Agricultural Extension Methods Research Articles

Evaluating the Effectiveness of Agricultural Extension Methods in Logar Province, Afghanistan

Agricultural extension can accelerate the transfer and exchange of information that becomes applied knowledge, improve the quantity and quality of agricultural products, enhance the competitiveness of farmers using new technology and information, improve the production and marketing management of agricultural products are the result of a better chosen method of extension. The present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of individual, group and mass communication methods of agricultural extension in Pol-e-Alam city. The research is applied in terms of purpose. Primary data was used for conducting research. The data was collected by survey using a questionnaire, in a simple random sampling in 2023. The sample size was 80 persons. SPSS 21 was used for data analyze. The findings showed that group methods (41.25%) had the highest, individual methods (35.0%) and mass communication methods (23.75%) had the least effectiveness. In the group methods, results exhibition (28.75%) with the highest value, the method's exhibition (23.75%), Group Discussion (21.25%), Small Group Training (13.75%) and Observational tours (12.5%) with the lowest amount by respondents were considered effective. In the individual methods, farm visits (77.50%) were in first and telephone calls (3.75%) were in fifth order. In the mass communication methods, the demonstrations and campaigns (45.0%) with the highest weight and the TV (5%) with the lowest weight were selected by the respondents.

Metode Dan Media Pada Penyuluhan Teknologi Budidaya Padi Sistem Tanam Jajar Legowo 4:1

The application of technology by farmers is one of the keys to success in increasing crop productivity. Farmers' decisions in adopting this technology are largely determined by the involvement of agricultural extension services regarding the methods and media they use. Carrying out duties as a source of motivation, educator, driver, organizer, communication trainer and counselor for farmers, extension services can influence targets including the use of extension methods and media to communicate and collaborate with farmers to increase farmers' knowledge regarding the jajar legowo 4:1 planting system . The purpose of this study is to examine the most effective extension methods and extension media applied by agricultural extension services and to examine the connection between the effectiveness of extension methods and extension media on the implementation of the Jajar Legowo 4:1 planting method. This research examines the Mamminasata Farmers Group using a case study approach, where this method is a form of research that can be carried out both quantitatively and qualitatively. Quantitative descriptive methods are used to measure the effectiveness of agricultural extension methods and media. Spearman rank analysis was used to measure the correlation and connection between the effectiveness of extension methods and media and the implementation of the Jajar Legowo 4:1 planting system. The research results found that the most effective method used in agricultural extension to maintain or increase rice production is the demonstration plot method and the most effective media is oral media. The results of the Spearman rank analysis find that actual correlation among the implementation of the Jajar Legowo 4:1 planting method cultivation technology and the effectiveness of extension methods and media.

Effectiveness of agricultural counseling methods during the covid-19 pandemic to increasing rice production in Maros District

The effectiveness of agricultural extension is an extension effort to achieve maximum results by utilizing existing resources. The implementation of Agricultural Extension during the Covid-19 pandemic is shown through the methods used so that it has a direct or indirect impact on the behavior of farmers in terms of increasing knowledge, attitudes, and skills so that their rice production increases. This study aims to determine the application of agricultural extension methods that are effectively used during the Covid-19 pandemic. The population of this study was all members of the farmer group located in Maros district. Sample determination using a method with a purposive sampling system. The data analysis method is qualitative descriptive analysis. The results of the study found that an effective agricultural extension method during the Covid-19 pandemic was an individual counseling method.

The Effectiveness Of Agricultural Extension Methods And Techniques In The Application Of Cultivation Technology Sweet Potato (Ipomoea Batatas L.)

This research was conducted in Bandorasa Kulon Village, Cilimus District, Kuningan Regency, from January to February 2023. This study aims to find out: (1) the effect of the effectiveness of agricultural extension methods in the application of sweet potato cultivation technology, (2) the influence of agricultural extension techniques with the application of sweet potato cultivation technology, and (3) the effect of the effectiveness of agricultural extension methods and techniques with the application of sweet potato cultivation technology. The method used in this study is quantitative descriptive with a survey approach. The object of research in the boled flower farmer group of Bandorasa Kulon Village with a sample of 47 farmers. Primary data collection was obtained through interviews with respondents using a list of questions, and secondary data were obtained from agencies related to this study. To determine the variable relationship between the effectiveness of agricultural extension methods and agricultural extension techniques, with the application of sweet potato cultivation technology, the Spearman level correlation coefficient test is used. The results showed that: (1) there is a medium and real relationship between the effectiveness of agricultural extension methods and sweet potato cultivation technology as shown by the value of rs = 0.456, (2) there is a low and real relationship between agricultural extension techniques and sweet potato cultivation technology, which is indicated by the value of rs = 0.360, and (3) there is a very strong and real relationship between the effectiveness of agricultural extension methods and techniques with sweet potato cultivation technology, indicated by the value of rs = 0.943

