Agricultural Cooperative Movement Research Articles

Development support of agricultural cooperation in Ukraine by public institutions

Problem statement. It is important to encourage entrepreneurial activity in various areas for the development of rural areas. One of the means of boosting local economic development is to promote the formation and development of agricultural cooperatives. Analysis of recent research and publications. In order to create effective conditions for the development of agricultural cooperatives, scientists and experts suggested the following ways: informational support of the agricultural cooperative movement by the state; easing tax pressure; strengthening cooperation between agricultural cooperatives and higher education institutions; using international experience of cooperation between commodity producers; development of advisory and consulting services in the field of functioning of agricultural cooperatives, etc. Under the conditions of war and in the post-war period, the proposals given by FAO specialists are relevant, in particular: to include small landowners and cooperatives, especially those located in the affected areas, in sustainable production chains. In general, a wide range of experts and scientists considered the topic of the activities of agricultural cooperatives in Ukraine. At the same time, the practice of cooperatives functioning in Ukraine and changes in legislation require reasonable proposals to support the development of agricultural cooperation. Highlighting the previously unsolved parts of the general problem. Opportunities detection for support from various public institutions and improving legislation are important areas of research regarding the further development of agricultural cooperation in Ukraine. Presentation of the main material. In November 2020, the updated law of Ukraine “On agricultural cooperation” came into force. The new law defines that members of an agricultural cooperative can choose whether to be a profitable organization or to work with no purpose of making a profit. The generated profit can be reinvested in promising business initiatives. The additional opportunities that producers receive through participation in agricultural cooperatives are primarily related to facilitating the product’s sale. One of the advantages is the possibility of joint financing by participants of agricultural cooperatives of product storage processes. Various public institutions can contribute to agricultural cooperation development in accordance with their capabilities. Thus, experts suggest that the Agricultural Exchange consider the possibility of accreditation of agricultural cooperatives under a simplified system and provide them with holidays to pay the exchange fee. There is a positive experience of assistance in the formation and development of agricultural cooperatives by advisory services. Agricultural cooperatives receive additional opportunities to access material and financial resources thanks to international technical assistance. The result of such assistance is not only an increase in revenues to local budgets from the operation of business entities but also the creation of new jobs and the unification of people living in territorial communities. It will be advisable to identify in the territorial community a person, responsible for consulting and training on agricultural cooperation in the context of expanding the powers of local self-government bodies. An example of cooperation between public organizations, experts, and local governments is their participation in the EU4Business International Technical Assistance Program: Competitiveness and Internationalization of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises in 2021–2022. It is also planned to conduct a series of training on the development of entrepreneurship, including agricultural cooperation at the following program stages. Conclusions and prospects for further research. Since local self-government bodies and public organizations are the closest to entrepreneurship, their activity and communication with the population of rural areas can contribute to the expansion of the development of agricultural cooperation. Expert consulting services in the field of agricultural cooperation development can be provided by educational institutions, advisory services, various public organizations, and other public institutions. Further research should be directed to the dissemination of the territorial communities' experience where agricultural cooperatives are successfully functioning.

The resurrection of earlier imprints post mortem: Explaining the Turkish agricultural cooperative movement with an imprinting theory lens, 1888–1937

AbstractThis study aims to extend the cooperative lifecycle theory, which builds on consecutive degeneration and regeneration of ideal cooperative values such as democracy, self‐help, and solidarity by offering a new regenerative mechanism. In this respect, the study imports multilevel imprinting theory from the organizational ecology domain to explicate the punctuated evolutionary pattern of Turkish agricultural credit cooperatives, which displayed significantly different characteristics from Raiffeisen cooperatives that cooperative discourse in Türkiye used for a long as a benchmark. The archival research undertaken in the study asserts that the imprints of Ottoman Memleket Sandiks (OMS) have stamped agricultural credit cooperatives of the Republican era long after their erosion. The resurrection of imprints was enabled by Ziraat Bank, which acted as an intermediary organization and took over the remnants of OMSs. Our analyses also suggest that the State's polity and policy transformations culminate in selective activation of past imprints within the Ziraat Bank, which, in turn, shaped the Turkish agricultural cooperative field.

