seawater phases. Recently there has been an increase in multifactorial gill health challenges during the seawater phase which has led to an urgent need to understand the gill microbiome. There is a lack of understanding on what drives the composition of the gill microbiome, and the influence the freshwater stage has on its long-term composition. We characterise the gill microbiome from seven cohorts of Atlantic salmon raised in six different freshwater operational systems—recirculating aquaculture system (RAS), flowthrough (FT) and loch-based system, prior to and after transfer to seven seawater farms, over two different input seasons, S0 (2018) and S1 (2019).ResultsUsing the V1-V2 region of the 16S rRNA gene, we produced amplicon libraries absent of host contamination. We showed that hatchery system influenced the gill microbiome (PERMAOVA R2 = 0.226, p < 0.001). Loch and FT systems were more similar to each other than the three RAS systems, which clustered together. On transfer to sea, the gill microbiomes of all fish changed and became more similar irrespective of the initial hatchery system, seawater farm location or season of input. Even though the gill microbiome among seawater farm locations were different between locations (PERMAOVA R2 = 0.528, p < 0.001), a clustering of the gill microbiomes by hatchery system of origin was still observed 7–25 days after transfer (PERMAOVA R = 0.164, p < 0.001). Core microbiomes at genera level were observed among all fish in addition to freshwater only, and seawater only. At ASV level core microbiomes were observed among FT and loch freshwater systems only and among all seawater salmon. The gill microbiome and surrounding water at each hatchery had more shared ASVs than seawater farms.ConclusionWe showed hatchery system, loch, FT or RAS, significantly impacted the gill microbiome. On transfer to sea, the microbiomes changed and became more similar. After transfer, the individual sites to which the fish were transferred has a significant influence on microbiome composition, but interesting some clustering by hatchery system remained. Future gill disease mitigation methods that target enhancing the gill microbiome may be most effective in the freshwater stage, as there were more shared ASVs between water and gill at hatchery, compared to at sea.

Stereo bathymetry to monitor small seasonal agriculture water ponds in ungauged areas

Abstract. Small reservoirs represent a critical water supply to farmers across semi-arid regions, but their hydrological modelling suffers from data scarcity and highly variable and localised rainfall intensities. Over 200,000 ancient rainwater harvesting reservoirs (“tanks”) exist across South India, but with their complex history, considerable size variation, and widespread distribution, understanding the hydrological role of these tanks has been difficult. Fortunately, the last decade has seen improvements in sensors and technologies that enhance our ability to assess the hydrological role of these tanks. In particular, high-resolution Digital Elevation Model (DEMs), now much easier to produce, can be used to improve the characterization of tanks and their surrounding watersheds. Here, a high-resolution DEM is created during the lowest reservoir conditions using Pléiades stereoscopy, and along with two global DEMs, compared with volume estimates from a field-derived UAV reference DEM for a set of tanks in South India. This study demonstrates that a Pléiades-derived DEM can capture accurate reservoir geometry and, when simulating water volume, achieves volumetric differences of 2–8% compared to our UAV reference data. The Pléiades-derived-DEM produced an equivalent height bias less than the expected bias for the recently launched Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission. Deriving high-resolution tank bathymetry from space during low-water conditions provides an opportunity to systematically and repeatably measure tank volume. These results are encouraging in efforts to utilize very high resolution DEMs chosen at an appropriate hydrological time, particularly in regions where water management and security is paramount.

Diversity and evenness of birds during seasonal paddy farming practice in southwestern Sarawak

Diversity and evenness of birds during seasonal paddy farming practice in southwestern Sarawak

Animal behaviour and dietary preference of dairy cows grazing binary and diverse pastures under the leaf regrowth stage defoliation criterion