LEVEL OF EXTENSION METHODS IMPORTANCE FROM THE AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION WORKERS POINT OF VIEW IN SULAIMANI GOVERNORATE

The aim of this study was to determine the level of agricultural extension methods importance from the extension workers point of view in Sulaimani governorate, then identify relationship between agricultural extension methods importance with some variables. The population consists of the all agricultural extension workers in agricultural extension directorate of Sulaimani and they were (137) workers, the sample of the research included (106) respondents representing nearly (%77) of the population, taken by a simple sampling random method. Questionnaire was prepared to collect the data. The results showed that the level of importance of extension methods were high tends to medium, group extension methods occupied the first rank in the level of importance of extension methods. Farm visit paragraph occupied the first rank in the individual method, then field demonstration paragraph occupied the first rank in the group method finally extension campaigns paragraph occupied the first rank in the mass method. The results also showed there is a significant relationship between the level of importance and each of the following variables (Previous training, Exposure to sources of the agricultural information. Attitude towards agricultural extension. Job satisfaction). While not significant relationship between the level of importance of extension methods and the other variables.
 The researchers recommended pay attention to energizing their programs through agricultural extension methods, and Focusing on activating the group method, Agricultural extension department should pay attention for the workers to participate in training courses.

Listen to the radio and go on field trips: A study on farmers' attributes to opt for extension methods in Northwest Ethiopia

<abstract> <p>Extension professionals are expected to help disseminate agricultural technologies, information, knowledge and skills to farmers. In order to develop valuable and long-lasting extension services, it is essential to understand the methods of extension that farmers find most beneficial. This understanding helps adopt improved practices, overcome barriers, provide targeted interventions and continuously improve agricultural extension programs. Thus, assessing factors affecting farmers' choice of agricultural extension methods is essential for developing extension methods that comply with farmers' needs and socio-economic conditions. Therefore, we analyzed the factors affecting farmers' preferences in extension methods, using cross-sectional data collected from 300 households in two sample districts and 16 Kebelles in Ethiopia between September 2019 and March 2020. Four extension methods, including training, demonstration, office visits and phone calls were considered as outcome variables. We fitted a multivariate probit model to estimate the factors that influence farmers' choice of extension methods. The results of the study showed that the number of dependents in the household head, formal education and membership of Idir (an informal insurance program a community or group runs to meet emergencies) were negatively associated with farmers' choices to participate in different extension methods compared to no extension. On the other hand, the sex of the household head, farm experience, participation in non-farm activities, monetary loan access, owning a mobile phone, radio access and membership of cooperatives were found to have a statistically significant positive impact on farmers' choices of extension methods. Based on these findings, the government and the concerned stakeholders should take farmers' socio-economic and institutional traits into account when selecting and commissioning agricultural extension methods. This could help to develop contextually relevant extension strategies that are more likely to be chosen and appreciated by farmers. Furthermore, such strategies can aid policymakers in designing extension programs that cater to farmers' needs and concerns. In conclusion, farmers' socio-economic and institutional affiliation should be taken into consideration when selecting agricultural extension methods.</p> </abstract>

Strategy for Implementing Agricultural Extension Methods and Materials in the New Normal Era in Serang Regency, Banten Province

President Joko Widodo on March 24 2020, stated that even in a pandemic situation, the economic sector including agriculture must continue to move and produce by observing health protocols. The purpose of this study was to find out the strategy for implementing extension methods and agricultural extension materials that are in accordance with the new normal era in Serang Regency, in terms of technical, economic and social institutional aspects, as well as linking audience characteristics to the discussion, both on farm and off farm segments; to determine the appropriate agricultural extension model, and to determine the priority scale of the elements analyzed; The research method used is a mixed method, which combines descriptive-exploratory methods with the Analytical Hierarchy Process, supported by 37 participants located in Serang Regency. Based on the results of the analysis, the strategy for implementing extension methods and agricultural extension materials in the new normal era in Serang Regency, the priority criteria are on the technical aspect, and in terms of indicators, the material indicators are the main priority, followed by the second priority, namely the extension method indicator

Harnessing the use of alternative media for South Africa’s agricultural extension service delivery in the face of the covid-19 global pandemic

