Agricultural Development Programme Research Articles

TECHNOLOGICAL CAPABILITIES OF EXTENSION PERSONNEL IN THE USE OF SOCIAL MEDIA FOR AGRICULTURAL SERVICE DELIVERY IN SOUTHEAST, NIGERIA

The study assessed the technological capabilities of extension personnel in the use of social media for agricultural service delivery in Southeast, Nigeria. One hundred and eighty-nine agricultural extension professionals constituted the population for the study. Data was analyzed using percentages, charts and mean scores. Results show that 97.4% of the agricultural extension professionals indicated that they use whatsapp for agricultural extension service delivery while 93.2% of the respondents indicated that they use facebook for service delivery. Data show that 95.3% of the respondents indicated that they use social media in linking with their colleagues. Entries show that 93.2% of the respondents indicated that they linked with Agricultural Development Programme (ADP) while 92.6% of the extension professionals linked with farmers group. Result show that 84.2% of the respondents had linkage with the ministry of agriculture. Also, 60.5% of the respondents interacted with the ministry of agriculture between 1-10 times while 54.2% of the respondents interacted with the ADP between 5-10 times in the last one year. Government should therefore ensure improved job satisfaction for agricultural extension professionals possibly by increasing their remuneration and providing logistics that would help them to keep in touch with other institutions for latest research results for the interest of the farmers.

Land and technology requirements for economically prosperous smallholder farming in sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from Tanzania

Making a living from a small farm is difficult in sub-Saharan Africa. In this paper, we quantify how difficult, using a simple, robust, relation between per capita daily income from farming (FPDI), land per capita and whole-farm net profitability per hectare. This relation allows the calculation of the land area required to generate various levels of household income as a function of farm performance. We use nationally representative household data for Tanzania to investigate the range of whole-farm profitability and to estimate an upper limit for it. For 6818 cases where households with land reported figures for gross crop and livestock revenues and for costs in any of the three years 2009, 2011 or 2013, actual median whole-farm net profitability was only $454/ha/y even without including the opportunity cost of family labour. When those were considered, median net profitability was negative $238/ha/y, i.e. a net loss. The maximum whole-farm profitability achieved was $4485/ha/y without family labour costs and $2742/ha/y with it. We evaluated actual and potential farm performance for their ability to generate a range of values of FPDI up to $10 per person per day. Most farms are not very profitable, particularly when household labour costs are considered, and few would be considered economically prosperous. Our analysis underscores the fact that improving their operations or adopting new technologies alone is unlikely to lift many smallholder farmers out of poverty in developing countries, given typical farm size distributions and reasonable assumptions about the realized economic returns to adoption of currently available agricultural technologies. While continued agricultural R&D investments are certainly worthwhile, such efforts alone will be insufficient to meaningfully address welfare needs of the world's rural poor. This suggests that agricultural development programs should expand their attention to incorporate off-farm and non-farm components of the rural economy.

THE ASSESSMENT OF THE FACTORS OF RESILIENCE TO CLIMATE CHANGE AMONG ARABLE CROP FARMERS IN DELTA STATE. NIGERIA.

Climate change is real and overwhelmingly affecting farming activities in Delta State. Objectives of the study are to identify arable crops that the farmers in Delta State cultivate, identify agricultural practices that are resilient to climate change and constraints affecting the choice of agricultural practices in Delta State. Arable crop farmers in Delta State formed the population from which sample was drawn. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to sample the farmers to get the sample size of 225. Data were analyzed with frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation. Majority of arable crop farmers (55.4%) were female. Maize, cassava, vegetables, beans, cowpea and yam are major arable crops engaged. The results indicated that mixed cropping (=3.18); planting of trees (=3.13); increase use of organic fertilizers (=2.57); mulching of crop (=2.93); planting pest and disease resistant crops (=2.92) were considered serious resilience factors. Factors such as high cost of improved planting varieties (=3.35); poor funding of agricultural rural development program (=3.32); lack of information (=3.34); low capacity of extension agents to boost and build farmers resilience (=3.02) were agreed constraints affecting the choice of agricultural practices. The study revealed that arable crop farmers in Delta State engaged many practices as resilience factors to climate change but many factors affecting their choice of agricultural practices

Determinants of Income Inequality Sources among Women in Rural Oyo State, Nigeria