Theoretical aspects of cooperation and the state of agricultural collaboration in Kazakhstan

The purpose of the article is to show that cooperation carried out as agricultural cooperation will optimize the socio-economic situation in rural areas and lead to the solution of agrarian problems in society. In the course of the study, the traditional method of comparing economic analysis was used. The article historically examines the theoretical trend of agricultural cooperation and assesses the current trend of market agricultural cooperation in the republic through the trend of cooperatives in a new status. Statistical materials from official sources and regulatory documents were used for the analysis. As a theoretical and foreign practical form of market entrepreneurs, the creation of civilized cooperatives in society on the basis of a new economic policy was considered, from the standpoint of a scientist for a comprehensive interpretation of the ideas of the leaders of the content of the "cooperative movement", with reference to the main schools of cooperation. In connection with the development of the agricultural cooperative movement in the country and the policy of the country's economy, the leading scientists-cooperators of agricultural cooperation in the state during the movement of cooperation in agriculture were presented, recommendations were given in the variant of the developing aspect of increasing cooperation from the point of view of the development of agricultural cooperation in the republic as a result of studying the contribution of cooperative education and science. The theory of development of cooperation for the introduction and direction of development of cooperative activities the results of the study were considered as a special form of food security for the development of cooperative cooperatives in society according to new economic aspirations.

Animal Narrative and the Dis-eventalization of Politics: An Ecological-Cultural Approach to Mo Yan's Life and Death Are Wearing Me Out

Abstract Slavoj Žižek argues that every event is likely to be dis-eventalized, to be retroactively undone. The true event, according to Badiou's account, is “a contingency which converts into necessity,” generating a new principle or paradigm that becomes universally acknowledged. Such true events are rare, but the undoing of past events has always played a predominant role in the course of history. In the novel Life and Death Are Wearing Me Out written by Mo Yan, China's Nobel Prize Laureate, political events such as the Agricultural Cooperative Movement, the People's Commune Movement, and the Cultural Revolution among others are retroactively undone mainly through the means of animal narrative. In the process, animal narratives also reveal ecological thinking about the harmony among humans, animals, and nature. More importantly, the dis-eventalization of politics and the eventalization of ecological consciousness coexist and complement each other. This dual narrative structure is not only characteristic of the animal narrative of the novel, but also endows it with plot tension and a depth in thought.

El cooperativismo agrícola del Chaco. Una propuesta para su estudio

Los estudios que abordaron la temática del cooperativismo agrícola de primer grado del Chaco, lo hicieron desde diversas perspectivas (histórica-institucional, económica, geográfica, sociológica, etc.), con diferentes objetivos y fuentes; sin embargo todos los trabajos tuvieron en común que sus análisis lo hicieron teniendo en cuenta la evolución política-institucional del Estado-Nación. Metodológicamente, dicha estrategia sirvió para realizar un recorte de las cooperativas de primer grado, pero que no evidenció las dinámicas internas de las instituciones, ni su evolución institucional ligadas a otros factores que modificaron su devenir.Es objetivo de este escrito, generar una propuesta de estudio que parta desde las propias instituciones cooperativas, a partir del análisis institucional y que sirva de modelo para futuras aproximaciones a la temática.

James Joyce the Regionalist: The Irish Homestead, Dubliners, and Modernism's Regional Affect

This essay reads James Joyce as a regionalist: as a writer who deliberately represented his region with scrupulous attention to detail, and whose writing illustrates the complex and mutually informing relationship between the local and the global. Reading Joyce's stories in the context of the Irish Homestead (1895–1923), the journal of Ireland's agricultural cooperative movement, reveals how his stories borrow the regionalism of the journal's editorials and fiction but are distinguished by the use of modernist narrative techniques. This regional affect defines Joyce's modernism as grounded in the local ecology, history, and culture of his city.