Agricultural extension service delivery remains pivotal in disseminating contemporary and innovative agricultural information, and the training and capacity building of farmers; all of which are critical to increased farmer productivity. There are several agricultural extension methods used by extension field officers to engage their target farmers; some of the contact methods used, like the individual and group methods amongst others, necessitates close interactions between both parties. As such, physical contact between persons cannot be avoided. In the current spate of COVID-19 threats to global health, there is a possible risk of human-to-human transmission of the disease. Some temporary measures like social distancing and the ban of gatherings are currently utilised by many countries to mitigate the rapid spread of the virus. The findings of several research reports showed that these restrictions negatively impacted agricultural extension service deliveries. This paper, therefore, reviewed alternative media delivery mechanisms as a probable palliative measure in sustaining the continuous delivery of agricultural information to farmers. The paper recommends intensifying the use of the electronic extension (E-extension) system. The mobile and computer/web-based platforms should be significantly harnessed (where applicable), while concurrently promoting the intense use of print media, radio, television, agricultural documentaries and instructional videos.

Pelatihan Hidroponik Sistem NFT bagi Kelompok Pertanian Patuh Angen di Kota Mataram

This community service activity aims to increase the knowledge and competence of the Patuh Angen agricultural group through NFT hydroponic training. This training was applied to the Patuh Angen’s Farming Group located in the South Marong Jamaq neighborhood, Karang Baru Village, Selaparang District, Mataram City. The training was carried out using agricultural extension methods and agricultural process assistance methods starting from socializing the objectives, explaining the material, monitoring the planting process, harvesting plants, to reflecting on all the processes carried out. The results of this community service activity show that the agricultural group is able to practice NFT hydroponics and produce vegetables with good quality.

The relationship of some personal and functional variables to the level of the usage of extension methods by agricultural extension workers in Salah al-Din Governorate

The Study aimed to identify the level of the usage of agricultural extension methods by agricultural extension workers in Salah al-Din Governorate in general, As well as determine the correlation relationship between the level of the usage of agricultural extension methods and a number of related variables, The Study population included all employees working in agricultural extension at the Salah al-Din Agriculture Directorate and its affiliated agricultural divisions and the Agricultural Training and Extension Center in the governorate, whose number reached (300) agricultural employees. A random sample of 50% was chosen after excluding the pre- test sample of (20) Respondents included by measuring the stability of the questionnaire, so the number of respondents became (140) respondents. The questionnaire form was designed, which consists of two parts: The first part included the data related to the employees who use the extension methods in the extension work, while the second part included a measure of the level of the usage of the extension methods in the extension work, and the questionnaire was presented to a group of experts to identify the face validity and authenticity of the content, and the reliability of the questionnaire was measured by the Alpha Cronabach method, reached a value of (0.86), and for data analysis a set of statistical methods were used, including (range, frequency, percentage, standard deviation, arithmetic mean, simple correlation coefficient of Pearson, Spearman's correlation coefficient, (t) test, percentage weight, and Alpha Cronbach coefficient), the results showed that the majority of the respondents used the extension methods in general at a medium level that tends to rise, The results also showed a significant correlation relationship between the usage of the extension methods by the respondents in the extension work and some of the following personal and functional variables: (Academic qualification, job specialization, Duration of the agricultural extension service, Attitude towards of the usage of extension methods in extension work), and the researcher concluded that the majority of the respondents working in agricultural extension in Salah al-Din Governorate use extension methods at a high rate, and the researcher recommended work to support the extension methods used by extension workers Agriculture by the Governorate Agriculture Directorate and its affiliated agricultural divisions.

Agricultural Technology Transfer Preferences of Smallholder Farmers in Tunisia’s Arid Regions

The objective of this research study was to assess the sources of information on two improved agricultural and livestock technologies (barley variety and feed blocks) as well as the efficacy of numerous agricultural technology diffusion means introduced in the livestock–barley system in semi-arid Tunisia. The research used primary data collected from 671 smallholder farmers. A descriptive statistical analysis was conducted, and Kendall’s W-test and the chi-squared distribution test were deployed to categorize and evaluate the efficacy of the different methods of technology diffusion used by the Tunisian extension system. To address farmers’ perceived opinions and classify the changes from the use of the improved technologies, a qualitative approach based on the Stapel scale was used. Farmer training, demonstration, and farmer-to-farmer interactions were perceived as the most effective agricultural extension methods. The access to technology, know-how, adoption cost of that technology, and labor intensity for adoption influenced its adoption level. Farmers’ opinions about the changes resulting from the adoption of both technologies revealed that yield and resistance to drought were the most important impacts of the two technologies. The study recommends empowering the national extension system through both conventional and non-conventional technologies (ICT, video, mobile phones, etc.), given the cost-effectiveness and their impact on the farmers’ adoption decisions.

