Agricultural Estate Research Articles

High Risk, Constrained Return: Impact of Student Loans on Agricultural Real Estate

A farming household’s decision to continue producing agricultural commodities within the United States is influenced by a multitude of factors. Thus, this study seeks to examine whether the outstanding student loan balance of any member within a farming household may explain why the total number of acres devoted to the production of agriculture in the United States continues to decline. Panel data from the 2007–2009 Survey of Consumer Finances are analyzed via a fixed effect model to estimate the effect of outstanding student loan balances on farmland acreage owned, controlling for other factors like farm income, debt, and land prices. The results suggest that for each additional dollar of outstanding student loan debt, there is an associated decrease of 0.0064 acres in total farmland ownership. This suggests that student loan debt may also be a factor in the decline in real estate devoted to agriculture production. The estimated effect is both economically and statistically significant. This study contributes to the literature on the risks and constraints associated with farming households that own or seek to procure additional acres of agricultural producing real estate.

Colonial agricultural estates and rural development in twentieth-century Mexico

ABSTRACT This study documents that municipalities in central Mexico closer in the past to an agricultural estate (hacienda) are associated with higher literacy and lower poverty throughout the twentieth century than municipalities similar in other respects but farther from a hacienda. The results are robust to various specifications, neighbour matching analyses, and a placebo-type test. The complementarities between late-colonial haciendas in central Mexico and mining and trade appear to have set municipalities close to a hacienda on a distinct development path. The evidence points to local-scale economies in hacienda locations that coordinated new investments away from agriculture and towards the new industrial and commercial sectors. The twentieth-century land reform and the railroad play a small role in explaining hacienda legacy. Our findings highlight the role of landed estates as centres linking rural economic activity to the main colonial economic activities, mining and trade.

The Wolf King’s Leisure Estate: An Andalusi Agricultural and Palatine Project (Murcia, 12th Century)

The Castillejo de Monteagudo, which has been well known since excavations began in 1924, is a palatial residence built on a promontory. However, the fact that it was part of an extensive agricultural estate, known as Ḥiṣn al-Faraj, which included dry-farming, orchards, gardens, woodland, hunting areas, and marshes, as well as important hydraulic infrastructures, has not been sufficiently emphasised to date. Archaeological research on the irrigated plain during 2018 and 2019 has brought to light part of the palatine area, which was organised around a large garden presided by a residential complex with a porticoed pavilion and a pool at the centre. All known buildings date to the reign of Emir Ibn Mardanīš (1147–1171), although the possibility that the estate was created earlier cannot be ruled out. It was destroyed twice by the Almohads (1165 and 1171) and reused by the Castilian King Alfonso X, perhaps after being restored by Ibn Hūd al-Mutawakkil (1228–1238).

The problem of the modernisation of land and building register in Poland as exemplified by the village of Rejowiec

The right of ownership is the broadest and one of the most basic property rights, which allows the owner to use and dispose of possessions without the participation of third parties. Therefore, the process of modernising the land and building register (MLBR) is extremely important considering, for example, that the data contained in this register is the basis for the subsequent calculation of public-legal obligations associated with the owned property, such as taxes. According to the current legislation, the data collected in the land and building register (cadastre) on the type of land use in combination with the soil classification of agricultural and forest land, the use of the property, its purpose and other information, are the basis for determining the agricultural, forest and real estate taxes by the competent authority. In Poland, in most cases, we have to deal with a situation in which the data appearing in the register differs from the actual state. Municipal budgets suffer losses because of this, and owners of properties of similar area and value sometimes pay completely different taxes. In this paper, the authors show a practical example of MLBR and the problems existed with it.