This paper applies the regression-based inequality decomposition approach to explore determinants of income inequality sources among women in rural Oyo State, Nigeria. A four-stage sampling procedure was used in the collection of primary data with purposive selection of two agricultural development programme zones in Oyo State of Nigeria. 150 respondents were eventually used for the study. Structured questionnaires and interview schedules were used to collect data. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Shapley decomposition approach. Age and household size of women were 35.5±1.06 years and 8.0±0.59 persons, respectively. Most respondents (88.0%) were married and 43.3% were farmers with income of N24,196.76±11,897.90 per month. Sources that largely explain inequality were primary occupation (0.5551), farm size (0.2523) and household assets (0.0766) and the relative contributions of these factors sum up to 80%. Total inequality computed by the Gini index was 0.2206 and it implies that the contribution of the predicted residual term to income inequality in this case was 22.06%.The marginal contribution of the estimated income sources of the weighted mean with no negative values from level 1 to 12 were primary occupation, educational level, workers per household, number of assets and location with weighted marginal contribution of 0.0125, 0.0120, 0.0105, 0.0071 and 0.0053 respectively. Narrowing the gap between those at the top and the bottom of income distribution will reduce inequality in the households and the nation at large and that is the more reason this study needs attention because within group components overwhelmingly accounted for inequality compared to the between group components. The role of spatial inequality and policies that encourage entrepreneurship training and non-formal education for women in rural areas would be inequality reducing, and would tend to be more effective if additional policy instruments are used to target other sources of measured income inequality.

Perception of Leadership Role among Agricultural Extension Frontliner’s Job Satisfaction in Oyo and Osun state ADP, Nigeria

The study determined perception of leadership roles among agricultural extension frontliners’ job satisfaction in Oyo and Osun State Agricultural Development Programme Nigeria. Simple random sample technique was used to select 123 respondents from the study area. Data were analyzed using mean and regression analysis. The mean age of the respondents was 43.4years while 63.6% were male respondents. Major leadership roles include supervision of employees’ work ( ­=3.67), goal-oriented roles ( =3.39), effective dissemination of information among the employees ( =3.35) and creation of a friendly work environment. Major employees’ satisfaction were employees work together with their colleagues ( =3.54) and interact freely with their colleagues ( =3.51). Major challenges affecting employees job satisfaction were inadequate funding ( =3.30), irregular leave bonus ( =3.29), climate and weather condition ( =3.08) and inadequate incentive ( =3.02). Regression analysis show a positive significant coefficient (P<0.05) exists between educational status (1.701) year of service (β = 0.551), leadership roles (β = 0.513), challenges faced by respondents (β = 2.091) and employees’ job satisfaction. The study concluded that leadership roles have significant relationship with employees’ satisfaction. For adequate job satisfaction among agricultural employees, organization should pay attention to disbursement of training funds, provision of incentive and leadership recognition. Keywords: Perception, Leadership roles, Agricultural extension frontliners and Job satisfaction

РОЗРОБКА ПРОГРАМИ РОЗВИТКУ АГРАРНОГО ФАКУЛЬТЕТУ

The article considers the relevance of the strategic development of educational institutions. The essence of the concept of «agrarian faculty development program» as a means of directing and integrating the team's efforts to increase the efficiency of the work of the structural division and the university as a whole, which is developed on the basis of an in-depth analysis of the state of the educational system and determines the main ways of its modernization, is defined; a generalized long-term plan for the implementation of the mission and the achievement of the goal by the faculty community. It is emphasized that strategic management is a type of management of an educational institution, according to which: fulfillment of the formulated mission and set goals is guaranteed; successful operation is ensured in the long term; flexible response to changes in the internal environment is ensured; the organization is able to respond to the challenge of the external environment; human potential is perceived as the main value of the organization; the organization's activities are focused on satisfying consumer requests. It is noted that the strategic management of the organization is designed to ensure not only its functioning, but also its development in the future. This approach caused the direction of all management actions to update the educational system, the joint activities of all participants in the educational process to achieve the set goals. It is emphasized that the program is based on values embodied in the life of the faculty: humanism, quality, national consciousness, professionalism, creativity. It was emphasized that openness, inclusiveness, the right to criticism and attention to criticism are the main principles of the faculty's activity. It is emphasized that the implementation of the agricultural faculty development program took place in two stages: defining the mission of the faculty; development of a development program.