In New Zealand, intensively managed pasture-based dairy systems rely on binary pastures mostly comprised of Lolium perenne L. and Trifolium repens L.. More frequent and extreme climatic events have been negatively affecting the persistency and production of these pastures, which now present increased seasonality, with marked peaks and troughs of production throughout the year. Diversification of plant species offers a solution to deal with increased seasonality. However, little is known about animal behaviour and dietary preferences of dairy cows grazing diverse pastures. The present study aimed to assess the grazing preferences of dairy cows when unrestrictedly offered binary (L. perenne and T. repens; Bi) and diverse pastures (L. perenne, Bromus valdivianus Phil., Dactylis glomerata L. and T. repens; Mix) subjected to three different leaf regrowth stage (LS) defoliation criteria. Secondarily, the study aimed to determine the main plant-related drivers for any potential animal preference. The treatments were MixLp (defoliated at L. perenne LS), BiLp (defoliated every time MixLp was defoliated), MixBv (defoliated at B. valdivianus LS) and BiBv (defoliated every time MixBv was defoliated), MixDg (defoliated at D. glomerata LS) and BiDg (defoliated every time MixDg was defoliated). Dairy cattle were evaluated over five agricultural seasons. The response variables were grazing time and location, bite rate, animal behavioural activity, pre-grazing herbage mass, undisturbed sward height, lamina:stem ratio, crude protein, metabolisable energy, organic matter digestibility, non-structural carbohydrates, neutral detergent fibre and lignin. Where significant differences were found, binary pastures presented lower sward height and higher non-structural carbohydrate content in comparison to the diverse pastures under the same LS defoliation criteria. However, no significant differences were found in the percentage of time that cows spent grazing both pastures. Season was the greatest contributor to the proportion variation found in all response variables, with values ranging from 47.55 % up to 88.77 %. In winter and spring, cows modulated their grazing behaviour (proportional time spent grazing, ruminating, or idling), investing more time actively grazing pastures under L. perenne LS interval of defoliation (2.5–3.0 LS), the criterion which resulted in shorter grazing rotations. This study allowed us to understand the suitability of diverse pastures from an animal perspective, and highlighted that independent of the pasture type, the positive productive and nutritional effects of defoliation management based on the LS may also extend themselves to positive outcomes in animal preference, interpreted as the percentage of time dairy cows spend grazing rather than ruminating or idling across and within seasons.

Water productivity and date palm production: a field study in Biskra Region

In southern Algeria, agriculture is mainly based on groundwater irrigation, leading to significant water consumption, Improving water productivity in field-scale irrigation is critical for sustainable water management and the protection of this valuable resource. In the present study, to analyze water productivity, data were collected on the volumes of irrigation water applied and the resulting yields from 24 farmers through a survey questionnaire during the 2022-2023 agricultural season water productivity for date palm cultivation was evaluated in Biskra region of Algeria. The study found that water productivity values ranged from 0.4 to 1.1 in kg m-3 with an Average of 0.83 kg m-3, consequently, producing one kilogram of dates requires 1220.35 liters of water. Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that the water productivity of date palms was moderate compared to the results of other studies conducted in various regions around the world. This research highlights the critical need for strategies to enhance water-use efficiency, including the implementation of advanced irrigation technologies and improved management practices.

Riverine CH4 and CO2 emissions respond to associated agricultural land use and seasonality

ABSTRACT Recently, agricultural land use has significantly impacted carbon emissions and water quality in adjacent rivers. This study examined the influence of land-use types and seasonality on carbon emissions from agriculture-impacted rivers in Shanghai. Our results showed that the crop farming land-use-associated river (AR) had CH4 and CO2 fluxes 2.68 and 3.47 times higher, respectively, than those in the aquaculture land-use-AR and 2.86 and 2.81 times higher than in the livestock and poultry breeding land-use-AR. Statistical analyses revealed that total nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, and humification index were significantly correlated with crop farming land-use-AR carbon emissions. Conversely, no clear correlation was found between chemical factors and carbon fluxes in the aquaculture land-use-AR and livestock and poultry breeding land-use-AR due to the complexity of pollution sources. Seasonality significantly influenced CH4 and CO2 fluxes from agriculture-impacted rivers, with carbon fluxes in summer being 3.5 and 2.5 times higher than in winter, respectively. Crop farming land-use-AR carbon fluxes exhibited the highest variability under seasonal influences. This study emphasizes the need for policies to mitigate agricultural land use impacts on river carbon emissions.