Archaeological explorations at ‘En Qobi in the Jerusalem Highlands and the identification of Qube/Qubi

The article presents the results of archaeological excavations and surveys undertaken at and near the spring of ‘En Qobi. ‘En Qobi is a spring in the upper reaches of Nahal Qobi, a tributary of Nahal Refai’m, West of Jerusalem. There is evidence of human activity near the spring from the Bronze Age to the present – a span of approximately 3,000 years. The article presents and discusses (a) the spring and its water system; (b) partial excavations and the preservation of the interior of the medieval church located near the spring; (c) H. Tasit and a nearby refuge cave, both located west of the spring; (d) H. Qobi, situated east of the spring. Our team cleaned the water system, which consists of a long spring tunnel, a large underground reservoir, an open pool and other elements typical of systems used to tap spring water in the Judean Hills. This system was apparently built in the Early Roman period, was renovated again and again and remained in use until recent times. The medieval church has a rectangular nave, oriented east-west with well-preserved ashlar walls. The inner walls were covered with polychrome frescoes. Elbow columns topped with capitals, characteristic of Frankish (Crusader) architecture in the Jerusalem area, were found in situ on the northern and eastern walls. Our funds permitted only a partial excavation of some portions of the inner walls. Inadequate funding prevented a full excavation of the church walls and floors, so the construction phases of the structure were not fully clarified. H. Tasit is a relatively small site, apparently an agricultural estate from the Roman and Byzantine periods. Unfortunately, the site was looted extensively in the past. On the nearby slope we detected and explored a small karstic cave that was apparently used for refuge purposes in the first – second centuries CE. H. Qobi is a small, ruined village located on a prominent hilltop above the spring. Without extensive excavation it is difficult to ascertain its function and past. An underground olive press and some looted tombs on the slopes were explored. Pottery and finds from the Late Hellenistic, Early Roman, Byzantine, Medieval, Ottoman and British Mandate periods were collected. ‘En Qobi has been identified as Qobi, a location near Bethar mentioned in a story in the Babylonian Talmud (Sanhedrin 95a) and in additional Roman-period, late antique and medieval sources. The article describes the sites and discusses their historical-geographical significance and identification.

СТРАТЕГІЧНІ ПРІОРИТЕТИ ТУРИСТИЧНОЇ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ ПІД ЧАС ВІЙНИ

The article highlights tourist activity, including economic activity, using the example of the cultural and artistic center "Polis`ka Khata" during 2019–2022, which includes the COVID-19 pandemic and a fullscale war with Russia. An assessment of the consequences caused by these phenomena has been carried out. Attendance and economic activity of the agricultural estate during 2016–2022 have been compared also. It has been determined that a wide range of tourist services is providing on the basis of the estate, this activity significantly expands the consumer`s audience and its tourist attraction. After analyzing the economic activity for four years, it has been established that tourist activity has a seasonal difference and also depends on the thematic events that take place on the territory of the agricultural estate. As a result of the analysis of economic activity for the period 2016–2022, a gradual increase in income has been established until the end of 2019 inclusive (before quarantine restrictions). Thus, the trend indicates a gradual increase in the demand for the tourist product in rural tourism and the active work of the manor`s owners to promote their tourist product on the tourist market. In order to systematize the problems and advantages of the development of rural tourism in the territory of Zhytomyr region, a SWOT analysis using the generalization of factual information has been made, the status of this type of activity has been carried out. It has been established that at the current stage, regardless of the political and economic situation in the country, rural tourism has turned into a self-sufficient business that is economically profitable, competitive and elastic. Nowadays, the demand for tourist services and the needs of consumers have changed the concept of the approach to creating a comprehensive tourist product in rural tourism. Despite the challenges of modernity (quarantine restrictions due to the COVID-19 pandemic, fierce competition) and the state of war in the country, rural tourism is a promising and effective direction of diversification of the economy of the United Territorial Communities (UTC).