Correction: Escaping chronic poverty: longterm impacts of an agricultural development program

Correction: Escaping chronic poverty: longterm impacts of an agricultural development program

Cultivating Prosperity: Analyzing Marketing Challenges Encountered by Pomegranate Farmers in Tumkur District

This study presents an overview of the demographic characteristics and marketing practices of pomegranate farmers in Tumkur District, Karnataka, India. Data was collected through surveys and interviews conducted among male and female farmers, with a focus on age, landholding, education, income, and marketing practices. The findings reveal a predominantly young farming population, with the majority falling within the 31-45 years age group. The data also shows that both male and female farmers mainly possess small landholdings, typically between 2-5 acres. This suggests a prevalence of smallholder farming in the region. Regarding education, while primary education is the most common level of education among both genders, there is a significant portion of female farmers with no formal education, indicating potential disparities in educational opportunities between genders. Income distribution analysis indicates that the majority of farmers earn between INR 20,000 - 30,000 per month, with male farmers slightly earning more than their female counterparts. Analysis of marketing practices reveals a preference among both male and female farmers to sell their produce locally, with direct selling to consumers being more common among female farmers. Meanwhile, male farmers tend to engage more with wholesalers. The study also highlights a relatively low usage of online platforms for sales among both genders, suggesting an area for potential improvement in leveraging technology for marketing. This study provides valuable insights into the demographic profile and marketing practices of pomegranate farmers in Tumkur District, which can inform policy interventions and agricultural development programs.

The Effect of Direct Expenditure for Agriculture Sector and Absorbed Labor on Economic Growth and Poverty Levels in Sumatera Barat Province

As one of the basic sectors in Sumatera Barat Province is agricultural sector contributes to the highest GRDP and employment absorption every year. This study aims to explain the effect of direct spending of the agricultural sector and absorbed labor on economic growth and poverty rates in Sumatera Barat Province. This study uses secondary data from 19 (nineteen) regencies/cities in West Sumatra Province from 2015 to 2020 which consist of data on the realization of direct expenditure budgets on agricultural sector SKPD (DPTPH, DPKH, DKP, and the Food Service), the number of workers absorbed agricultural sector, economic growth rate, and poverty rate. This secondary data comes from BPS and BPKAD of Sumatera Barat Province. The data analysis method used is path analysis with panel data. The following results were obtained is; 1) Direct spending on agricultural sector has a significant and positive correlation with economic growth and poverty rates; 2) The number of workers absorbed does not significantly affect either economic growth or the poverty rate; 3) The dummy variable between districts or cities has a significant effect on the poverty rate but does not significantly affect economic growth, and 4) Economic growth has a significant and positive correlation with the poverty rate. Researchers suggest that it is important for the government to evaluate agricultural development programs, especially those related to poverty reduction.

Successive national agricultural policies/programmes, growth of gross domestic product (GDP) and expansion of agribusinesses in Nigeria.

In Sub Saharan Africa, agriculture's contribution to employment and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is estimated to be higher than other sectors. Policies designed and implemented for the agricultural sector could be an influencing factor to the variations in the contributions of agriculture to the annual national GDP. These policies are believed to have shaped and (some) still shaping the landscape of agriculture and national economy. The study analysed agriculture's GDP contribution during the implementation of various national agricultural policies, and the potential of the policies to foster agrobusiness development in Nigeria between 2000 and 2021. The study adopted mixed-method approach. Primary data were collected through a structured questionnaire administered on 29 purposively sampled state Agricultural Development Programme (ADP) directors across Nigeria. The questionnaire was face-validated by three experts. Reliability test was carryout using Cronbach Alpha approach, which yielded an index of 0.89. Copies of the questionnaire were administered on the respondents through direct contact. Secondary data were collected from the Nigeria's Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, National Bureau of Statistics, and World Bank. Data was analysed with mean, standard deviation, percentages and ANOVA. Findings of the study revealed that the performance of implemented agricultural policies had influence on agricultural sector's percentage contribution to national GDP, and changes in agriculture's GDP contribution had significant impact on national GDP growth. The duration of active life of the policies did not influence their performance, like the Root and Tuber Expansion Programme which lasted longer yet performed less than the National Special Programme on Food Security in terms of improvement in agriculture's GDP contributions. All the policies implemented had several limitations in their ability to foster agribusinesses in Nigeria. The study recommends that future policies should focus on providing sustainable frameworks for developing the business in agriculture through value chain optimisation and the use of the teeming, young, and affordable labour force like China and India did to become global food producers.