George Russell [AE], la Coopération et l'État en Irlande durant la Première Guerre mondiale

When Britain declared war on Germany in August 1914, the agricultural co-operative movement was one of the largest economic organisations in Ireland. During the First World War, Britain’s food security emerged as an economic imperative for the government, which the co-operative movement’s leaders supported. However, increased state intervention through agricultural regulations damaged the relationship between the state and co-operative movement. This article considers the impact of this redrawing of the state apparatus in Ireland through the intellectual response of Ireland’s leading co-operative theorist, George Russell [AE]. AE’s role as editor of the movement’s journal, The Irish Homestead, provided him with a unique platform to observe and respond publicly to the changing nature of the state in Ireland. He viewed the state’s wartime interventions into the organisation of food production as increasingly tyrannical and inimical to the long-term interests of Irish farmers. The article argues that AE’s critique of the wartime state’s role in the organisation of agriculture contributed to the breakdown in Anglo-Irish relations. Importantly, AE’s response demonstrates the prominence given to an economic critique of British power in Ireland which fed into a wider political critique adopted by radical nationalists that has provided the main site of historical interest.

Communal dining system and the puzzle of the Great Leap Famine

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explain the puzzle of Chinese Great Leap Famine, which started with a good harvest in the end of 1958 and ended with lowest rural grain consumption per capita in 1961, by focussing on the communal dining system characterized by compulsory collectivization of peasants’ total grain rations, and deprivation of private plots and household sideline production. Design/methodology/approach – The paper uses the panel data of 25 provinces from 1958 to 1962 to make the benchmark estimations by POLS and endogeneity-elimination estimations by 2SLS, employing the great advance in agricultural cooperative movement between 1954 and 1956 and the rural population density as the IVs for the radicalism of communal dining system during the Great Leap Forward. The β coefficients and Gfields decomposition are also presented to assess the relative importance of various factors on famine. Findings – The empirical study finds that the communal dining system does play a critical role on the famine. The evidences of the β coefficients and Gfields decomposition basing on previous estimations also show that communal dining system is the most important cause on the famine. Social implications – The lesson from communal dining system on famine provides reference for resolving the current “Three Agrarian Issues” in China. It is important to allow peasants to exit from the compulsive collective system. Originality/value – The paper discovers the institutional root of the famine by the endogeneity-elimination estimations of IVs and the assessment of relative importance of various factors on famine by β coefficients and Gfields decomposition.

Independence and individualism: conflated values in farmer cooperation?

Social scientists have long examined the changing role of the individual, and the influence of individualism in social and economic arrangements as well as behavioral decisions. With respect to co-operative behavior among farmers, however, the ideology of individualism has been little theorized in terms of its relationship to the longstanding virtue of independence. This paper explores this relationship by combining analysis of historical literature on the agricultural cooperative movement with the accounts of contemporary English farmers. I show that the virtue of independence is deployed to justify a variety of cooperative (formal and informal) and non-cooperative practices and that, despite apparently alternative interpretations, independence is most often conflated with individualistic premises. That conflation, I argue, leads farmers to see their neighbors as natural competitors: as those from whom which independence must be sought. This has the effect of masking the structural dependencies which farmers face (such as lenders and large purchasers) and limits the alternatives available to them to realize a view of independence that is maintained, rather than opposed, by interdependent collective action. Thus perceived, individualism is an ideological doctrine that succeeds by appealing to the virtue of independence, while simultaneously denying its actual realization.

The Global Development Race and the Samaritan's Dilemma: Development Aid Discourse in Danish Agriculture, 1960–1970

AbstractWhy has ‘development aid’ been donated by so-called developed to under-developed populations since the Second World War? Using discourse analysis, this article provides partial answers to this riddle. First, we suggest that donor motives may be rooted in an ideology of ‘being good’, which, paradoxically, motivates recipients to be helpless – that is, a Samaritan's dilemma. Second, drawing on journal articles published in 1960–70, we test this theory by tracing a global development discourse and ‘goodness ideology’ in a Western country such as Denmark – a process that was strongly influenced by the agricultural co-operative movement, which sought to export the ‘Danish co-operative model’.