Archaeobotanical Data from villa rustica at Oarda-Bulza (Alba County). The 2019 Campaign

The article is discussing the macrobotanical remains which have been identified in soil samples taken from different archaeological contexts associated with the Roman villa rustica at Oarda-Bulza, Alba County, during the 2019 campaign. This is the first major agricultural estate from Roman Dacia which has been systematically investigated using an interdisciplinary approach, the primary aim being to shed light on the interplay between particular forms of production, cultural consumption, community formation, and the integration into a number of provincial and imperial networks. The analysis of this first set of macrobotanical remains is offering relevant data regarding the agricultural and consumption practices of the inhabitants who once lived on a very fertile area from the hinterland of Apulum, the most important conurbation from Roman Dacia.

Hamlet of ʽAin el-Gedida in Dakhla Oasis


 
 
 This article discusses archaeological and documentary evidence from the late Roman settlement of ʽAin el-Gedida (located in the Dakhla Oasis of Upper Egypt), with a particular focus on the site’s likely identification as an epoikion, i.e., a small rural center associated with the management of a large agricultural estate. ʽAin el-Gedida was first excavated by an Egyptian mission in 1993–1995 and immediately raised interest among scholars working in the oasis, with the site being preliminarily identified either as a rural village or a monastic settlement. More recent excavations and study seasons, conducted (from 2006 to 2010) by a Columbia University (then New York University) mission directed by Roger Bagnall, has allowed investigators to gather a substantial amount of new data. This evidence, published in 2018 and more recently in 2020, supports the likely identification of ʽAin el-Gedida as an epoikion over other types of settlements. In this article, the data from ʽAin el-Gedida are discussed in light of what is known from documentary sources about epoikia, as well as modern Egyptian ezab. Worthy of note is that not many other agricultural hamlets of a comparable size have been extensively excavated and published thus far. It is also remarkable that, while written evidence on epoikia abounds, the site of ʽAin el-Gedida may provide the first available archaeological evidence for this type of settlement; therefore, it may offer new and useful data on the layout and organization of epoikia in late antique Egypt.
 
 

Hegel’s Political Philosophy

ABSTRACT The Philosophy of Right presents us with a vision of bureaucratic paternalism that is designed to check the excesses of free markets set in motion by the triumph of natural-law thinking, which abstracted the principles of private property and subjective freedom from the institutions that had tamed them and situated them in a stable context. Against these excesses Hegel pits the agricultural estate, which has not succumbed to natural-law thinking; and a “universal estate” of bureaucrats who are educated in Hegel’s philosophy itself, freeing them of the natural-law conflation of human needs with arbitrary and endlessly expanding preferences. Taught by Hegel to look after the needs of the organic whole that is society rather than the gratification of their own preferences, the task of the bureaucrats of the universal estate is to curb the tendency of free markets to produce the social preconditions for an alienated “rabble” to bring down the system.

Smart Environmental Design for Greenhouse Farming: A Review

Appropriate environmental circumstances are essential for supreme plant growth, improved yield, and resourceful consumption of water and diverse resources, and resourceful utilize of water and other assets. Automate the information attainment procedure of the soil situation and a variety of climatic parameter so as to overrun plant enlargement allow in sequence to be composed at high occurrence with fewer manual labour supplies. But maintain a greenhouse and its agricultural estate is tremendously the blue- collar and therefore the bulk of them achieve imperative operation instinctively. Also, agricultural researchers are facing a lack of high-quality data which is vital for crop growth. Thus we have studied the existing technologies and want to develop a automated greenhouse with gainful system for growing the crop to keep the system automate the greenhouse protection operation and observe the plant growth circumstances within the greenhouse personally from a remote location and send alert to the client if necessary.