Escaping chronic poverty: long-term impacts of an agricultural development program

AbstractThere is a need for groundbreaking initiatives to come to the rescue of the world’s rain-fed regions, especially in the face of the current climate and food crises and the associated reversal of previous advances in poverty reduction. However, there is little evidence of successful programs, which can inform the development of proactive policies to meet these urgent challenges. Can sustainable agricultural intensification enable marginalized, smallholder farmers to break out of chronic poverty? In this study, we scrutinize the Wadi concept, an integrated farming system that includes water resource development, soil conservation, cultivation of fruit trees, and intercropping on degraded land. We use a mixed-methods approach that involves surveying 1860 households, which were randomly sampled from a population of 188,231 participants across four Indian states, encompassing a variety of geographical regions. This is the first investigation into the effects of integrated farming systems on livelihoods on such a large scale and spanning 23 years. We compare the household participants of the program with the non-participants and run a linear regression analysis, ceteris paribus, comparing farmers who established integrated farming systems at different points in time over the period 1990–2017. Significant progress in several socioeconomic factors can be observed, such as higher incomes (the annual income of a typical participant has increased from INR 30,000 to 100,000 or even more), diversified income sources, positive life changes, higher life satisfaction and better perspectives for children, as well as environmental benefits. The Wadi program’s effectiveness in providing sustainable development pathways implies benefits to be gained from scaling it up. By thoroughly assessing its potential to help farmers escape chronic poverty and build resilience, this study provides evidence of the Wadi concept’s success that can enrich the science-policy dialog on development programs.

A Framework for Data Collection and Management to Support the Comprehensive Development of African Agriculture

Agriculture is a key source of food and health for humanity. However, the hazardous way this activity is still cared for in some developing countries like the Republic of Benin, with poor quality farming data collection mechanisms, can guarantee neither quality and sustainability of production, nor comprehensiveness and efficiency of agricultural interventions. Such shortcomings ineluctably contribute to the limited success of the Comprehensive African Agriculture Development Program (CAADP) promoted by the African Union and its regional chapters, in most African countries. Based on these preliminary remarks, this paper suggests a systematic and automated monitoring, evaluation, learning, and adaptation (MEL) framework that will further be tested, consolidated, validated, and promoted, first in the Republic of Benin, and later in other African countries. This framework is made of local, regional, and national geographic information systems (GIS) which will further serve as databases for planning and interventions in the agricultural sector. The proposed GIS superposes lands’ details (sizes, soils’ characteristics, rainfall data, etc.), stakeholders’ details (demographics, crops, livestock, agricultural practices, etc.), and agricultural value chains’ details. Local, regional, and national agricultural value chains’ development platforms will bring stakeholders together, and serve as sources and co-users of the GIS data. Local, regional, and national MEL and GIS management skilled AEAS agents will facilitate systematic data collection and GIS database management. The data collection and treatment tools should allow the use of all kinds of data formats, including voice and image records, given the oral orientation of most agricultural stakeholders. This original idea emerged from observations during national and regional field experiences, and from the literature that revealed the efficiency of automated real-time and quality data for comprehensive and evidence-based decision-making in development interventions.

INFLUENCE OF POSTHARVEST CHALLENGES FACED ON INCOME OF ACHA FARMERS IN PLATEAU STATE, NIGERIA

Acha is widely grown in Plateau State where it provides food, income and employment for many farmers. However, there are postharvest challenges associated with its cultivation which have implications on their income. This study examined the effects that acha postharvest challenges have on the income of acha farmers in Plateau State. The population of this study comprised all the registered acha farmers in two of the three agricultural zones in Plateau State. The two zones are Plateau North and Plateau Central with an estimated 3,143 registered acha farmers according to Plateau Agricultural Development Programme (PADP). Of the population, 400 acha farmers were randomly selected. The study adopted semi-structured questionnaire and Focus Group Discussion (FGD). Data were analysed with frequencies and percentages while the assumption was analyzed with the use of Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC). Findings showed that the main post-harvest challenges facing the farmers were high cost of transportation (95.7%), inadequate harvesting equipment and high cost of labour (93.6%), low quality packaging sacks and lack of access to improved processing equipment (90.5%). On income, 31.5% earned between 41,000 -60,000 while 30.5% earned 81,000 and above. PPMC analysis indicated that challenges faced during threshing and packaging had inverse significant relationship with income of the farmers. The study thus concluded that challenges faced during threshing and packaging adversely affected income of the farmers. Therefore, special extension intervention is needed to assist the farmers to overcome challenges facing acha farmers during threshing and packaging of acha in Plateau State.