JOHN BULL'S OTHER WAR: BERNARD SHAW AND THE ANGLOIRISH WAR, 1918-1921

The standard biographies give little indication that during the years 1918-21, when the Great War ended and the Anglo-Irish War was fought out between England and her oldest colony, Bernard Shaw's attention to his native country's politics was at its most persistent. That Shaw found his sympathies caught between his adopted and native countries is not the only reason for difficulty in tracing Shaw's thoughts on the Anglo-Irish War (also known as the Irish War of Independence) as it proceeded in all its horrors. In 1917, Shaw had expended a great deal of intellectual energy in using the Irish Convention, convened by the British government and chaired by his close Irish friend during this period, Sir Horace Plunkett, as an instrument to push through his idea of a federal solution to the British-Irish problem. The object of the convention was nothing less than to sort out the future of Ireland in the wake of the 1916 Easter Rising in Dublin and the subsequent harsh reprisals by the British military. Shaw having failed to be appointed a delegate tried to and, indeed, succeeded in influencing its proceedings through Plunkett, a onetime Wyoming cowboy who was notable as the prime mover in the Irish agricultural cooperative movement.1 More than willing to comply, Plunkett felt about Shaw

Joyce on the Threshold (review)

Reviewed by: Joyce on the Threshold Anne L. Cavender (bio) Joyce on the Threshold edited by Anne Fogarty and Timothy MartinGainesville: University Press of Florida, 2005. 299 pp. $65.00. This wide-ranging volume brings together fourteen essays selected by Anne Fogarty and Timothy Martin, co-chairs of the academic program of the 2000 International James Joyce Symposium. As Martin notes in his introductory essay, the collection seeks to capture one impulse of that Symposium: to "provoke reflection about . . . moments of transition and about the nature of borders, margins, and boundaries" in the study of Joyce (4). Martin's essay briefly introduces each essay and frames the collection by offering various ways that the threshold theme can be understood, including "our sense of adventure" in reading Joyce, Joyce's "radical commitment to innovation," and the "feeling of liminality" and "unusual power of the many peripheral figures" in Joyce's writing (1, 2). The book is organized into four parts, each approaching the threshold theme from a slightly different angle. Part I, "Joyce's Marginalia," offers a smorgasbord of theoretical approaches and textual concerns. [End Page 595] Karen R. Lawrence uses Walter Benjamin, Charles Baudelaire, Michel de Certeau, and theories of nostalgia in crafting a "multivalenced" approach to Joyce's "rhetoric of walking" in Ulysses (21). Reed Way Dasenbrock outlines Giordano Bruno's "insufficiently appreciated influence on Joyce," arguing that his contributions to cosmology and astronomy offered Joyce a means to transform and critique the "intellectual orthodoxy" of Aristotle and Dante (28, 37). Dasenbrock effectively deploys Bruno's cosmological theories to unpack Bloom's depiction as a comet at the end of the "Ithaca" episode of Ulysses. Mary Lowe-Evans analyzes the characters Freddy Malins and Aunt Julia in "The Dead," drawing on M. M. Bakhtin's theories of carnival and the grotesque, "Mary Russo's modification of those theories," and "insights taken from various histories of Christian folly" (45). Finally, Heyward Ehrlich makes the case for the importance of Joyce's interest in the occult, specifically kabbalah, thanks largely to W. B. Yeats's influence. Part II, "In the Shadow of the English: Joyce as an Irish Writer," is the strongest, most cohesive section in the collection, since all four essays share an interest in Irish cultural politics and history. Andrew Gibson and John Nash evaluate Joyce's oppositional engagement with the English literary tradition in the "Oxen of the Sun" and "Scylla and Charybdis" episodes of Ulysses, respectively. Gibson focuses on the "politics of the anthology . . . in the period between 1880 and 1920" (91), arguing that Joyce's practice in "Oxen" is "neither parody nor pastiche," but "adulteration" (101) and "contamination" (103) via paradox, anachronism, and "a gleeful celebration of ersatz" (102) among other strategies. Nash writes on "Joyce's relationship to the institutionalization of the study of English, in England and Ireland" (110), reading the "Scylla and Charybdis" National Library scene as one of Joyce's challenges to the development of English literature as an academic discipline and the formation of an English literary canon. Like Gibson, Nash foregrounds the term "contamination" to describe Joyce's dissenting literary practice (126). Brian G. Caraher's essay adds further nuance to Joyce's stance vis-à-vis Irish cultural politics through an analysis of the author's 1912 Galway travel sketches celebrating Ireland's "industry, internationalism, and multiculturalism" (132), which were published in the Triestine newspaper Il Piccolo della Serra. In the fourth selection, P. J. Mathews challenges "the caricature of the [Irish] Revival as a period of antimodern traditionalism and backward-looking nostalgia for ancient Ireland that still holds sway over Irish literary and cultural studies" (152), drawing fascinating links between the Revival's agricultural cooperative movement and the stories Joyce published in the Irish Homestead. One simple improvement to this otherwise excellent section would be to place Nash's essay before Gibson's, since Nash provides a concise general [End Page 596] overview of the development of English literary studies in Ireland and useful context for figures such as Ernest Dowden and John Eglinton with whom not all readers may be familiar, background information that Gibson's essay takes for granted. After the coherence of Part II, the widely...