MODELLING RICE FARMERS SUBSCRIPTION TO AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION METHODS IN GHANA

Agricultural extension programmes are the main pathways to transfer improved innovations or information from extension agents to farmers in rural and peri-urban areas. Agricultural extension methods have been perceived by many to have significant influence on the adoption of improved production techniques by farmers. This study modelled the factors influencing farmers’ subscription to various agricultural extension methods using data from 543 rice farm households in northern Ghana. A generalised Poisson regression (GPR) model was estimated to account for errors in the dispersion of the data. The results reveal farmer-to-farmer extension method, the use of demonstration farms, and household extension method as the most significant mechanisms to communicate information to farmers in the study area. Farm size, membership of farmer association, number of years spent as an irrigation farmer, research and location (upper east region) were found to be significant in influencing farmers’ subscription to various agricultural extension methods, and should be considered by extension agents who extend knowledge on improved production techniques to farmers. Governments and actors in the agricultural space must recognise the importance of farmer-to-farmer extension method, as well as the use of field demonstrations to train farmers on improved practices. Radio, as a mass media mechanism should be used to support the other conventional extension methods, to deploy information on improved production techniques to rice farmers.

Erudite pedagogic praxis of extension paradigm for technological skills transfer of the emerging farmers

ABSTRACT Technological skills transfer approach from extension practitioners to the emerging farmers plays a significant role in the educational developments of the emerging farmers. These approaches have to take into account the methods of teaching that are in line with what is acceptable and underpinned by the adult teaching and learning approaches. Agricultural extension as an educational development programme for the emerging farmers needs to borrow from these approaches. Emerging farmers and extension practitioners in South Africa are mostly a group of diverse adults from different backgrounds and varying political, economic and social statuses. The formal education status of the emerging farmers might play a role in the ability to consume and apply presented information on the farm. However, the manner or approach that the information is presented could determine whether the emerging farmer become resistant to the information or not. The study employed the Participatory Action Research methodology with the philosophical framing of Bricolage to generate data that was analysed using Critical Discourse Analysis. The emerging farmers and extension practitioners volunterily engaged in the emancipatory discourse to outline the learning challenges using agricultural extension methods. Presenting agricultural information to the emerging farmers in the form of the Basic Education pedagogy, undermine the adult education prerequisites for the emerging farmers during training and farm visits. The emerging farmers, as adults exposed to agricultural extension, has to be conducted so guided by the trialled and tested adult education principles. By law, every individual over 15 years of age are entitled to adult education. The extension practitioners need to be acquainted with the adult education perspective. Keywords: Technological skills transfer, Emerging farmers, Extension, Pedagogic praxis

Do farmers' socio-economic characteristics influence their preference for agricultural extension methods?

ABSTRACTThis article assesses the influence of farmer socio-economic factors on their preferences for agricultural extension methods. Cross-sectional data of 816 households were collected using multistage sampling procedure. Descriptive results show that the training and visit, farmer field schools, mass media and farmer-to-farmer extension methods were preferred by 42%, 32%, 13%, and 13% of the farmers, respectively. Regression estimates show that education, access to markets, risk attitudes and wealth significantly influenced farmers’ preferences for extension methods. The article concludes that farmers’ socio-economic characteristics should be considered in the selection and use of agricultural extension methods.

PENDEKATAN METODE PENYULUHAN PERTANIAN USAHA TANI CABAI DI DESA TIWOHO KECAMATAN WORI KABUPATEN MINAHASA UTARA

The purpose of this study was to determine the appropriate approach to agricultural extension methods of chili farmers in Tiwoho Village, Wori District. This research was conducted from October to December 2018. The data used in this study are primary data and secondary data. Theprimary data collection method is done by asking respondents to fill out a questionnaire that uses a Likert Scale measurement tool and has been prepared. The sampling technique was done by purposive sampling. The number of respondents is 15 people. Data analysis was carried out descriptively. Secondary data obtained from the Tiwoho Village office and the internet, namely google cendekia to get articles from various scientific journals and theses from other universities related to the topic of this research, especially concerning agricultural extension methods. This study shows that the approach of individual agricultural extension methods is more suitable to have the highest total score as many as 314 and a percentage of 83.7%.*jnkd+eprm*

Adoption of improved agricultural technologies among rice farmers in Ghana: a multivariate probit approach