EFFECTS OF ACHA FARMING CHALLENGES ON FARMERS’ SOCIO-ECONOMIC WELLBEING IN PLATEAU STATE, NIGERIA

Acha is widely planted in Plateau State, Nigeria where it provides food, income and employment for many farmers. However, there are challenges associated with its cultivation which have implications on their socio-economic wellbeing. This study examined the effects that acha farming challenges have on the socio-economic wellbeing of acha farmers in Plateau State. The study population comprised all the registered acha farmers in two of the three agricultural zones in the state which are Plateau North and Plateau Central. Of the estimated 3,143 registered acha farmers in the study area according to Plateau Agricultural Development Programme (PADP), 400 acha farmers were randomly selected. The study adopted semi-structured questionnaire and Focus Group Discussion (FGD). Data were analysed with frequencies and percentages while the assumption was analyzed with the use of Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC). Findings showed that the main pre-harvest challenges facing the farmers were lack of knowledge in planting space (88.4%), fertilization (81.8%), insufficient labour force and discouragement due to poor yield (66.8%). Social and economic wellbeing of the farmers mainly affected were social interaction (76.5%), participation in social gathering, ability to get married and income (73.6%). PPMC shows that pre-harvest challenges had inverse significant relationship with Social (r = -0.788) and economic (r = -0.023) wellbeing of the farmers. The study concluded that pre-harvest challenges of the farmers had negative effect on the social and economic wellbeing of the farmers. Thus, extension intervention to tackle the pre-harvest challenges of the farmers is needed in the study area.

Social drivers and differentiated effects of deagrarianisation: A longitudinal study of smallholder farming in South Africa's Eastern Cape province

South Africa's smallholders have progressively become disengaged from farming despite their lack of alternative livelihood options, resulting in the deepening of rural poverty. Farming's reduced role in rural livelihoods represents a wider trend of deagrarianisation seen across contexts and geographies. While most literature on deagrarianisation focuses on its economic dimensions, this paper places the social and cultural dimensions of farming at the centre of its analysis to understand why smallholders are becoming less engaged in agriculture. Drawing on Habermas's concept of the colonisation of the lifeworld and on ethnographic fieldwork in four villages in South Africa's Eastern Cape Province, we show how local social cohesion in farming has been undermined by a series of oppressive state policies. Recent agricultural development interventions have not managed to break with this trend, but instead continue to undermine social cohesion and reciprocity. The impacts of this loss of social cohesion in farming have been most severe for the poorest households who seldom plant their fields today. Based on our findings, we suggest that agricultural development programmes should aim to build on smallholders' appreciation of agriculture, their remaining connections to the land and their sense of solidarity, rather than focusing exclusively on stimulating the development of individual entrepreneurs.

Research and development expenditures, technology spillovers, and green productivity in agriculture: an empirical analysis

ABSTRACT We study the relationship between technology spillovers from trade, domestic research and development (R&D) spending, and the growth in green total factor productivity within the agricultural sector. An empirical illustration is provided using a sample of 48 countries involved in China’s Belt and Road Initiative from 2000 to 2019. Our findings highlight the important role of agricultural imports as a positive driving force behind green productivity growth, while the impact of domestic R&D expenditures on agricultural productivity lacks statistical significance in our sample. Furthermore, we find that trade-related technological spillovers drive environmentally sustainable agricultural growth in economically developed nations, but this effect is weaker in developing countries. Conversely, greater domestic investment in agricultural research and development programs helps promote green productivity growth in relatively rich countries, but its influence diminishes in middle-income and developing countries. Lastly, a positive impact of importing vegetable and edible oil products on productivity is observed.

Identifying key sectors of sustainable development: A Bayesian framework estimating policy‐impacts in a general equilibrium

AbstractTransformation of the previous centrally growth‐oriented economic systems to a sustainable bio‐economy is a global political trend, where public policy is a key factor in making this successful. Designing effective and efficient policies requires understanding the linkages between policy choices and outcomes. Most existing studies are missing a direct link to policy choices and ignore fundamental model uncertainty present in policy analysis. We empirically estimate a sector‐specific, nested two‐stage policy impact function to address these shortcomings. We apply a Bayesian estimation approach that combines existing statistical data with a priori information from political experts, thus reducing data and estimation problems. This is linked with a Computable General Equilibrium to model the entire link from policies to outcomes. We derive a theoretical framework that allows the definition of indicators for key sectors of an efficient Pro‐Poor‐Growth strategy. In our generalized framework, we show that indicators based only on growth‐poverty linkages might be misleading. To deal with model uncertainty inherent in the application, we derive a set of metamodels via simulations conducted under different model parameter settings and apply Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampling. Applying Bayesian model selection allows drawing statistical inferences on competing models to generate relatively robust policy‐relevant messages even under model uncertainty. The approach is empirically applied to Ghana, Senegal, and Uganda, analyzing the allocation of public spending on agriculture under the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme. [EconLit Citations: C11—Bayesian Analysis: General; C63—Computational Techniques, Simulation Modeling; D58—Computable and Other Applied General Equilibrium Models; O55—Africa; Q01—Sustainable Development; Q18—Agricultural Policy].