유치원 방과후 과정 운영 질 제고를 위한 사례연구

Objectives This study aimed to enhance the quality of after-school programs in kindergartens by visiting kindergartens with exemplary after-school operations and examining their management practices. Methods Through the cooperation of officials from regional education offices, kindergartens with notable after-school program operations were recommended, and eight kindergartens across the country were visited. Data related to the operational cases of each kindergarten were collected, and interviews were conducted with principals and teachers. The study examined how after-school programs are conducted through various procedures, processes, and interactions within different kindergarten contexts. Results The results indicated that high-quality after-school programs in kindergartens were managed through various methods, including the operation of professional learning communities, adherence to play-centered after-school programs true to their essence, the appointment of dedicated after-school teachers, community-linked after-school programs, and the establishment of care systems for children. Care systems for children were often established in rural kindergartens and operated in forms such as all-day care, Saturday care, intensive care during farming seasons, and care linked to local children's centers. Conclusions This study suggests the need for a change in perception about after-school programs among principals and curriculum teachers, recognition and training support for after-school teachers and connection with local communities.

Challenges of making a new farmer: a case study of Thailand’s Young Smart Farmer program

ABSTRACT In the recent years, there has been a global decline in the number of farmers contributing to the agrarian transition. Therefore, this study delves into the case study of Thailand's ‘Young Smart Farmer (YSF)’ program, designed to counteract the declining farmer population. The study seeks to elucidate the motivations behind individuals opting to become new farmers and the challenges they face. It revealed five primary motivations to embrace farming: profitability, well-being, traditional and cultural values, taking over the family business, and social influences. This study also identifies the current challenges encountered by Thai farmers, including issues related to agricultural production, marketing, assets, seasonality and unexpected shocks, and criticism. To improve the program’s effectiveness, this study recommends four key strategies: establishing knowledge certification linkages, refinement of workshops and training content, expanding farmer networks, and implementing policies aimed at nurturing new farming talent.

Estimating the Effectiveness of Public Versus Private Distribution Systems: Insights from a Fertilizer Policy Reform in Malawi

Throughout much of the world, critical goods and services are provided by parallel public and private distribution systems. However, it is often difficult to causally differentiate the performance of these two channels. In this article, we utilize a policy change in Malawi to estimate the relative efficiency of public and private channels in distributing inputs to smallholder farmers. In the 2015/16 agricultural season, the government allowed a group of private-sector fertilizer dealers to distribute subsidized fertilizer in nine of the country’s 28 districts. We use a panel dataset and a difference-in-differences (DID) strategy to estimate the impact of the pilot reform on a set of variables encompassing the entire process of subsidized fertilizer acquisition and appropriate utilization. We find that households in districts where the private sector distributed subsidized fertilizer were 11 percentage points more likely to acquire it earlier in the planting season (p < 0.01). We also find that households in pilot districts were six percentage points more likely to apply inorganic fertilizer (p < 0.10), but this effect was no longer statistically significant after using household fixed-effects and correcting for multiple hypothesis testing. Additionally, the reform did not affect other outcomes such as timely fertilizer application or maize yields.

Cultural Heritage, Migration, and Land Use Transformation in San José Chiltepec, Oaxaca

Indigenous communities worldwide face increasing challenges from modernization, migration, and economic pressures, which threaten their traditional agricultural systems and cultural heritage. These dynamics often lead to shifts in land use, the erosion of ancestral knowledge, and the weakening of cultural identity. Understanding how these communities adapt to such changes is crucial for sustainable development. This research examines how indigenous communities, particularly San José Chiltepec in Oaxaca, balance the preservation of cultural heritage with adapting to evolving agricultural practices and land use transformations. It emphasizes the critical role of indigenous knowledge in sustainable land management and the importance of cultural identity amidst socio-economic pressures. A mixed-methods approach was employed, integrating geostatistical data, spatial analysis, and qualitative insights from municipal development plans and community-based observations. This provided a detailed understanding of how local conditions and external forces shape land use and conservation. The findings reveal that, while irrigated agriculture and pasturelands have declined, the community has shown resilience through the preservation of seasonal farming and the expansion of secondary vegetation. San José Chiltepec serves as a model for how indigenous communities can maintain cultural and environmental heritage while adapting to modern economic challenges.