Preliminary study of water origin in the Uspallata valley and its contribution to the Mendoza river with isotopic and hydrochemical techniques. Mendoza, Argentina

The Uspallata Valley is located in Mendoza Province (Argentina), at an average altitude of 1,900 m asl. With a north-south direction and a length of around 20 km, it is an intermountain valley placed between the Pre-cordillera (to the east) and the Frontal Cordillera (to the west). The valley discharges to the Mendoza River, the main Andean course that irrigates the largest socio-productive oasis in Mendoza Province. For the last 20 years there has been a significant increase in urban growth and a disordered development of agricultural, touristic, and real estate activities in the southern part of the valley. The objective of this study is to use isotopic and hydrochemical techniques to develop a geohydrological conceptual model, in order to contribute to decision making processes of the provincial management that deals with water and land-use planning. Hydrochemical and isotopic techniques have been used to understand groundwater characteristics and provenance along the valley. Beyond compiling the scarce previous existing data, two monitoring surveys were carried out where physical-chemical parameters and stable isotopes were measured in 39 sites (wells, springs, creeks, and the Mendoza River). The preliminary isotopic balances performed suggest that around 70% of the groundwater comes from the Cordillera Frontal. Moreover, the integrated analysis of new data and existing geological and geoelectric information has allowed the development of a preliminary conceptual model identifying three zones relating to the origin of the water along the Frontal Cordillera. The study is part of the project “Use of isotopic techniques for improving the management of groundwater resources” ARG/7/008, which is funded by the International Atomic Energy.

The Rate of Return on Real Estate: Long-Run Micro-Level Evidence

AbstractReal estate—housing in particular—is a less profitable investment in the long run than previously thought. We hand-collect property-level financial data for the institutional real estate portfolios of four large Oxbridge colleges over the period 1901–1983. Gross income yields initially fluctuate around 5%, but then trend downward (upward) for agricultural and residential (commercial) real estate. Long-term real income growth rates are close to zero for all property types. Our findings imply annualized real total returns, net of costs, ranging from approximately 2.3% for residential to 4.5% for agricultural real estate.

The Rate of Return on Real Estate: Long-Run Micro-Level Evidence

Real estate—housing in particular—is a less profitable investment in the long run than previously thought. We hand-collect property-level financial data for the institutional real estate portfolios of four large Oxbridge colleges over the period 1901–1983. Gross income yields initially fluctuate around 5%, but then trend downward (upward) for agricultural and residential (commercial) real estate. Long-term real income growth rates are close to zero for all property types. Our findings imply annualized real total returns, net of costs, ranging from approximately 2.3% for residential to 4.5% for agricultural real estate.

Rola nieruchomości rolnych Skarbu Państwa w kształtowaniu struktury agrarnej w województwie warmińsko-mazurskim

Proces przekształceń własnościowych w państwowym sektorze rolnictwa swoim zakresem objął ponad 4,7 mln ha (19,8% gruntów rolnych w Polsce), które zostały przejęte do Zasobu Własności Rolnej Skarbu Państwa w latach 1992-2017 głównie z państwowych gospodarstw rolnych, PFZ i innych tytułów. Z gruntów przejętych ok. 18% (808,6 tys. ha) stanowiły grunty położone w woj. warmińsko-mazurskim, pochodzące w głównej mierze z 270 byłych PGR, których udział strukturze wynosił 84,8%. Celem badań była identyfikacja wpływu przekształceń własnościowych w państwowym sektorze rolnictwa na kształtowanie się struktury agrarnej w województwie warmińsko-mazurskim. Analizy zagadnienia dokonano m.in. w oparciu o dane z raportów z działalności Agencji Nieruchomości Rolnych za lata od 1992 do 2017, dane roczników statystycznych GUS oraz wybrane pozycje literatury przedmiotu, dane z ewidencji gospodarczej KWR oraz aktów prawnych. Istotne wpływa na zmiany w strukturze agrarnej miały przyjęte rozwiązania formalno-prawne, sytuacja społeczno-gospodarcza, sytuacja ekonomiczno-finansowa przejmowanych PGR niejako warunkująca tempo przejmowania i przygotowania oraz zakres, poziom, formy jak dynamikę zagospodarowania nieruchomościami rolnych Skarbu Państwa. W wyniku procesu zagospodarowania Zasobu WRSP udział sektora prywatnego w strukturze władania zwiększył się blisko 1,9-krotnie tj. z 48,6 % w 1992 roku do ok. 90% w 2017 roku. Dokonane analizy wskazują że w woj. warmińsko-mazurskim w wyniku prowadzonej działalności trwale zagospodarowano przez sprzedaż 354,1 tys. ha gruntów, a na podstawie 11,9%zawartych umów na działki o powierzchni powyżej 20 ha objęło 78,0% nabytych gruntów zarówno przez osoby fizyczne i prawne. Dana statystyczne wskazują, że w głównej mierze na bazie tych gruntów mogło powstać1012 gospodarstwa rolnych o powierzchni powyżej 50 ha. Procesom przekształceń własnościowych towarzyszyły również procesy zmniejszania się liczby gospodarstw rolnych (z57,6 tys. w 2002 roku do 42,0tys. w 2016 roku)[1]oraz blisko 1,8-krotnego wzrostu przeciętnej powierzchni gospodarstwa rolnego koncentracji tj12,4 ha w 1992 do 22,79 ha w 2017 roku.
 [1] Indywidualne gospodarstwa rolne powyżej 1 ha