The need for practising modern techniques in rice production has become increasingly important in Ghana as the per capita cultivable land continues to shrink. This study employed a multivariate probit model to estimate the determinants of adoption of improved agricultural technologies using household data collected from 543 rice farmers in the Upper East and Northern region of Ghana. There was complementarity among all the improved rice production technologies (i.e. nursery establishment, harrowing, line planting, spacing, urea briquette, irrigation, and bunding). Among the socio-economic variables, education, household size, experience, farm size, sex, and age of the farmer play significant roles, with differing signs across technologies. Among the institutional factors, membership of farmer-based organisation, access to research service, training and credit were significant with differing signs across the improved technologies. Location also had significant and differing influence on adoption. Also, demonstration, TV, radio, video, mobile phones, and household extension methods had significant and differing influence on the adoption of improved technologies, providing significant justification for the review of the agricultural extension methods and approaches of Ghana to include new ICT and mass media approaches. To improve the output of rice, farmers are advised to jointly adopt the identified improved rice production technologies. Keywords: Adoption, Agricultural Technologies, Multivariate Probit, Rice Farmers, Northern Ghana

Distance Education through Television for Farmers in Developing Countries: The Case of Turkey

KEYWORDS Educational Television. Rural Education. Turkey. YAYCEP ABSTRACT Due to lack of infrastructure, staff and finance, rural people in developing countries generally have limited formal education and especially limited access to rural education services. However, agricultural innovations are constantly changing and rural people should be informed of these developments. Thus, distance education can be one of the ideal solutions to reach rural areas. This paper discusses the importance and limitations of distance education through television in developing countries and presents the Turkish experience. The experiences of rural distance education projects in developing countries revealed that use of multiple agricultural extension methods together such as television programs, printed materials, group discussions and field demonstrations is more effective in changing rural people's attitudes towards agricultural innovations. Motivational factors such as prizes and giving certificates are also effective. After the projects, further agricultural television programs and manuals can also be used to support the project.

Kualitas Pelayanan Penyuluhan Pertanian dan Kepuasan Petani dalam Pengembangan Usahatani (Kasus di Desa Sukadamai Kecamatan Dramaga Kabupaten Bogor)

<p>Agricultural extension has significance in changing the behavior of farmers into a better, but the it will be able to realize the goal of agricultural extension if done well and qualified. This study aims to assess the quality of agricultural extension in Sukadamai Village and its relationship with satisfaction and capacity of farmers. The study was designed as a research survey with 38 respondents taking with simple random sampling from 50 farmers in the Sukadamai. Data analysis was conducted by descriptive statistics to describe the distribution of respondents in each measured variable, whereas inferential statistics are used to see the relationship between the variables, in this case used Spearman Rank Correlation analysis. The results showed that formal education and the length of farming relate to assessment of farmers to agricultural extension methods; farm land area associated with the assessment of farmers to agricultural extension agent appearance; the intensity of the visiting agricultural extension agent, agricultural extension materials and methods associated with assessment of the accuracy of agricultural extension; accuracy of extension and methods related to the ability of farmers to identify potential farms, while farmers' personal characteristics not related to the capacity of farmers.</p><p>Keywords: Quality of extension services, farmer satisfaction, the capacity of farmers, farm development</p>

Effectiveness of Different Agricultural Extension Methods in Providing Knowledge and Skills in Disease Prevention: A Case of Smallholder Poultry Production Systems in Dakhalia Governorate of Egypt

ABSTRACT The study identified the effectiveness of the Demonstration alone, the Meeting alone andthe Pamphlet alone and All methods together on the poultry farmers’ knowledge and skillslevels. The Experimental research design was used in the current study. The study wascarried out in Dakhalia Governorate of Egypt during the period from November 2012 toApril 2013. One hundred and twenty poultry farmers were selected randomly in 10districts of the governorate. The sample was categorized into (4) equal groups forproviding extension recommendations by different extension methods in cooperation withextension poultry specialists in the districts studied. The first group was exposed to aDemonstration, the second group was exposed to a Meeting, the third group was exposedto a Pamphlet and finally last group was exposed to All methods together. The mainfindings of the study indicate that: the total average of poultry farmers’ exposure level toinformation sources studied was moderate at 59.8%.In addition, The All Methods grouphad acquired the maximum knowledge and skills with the percentages of 55.8%, 48.3%respectively followed by the Demonstration method, the Meeting method and thePamphlet method. It can be concluded that Demonstration, Meeting and Pamphlet couldOriginal Research Article

Farmer Field Schools for Improving Farming Practices and Farmer Outcomes: A Systematic Review

Farmer Field Schools for Improving Farming Practices and Farmer Outcomes: A Systematic Review