Land Access Modes and Agricultural Productivity in Benin

Improving productivity is an important channel for satisfying household food needs through food availability. Increasing the productivity of small-scale farmers is linked to a number of factors, including land access, labor, chemicals, fertilizers and so on. Most farmers resort to expanding their cultivated areas to increase production because of insufficient financial resources available for purchasing inputs during agricultural seasons. This situation, combined with increasing pressure on land, does not favor agricultural production and, by extension, food security. This study therefore assesses the impact of different modes of access to land on agricultural productivity. Regime-switching multinomial regression techniques were used to account for endogeneity bias due to observed and unobserved factors. The results of the study show that access through free loans, tenancy and sharecropping negatively affect agricultural yields. The counterfactual analysis reveals a positive gain estimated at 509.9 kg/ha from land access by landowners. If the lenders were landowners, their gain would be 396.6 kg/ha, whereas the farmers would gain 485.1 kg/ha if they were landowners, and similarly the sharecroppers would gain 389.8 kg/ha if they were landowners. It is clear from these results that improving agricultural yields depends on securing land and requires the establishment of an effective land ownership system. This research impacts land ownership policies, which need to be revised to address customary rights and reduce inequalities in access to secure land. It highlights the way land tenure security drives agricultural advancements and offers actionable recommendations for policy improvements on food security.

Predictive Cultivation: Integrating Meteorological Data and Machine Learning for Enhanced Crop Yield Forecast

Agriculture is a key component of Telangana’s economy, and greater performance in this sector is crucial for inclusive growth. A central challenge is yielding estimation to predict crop yields before harvesting. This paper addresses this challenge with machine learning approaches includes Naive Bayes, KNN and Random Forest. The parameters considered for model testing are crop, season, rainfall and location. This paper includes a case study of Telangana with the help of Telangana weather data set to provide analysis on the key factors like overall rainfall recorded with respect to each Mandal, overall seasonal yield in selected years, seasonal yield of major crops like Bengal gram, groundnut and maize, and overall yield in two different agricultural seasons: rabi and kharif. Random forest machine learning model produces highest accuracy of 99.32% when compared with other process models.

Diversity Of Physical Grain Quality Traits In Tropical Sorghum Genotypes

The current study envisioned to assess the physical traits of sorghum grain for selected sorghum genotypes. Seed for the genotypes was sourced from the Lupane State University Gene Bank and grown during the 2022/23 agricultural season at Lupane State University Farm experimental plots. At maturity, laboratory tests on kernel/grain hardness, 100 kernel weight, bulk density, kernel diameter, colour and determination of presence of tannins through qualitative tests were done for all the 24 sorghum genotypes. Results from analysis of variance demonstrated highly significant differences (P&lt;0.001) on kernel weight, kernel diameter, kernel hardness and grain hardness showing a great diversity of physical traits among all the 22 genotypes and 2 commercial varieties of sorghum. Mean 100 kernel weight was 2.59g, kernel diameter was 3.49mm, bulk density was 1.23g/cm3 and kernel hardness was 28.9%. Visual assessment was done on grain colour and seed was classified under red, cream, white and brown sorghums, and mixed colours. A chi-square test found a significant relationship between grain colour and presence of tannins. Genotypes NPGRC3124, IS9405 showed moderate levels of tannins while IS13996, IS29925, NPGRC1699, NPGRC1156 and NPGRC1478 had high levels. A highly significant strong positive correlation was shown for sorghum genotype between kernel diameter and kernel weight (r=0.81 at p≤0.05). Highly significant positive correlation was also observed between bulk density and kernel weight (r=0.4173 at p≤0.001). Kernel hardness has a strong positive correlation with bulk density (r=0.6242). Quantification of tannins is recommended to prevent negative effects on human and livestock health.

ANTHROPOGENIC PRESSURE IN RURAL AREAS: DIAGNOSIS AND MAPPING OF POTENTIAL POLLUTION SOURCES AFFECTING WATER RESOURCESIN THE WATERSHED HEADS OF THE OUEME AND PENDJARI RIVERS IN THE COMMUNE OF COPARGO (NORTH-WEST BENIN)