Osvrt na arhitektonski kompleks na Mogorjelu kao problem historiografije XIX, XX i XXI stoljeća / A review of the Mogorjelo architectural complex as the historiographical problem of the 19th, 20th and 21st centuries

Ever since it has been mentioned for the first time in the 19 century, the site of Mogorjelo has sparked the interest of the scholarship. Much of what we know today about this architectural complex is owed to Carl Patch who conducted a systematic archaeological research at this site from 1899 to 1903. Patch believed that the discovered remains of the complex, in fact, represent a former Roman camp or a castrum, one link in the system of Roman forts between the rivers Krka and Neretva. He dated this camp to the period of the 1 st th century which was restored in the second half of the 3 rd century after being destroyed at the beginning of the 2 century. Scholars such as Bojanovski, Anthes, Swoboda, Duval and Špehar agreed with Patch that Mogorjelo was a military camp, but they rejected the 1 century as its date. The second group of scholars rejected this view and believe that this site was the center of a large agricultural estate with supporting facilities. When it comes to construction phases and dating, the majority of scholars agree that the remains, visible today in Mogorjelo, belong to the Late Antiquity period, more specifically the 4 century. However, their opinions differ in case of construction. Thus, some scholars, such as Basler and Vetters, believe that the first construction phase can be dated to the 1 th century, whereas others believe that this phase took place somewhat later. st Although it has been more than one century since the discovery of Mogorjelo, we can assume that two basic requirements are necessary for obtaining a definite answer regarding its character and construction phases. The first requirement is the analysis and publication of over 150 crates of materials that Carl Patsch has dug out during the systematic research between 1899 and 1903. This material was sent to the National Museum in Sarajevo where it has been sitting in its depot ever since. An important drawback in the study of Mogorjelo is the lack of access to the logs compiled by Carl Patch, as well as his drawings, photographs and plans prepared from 1899 to 1903 that are being kept today in Südost-Institut in Munich. The unavailability of his excavation insights, remarks and notes represent a gap for all researchers who have dealt with Mogorjelo. Thus the second requirement is the publication of Patch’s materials which would enable all interested researchers to access his work and study this site.

Eksistensi Bisnis Agroindustri Teh Iroet

KSU Putera Mekar is the first cooperative to own a tea processing factory directly managed by smallholder tea farmers and produce dried tea products called Iroet t ea. The beginning of Iroet Tea factory, they sell their products to PT Sariwangi AEA (Agricultural Estate Agency) and other small companies such as Agriwangi and Elinkindo, but it does not go long. PT Sariwangi broke his contract with the cooperative so that the cooperative did not have a large customer anymore. Cooperative members are decreasing because the cooperative is unable to absorb wet tea tops from farmers and can not afford to pay farmers with pay-weight system, but the agro-industry business still survives. This makes the cooperative requires the chronological know the main cause of bad business cooperatives and the reasons for cooperatives to survive. The research design used in this research is qualitative with case study technique. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative. The results showed that the main cause of bad business cooperatives is the loss of large consumers and the absence of bailout funds. The reason for the cooperative still persists to this day because the cooperative management has a good orientation to improve the business of I roet t ea agroindustry, supported by the loyalty of cooperative members. Keywords: agroindustry, cooperatives, loyalty, smallholder tea farmer