СТРУКТУРА РИНКУ ОРГАНІЧНОЇ ПРОДУКЦІЇ В УКРАЇНІ

The article defines the concepts of «organic products», «organic production», «consumer», and «circulation of organic products». To ensure the efficient and stable development of the organic products market in Ukraine, on 10 July 2018, the Law of Ukraine «On Basic Principles and Requirements for Organic Production, Circulation and Labelling of Organic Products» was adopted. Taking into account that the organic market is a set of socio-economic relations in the field of exchange, which provides the sale of goods, it can be argued that not all issues have been resolved. The market participants of organic products, such as consumers, intermediaries, sales outlets, stakeholders, etc. were left out. The research used general scientific and special methods. The historical method helped to characterise the main stages of development of Organic Standard LLC. Graphical research methods were applied to gain a deeper understanding of the object and subject of the study, to identify their structural elements and to establish the relationship between them. Logical generalisations were used to conclude. It is emphasised that certification is an integral part of the organic market. The history of the formation of the first certification body accredited by NAAU for certification under Ukrainian organic legislation, Organic Standard LLC, is traced, and its services and activities are listed. The active participants of the organic sector in Ukraine being the partners are described as the following, Swiss-Ukrainian Programme «Development of Higher Value Added Trade in the Organic and Dairy Sectors of Ukraine», German-Ukrainian Cooperation in Organic Agriculture Project, USAID Agricultural and Rural Development Programme - AGRO, Public Union «Organic Initiative», OrganicInfo Information Portal, Public Union «Organic Ukraine», Federation of Organic Movement of Ukraine, Association «Berry Growing in Ukraine», etc. The article also identifies the stakeholders of the organic market that are not covered by the Organic Law of Ukraine. To integrate into international trade, it is necessary to build and implement consistent communication with the consumer regarding the advantages and clear differences between organic products and other products, including the peculiarities of production and the history of producers; knowledge of as well as trust in organic certificates; information about the nearest locations of sales outlets.

Sustainable Agriculture Development Program in Changing the Mindset of Farmers in Cikurubuk Village

Cikurubuk Village has invaluable wealth in the form of abundant water springs that are scattered throughout the village area, so that they become a source of life for the people in the Cikurubuk Village area and its surroundings. Based on existing data, Cikurubuk Village has 10 (ten) springs. Gradually farmers are able to change their mindset, so that they do not continue to depend on government subsidised fertilisers which are increasingly difficult to obtain and at high prices by repairing the soil ecosystem that was damaged by the use of synthetic fertilisers and pesticides used over the years. The method used is descriptive analytic, which is a method that focuses on awareness (descriptive) through situations and events that occur in the community related to the object of research, namely the behaviour of the village community when farming organic rice in an effort to local food security. Agricultural cultivation, making Cikurubuk village a role model for other farms that are able to reduce unemployment by producing one superior product developed from the innovation of patani rice from organic agricultural cultivation

Study of Biopharmaceutical Agricultural Development in Karanganyar Regency

Agriculture in Karanganyar Regency is not considered a primary sector in the Solo Raya area; however, it possesses untapped potential that needs to be developed. Medicinal plants, or bio-pharmaceutical commodities, are among the prominent potentials, with Karanganyar Regency ranking among the top 10 highest producers in Central Java Province and having seven sub-districts as centres for medicinal plant cultivation. Ginger, turmeric, and galangal are outstanding commodities in the Agricultural Region of Karanganyar, identified as potential and key commodities based on linkage system analysis, agropolitan subsystem analysis, spatial structure analysis, LQ and shiftshare analysis, policy analysis, and land carrying capacity analysis. The analysis reveals the presence of potential and challenges as driving and inhibiting factors. Nevertheless, the bio-pharmaceutical agriculture sector faces several issues, such as inadequate support in terms of facilities and infrastructure, as well as imbalances in inter-regional infrastructure conditions that impact marketing disparities. Additionally, monitoring and reporting of agricultural sector development programs are not yet optimal. Therefore, further analysis and studies are needed to develop the agricultural sector, particularly in the bio-pharmaceutical commodities domain.