Critical in assessing the quality and quantity of watercourses, headwaters of watersheds have been under anthropogenic pressure for several years, which has had negative impacts on water resources and soils. This study aims to assess the state of anthropogenic activities within the headwaters of the Copargo watersheds, followed by identifying and mapping potential sources of pollution to the water resources of the Oueme and Pendjari river headwaters in the Copargo municipality. To achieve this, data were collected through surveys, interviews, direct field observations, and remote sensing using Google Earth Engine. The results indicate that agriculture is the main activity, practiced by 90.84% of the population. Livestock farming (8.9%) and wood exploitation (7.2%) follow. The surveys reveal that the land is rarely left fallow, indicating overexploitation. The average duration of land cultivation during an agricultural season is 7.77 months. The agricultural inputs used include chemical fertilizers (NPK fertilizers and urea) and pesticides (herbicides and insecticides). On average, 120.5 kg of NPK fertilizer, 63 kg of urea, and 6.99 liters of pesticides are used per season per farmer. 2% of the producers attribute soil depletion to the use of agricultural inputs. The results of this study show that the potential sources of pollution in the study area remain anthropogenic activities, particularly agriculture, through the increased use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides (herbicides, insecticides). The absence of industrial units in the study area eliminates any risk of pollution from factories. Given the activities carried out in the area, this study will be followed by a physicochemical characterization of water resources and soils to evaluate their physicochemical and chemical quality.

FAIRE DES ECONOMIES DE SURFACE AVEC LASSOCIATION MAIS-LEGUMINEUSES TOUT EN MAINTENANT LE RENDEMENT DU MAIS PAR RAPPORT A SA CULTURE PURE DANS LES CONDITIONS DE LOUEST DU BURKINA FASO

The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of the interaction between crop residue management practices, cropping systems, and fertilization on the yield of associated crops in western Burkina Faso. To this end, an experimental design comprising three factors (crop residue management methods, cropping systems, and fertilization types) and four replications was established and monitored over three farming seasons (2018, 2019, and 2020). The grain and straw yields were determined, and the landequivalentratio (LER) was calculated. The results demonstrate that the management of crop residue through mulching or burial maintains crop yields at a level comparable to that achieved through ploughing with residue removal. In general, organo-mineral fertilization stands out as the fertilization practice that improves the production of maize (43.58% and 46.09% in 2018 and 2020, respectively) and legumes (58.42% and 66.11% in 2018 and 2020, respectively) compared to standardized mineral fertilization. Legume yields are significantly higher in monoculture (from 60% to 89% for amber and from 40% to 50% for cowpea) than in association. Additionally, the interaction between soil tillage and fertilization does not appear to be a significant factor in intercropping. However, the maize-legume association emerged as the cropping system with the greatest potential for area savings (LER&gt;1) and crop diversification on the same plot when compared to monocropping. The study suggests that a combination of maize-legume associations, mulching or burying crop residues, and organo-mineral fertilization represents a successful strategy for the sustainable management of cropping systems in western Burkina Faso.

Impact of marine algae extract and balanced fertilizer(NPK) on Hibicsus sabdariffa.L growth, quotient, and vitamin C content.

A field experiment was conducted in one of the experimental fields affiliated to Ibn Al-Bitar Vocational Preparatory School located in Al-Hussainiyah District - Karbala Governorate during the 2023 agricultural season with the aim of studying the impact of adding different concentrations of marine algae extract, balanced fertilizer in the growth qualities, yield and vitamin C in the roselle plant. The experiment was carried out according to a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with factorial arrangment and three replications. The experiment included two factors. The first factor included spraying with marine algae extract in concentrations ( 0, 0.25, 0.5 and 0.75 ml L-1) . The second factor included spraying with balanced fertilizer (NPK) in concentrations (0, 2.5 and 5 ml L-1). The results showed that spraying with marine algae extract (0.75 ml L-1) has a significant superiority in the vegetative growth qualities and vitamin C content of the roselle plant compared to other agile agreements, and the spraying with balanced fertilizer at a concentration of (5 ml L-1) It significantly excelled in all study indicators. The interaction between the two study factors, The spray treatment superiority (0.75 ml L-1) of algae extract with the of balanced fertilizer (5 ml L-1), and gave the highest averages for all the studied qualities., giving the highest Means for all the studied qualities.