Omride Palatial Architecture as Symbol in Action: Between State Formation, Obliteration, and Heritage

Omride Palatial Architecture as Symbol in Action: Between State Formation, Obliteration, and Heritage

Nowe zasady obrotu prawnego gruntami rolnymi

The paper is devoted to introducing the new rules widely regulated by Act of 11 April 2003 on formation of agriculture structure (u.t. O.J.2012.803), which was amended by systemic changes introduced by Act of 14 April 2016 on amendments other acts, which entered into life on 30th April 2016. The reform is based on remarkable limitation of ownership rights to agricultural immovable and extension of power of Agency of Agricultural Estate in the sphere of its’ right to acquire ownership of agricultural immovable. The legislator’s aim was to strengthen legal position of polish agricultural immovable and to protect against its’ mass purchase by national and foreign entities. The paper presents estimation of amendments’ influence on basic rules of conduct of legal transactions on agricultural immovable, e.g. interpreting new legal definitions like „related person”, also doubts about adjusting this regulation to the Polish Constitution. Moreover, new procedure of acquiring agricultural immovable by individual farmers and participation of Agency of Agricultural Estate were analyzed. Thereafter, this was a background for signalizing potential practical problems, judicial execution of agricultural immovable among them.

Estimating value when balancing real estate of agricultural enterprises in the Republic of Serbia

The first aim of this paper is to analyze the possibilities that an appropriately created and positioned function of financial estate management opens up for an agricultural enterprise and its significance for optimal balancing of estate in a company's total assets. Since estates often represent a significant position in the assets, it is necessary to repeatedly reassess the value of the agricultural company's estates by using an appropriate methodology, and that task is often assigned to an audit. If the values of particular positions of estate determined in the process of reevaluation differ significantly from the positions in the balance of assets, it is necessary to carry out corrections in financial reports. Depending on the degree of correction, an assessment is carried out and a contribution to the quality of financial reports is made. The importance of this paper stems from the fact that it presents a methodology of an agricultural company's estate value reassessment and gives a model of how, based on determined differences, one can assess quality of financial statements in the area of estate balance policies.

Patterns of spatial overlap in a monogamous large rodent, the crested porcupine

The crested porcupine Hystrix cristata is a large rodent which pairs for life. We studied the space use of 17 female and 9 male radio-tracked porcupines in an evergreen coastal woodland (“macchia”, EW) and in an agricultural estate (AE), with special reference to the use of cultivations. Home range sizes of male porcupines (4.72–323.40) ranged around 114ha (median) during the warm period (April–September) and 162ha during the cold one (October–March). Home ranges of females (2.48–323.40) were c. 91ha during the warm period and c. 143ha during the cold one. Habitat composition and selection changed from the cold to the warm months, with porcupines being present in agricultural areas especially in the latter. Home range overlap between members of the same pair varied from 57% to 97% (median, 75%). Habitat selection was analyzed at the second (within study area) and at the third (within home range) order of selection. Within study areas, porcupines avoided cultivations and selected habitats with dense vegetation, providing cover and food. Within home ranges, in the warm period, porcupines selected agricultural areas in EW, where this habitat represented a minor portion of the study site. In that season, the Mediterranean “macchia” is a poor source of food, forcing porcupines to travel long distances to reach feeding sites. No significant difference of habitat selection within home ranges was detected between members of the same pair. Cultivations may play a key-role for porcupine survival, especially in poor habitats, as they provide abundant food resources in the warm period.