Exploring the long-term variations and high concentration episodes of peroxyacetyl nitrate in Megacity Seoul

Over the past few years, peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) has drawn significant attention as a key indicator of photochemical pollution owing to its intimate relationship with ozone and associated health effects. This study presents measurements conducted at the Korea University campus in Seoul during the high-ozone seasons from 2018 to 2021. PAN concentration was measured using fast gas chromatography with luminol chemiluminescence detection (GC-LCD), alongside measurements of O3, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), NO, NO2, and meteorological variables, including boundary layer height (BLH).The mean concentrations of PAN and O3 over the years were 0.56 ppbv and 35 ppbv in 2018, 1.29 ppbv and 58 ppbv in 2019, 0.21 ppbv and 50 ppbv 2020, and 0.53 ppbv and 46 ppbv in 2021, respectively. The annual variation observed in Seoul is consistent with trends seen in major cities worldwide during the COVID19 pandemic, reflecting a substantial reduction in urban emissions. Notably, the mean concentration of NOx and VOCs decreased significantly by more than 50 % and 25%, respectively, from 2019 to 2021.At temperatures above 30 °C, PAN decomposition was accelerated, decoupling a consistent positive relationship between PAN and O3 in 2020 and 2021. The results of a 0-D photochemical model (F0AM) calculation demonstrated that PAN formation primarily stems from anthropogenic VOCs, particularly > C2 alkenes. Elevated PAN concentrations during nighttime were attributed to boundary layer expansion and upper-air entrainment. Instances where PAN concentrations surged to at least 3 ppbv or higher in 2019 were attributed to biomass burning impacted air, as evidenced by concurrent elevations in K+ and OC in PM2.5, and O3.This study underscores the complex interplay of factors influencing PAN and ozone enhancements under decreased precursor levels, with an emphasis on dynamic change in the boundary layer, and long-distance transport of non-fossil sources during agricultural burning seasons.

Acute cyanide intoxication due to apricot seed ingestion.

Introduction: Cyanide poisoning, whether it be accidental or intentional, remains a significant danger to adults and children, especially in societies where agriculture is a primary source of income. We examined the clinical follow-up, complications, and results of cyanide poisoning cases that occurred after eating the pits and seeds of plants containing cyanide glycosides, such as apricot kernels and almonds. Methods: Between 01/01/2017 and 01/08/2022, 14 children aged 1-18 years who were followed up with a prediagnosis of cyanide poisoning in our Paediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) were retrospectively analysed. Results: Eight of the patients followed with a preliminary diagnosis of cyanide poisoning were female and six were male. The most common admission month was July (42.8%) coinciding with the agricultural season. The most common symptoms at presentation were weakness and fatigue (n = 7). In the PICU, 4 patients presented lip cyanosis; 3, altered level of consciousness. Vomiting, seizure, headache, dizziness and palpitatons were less frequent. Four patients were treated with hydroxocobalamin (Cyanokit®) as an antidote due to acidosis in their blood gases. All patients treated for cyanide poisoning were discharged. Conclusions: Cyanide poisoning should be considered in paediatric patients with suspicious findings, sudden loss of consciousness, increased anion gap acidosis and lactic acidosis. The history of eating the seeds of plants such as apricot and almonds should be investigated.

Seasonal, Decadal, and El Niño-Southern Oscillation-Related Trends and Anomalies in Rainfall and Dry Spells during the Agricultural Season in Central Malawi

As governments continue to address climate change when formulating policy, there remains a need to determine if such a change exists in the historical record to inform clear indices for monitoring the present climate for site-specific interventions. This study characterised trends and anomalies in rainfall and dry spells, providing local information often projected from satellites or regional data in data-scarce regions. From 1961 to 2007, daily rainfall records in Central Malawi were used to calculate indices for low-(Balaka), medium-(Bunda, Chitedze, KIA), and high-altitude (Dedza) sites, which were then subjected to Mann–Kendall’s, Cramer’s, and Spearman-Rho’s trend tests. Significant decreasing trends in terms of wet days and growing season length were evident across locations. Seasonal and extreme rainfall, dry spells, and inter-seasonal and near-decadal anomalies were not consistently or inevitably significant. Unexpectedly, rainfall anomalies were largest in Bunda and KIA, which have mild climatic regimes, while the lowest were in Balaka, a rainfall-averse zone. The relationship between El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and extreme rainfall and dry spell events did not reach statistical significance. In conclusion, extreme precipitation and dry spell events show varied intensities and proportions rather than increased frequency. The disparate results largely justify the need for in-depth local-scale assessments for agroclimatic applications.

Pesticide Exposure and Neurobehavioral Performance across various Agricultural Spray Seasons in Ecuador, and implementation of Agroecological Production Alternatives

Pesticide Exposure and Neurobehavioral Performance across various Agricultural Spray Seasons in Ecuador, and implementation of Agroecological Production Alternatives