Agricultural Cooperatives as Transforming Agents in Rural Development

Changes in the agricultural sector over the last 50 years have meant that many of the organizations created to favour agricultural production are no longer of value and need to be modified. In Galicia, Spain, the agricultural cooperative movement is not fully developed, and at the same time is being forced to adapt to new development policies within the European Union. This study reviews the current situation regarding the agricultural cooperative movement in Galicia, and assesses its potential as a transforming agent in rural development. The authors report on a census of existing cooperatives and a questionnaire survey of their characteristics.

Vocationalism and Social Catholicism in Twentieth-Century Ireland: The Search for a Christian Social Order (review)

Vocationalism and Social Catholicism in Twentieth-Century Ireland: The Search for a Christian Social Order By Don O'Leary. (Dublin: Irish Academic Press. Distributed in the U.S.A. by ISBS, Portland, Oregon. 2000. Pp. xiv, 274. $52.50.) This ably researched and important work contains nine chapters, of which four are introductory-dealing with the background of social Catholicism and the vocationalist ideal in its European origins and in its manifestations in Ireland before and after the emergence of the Irish state; three are central-focusing on The Commission on Vocational Organisation, 1939-1944, and its Report, and the remainder on the decline of the vocational movement and on possibilities of its revival. There are three Appendices: The members of the commission; the Report of the Commission; and constituent associations of the Catholic Societies' Vocational Organisation Conference. Social Catholicism in Ireland before the War of Independence seems to have had relatively few manifestations at first sight. On closer inspection, however, it was involved in the land struggle and in the growth of the Irish Agricultural CoOperative Movement, and this struggle and development had been largely completed before the establishment of an Irish state, which meant that the rural population-and Ireland was largely a rural country-had already achieved a social revolution and was not likely to be overly concerned about a further social upheaval, other than what would come with the gaining of Home Rule. Despite such background factors, the vocationalist ideal was sufficiently present, since Rerum Novarum, to find expression in the first Irish constitution and to find more direct reference, after Quadragesimo Anno, in de Valera's constitution. The interest, indeed, was sufficiently strong among vocal members of the public that de Valera felt it appropriate to establish the Commission on Vocational Organisation in 1939 even though this raised possibilities of a complete change in forms of government in the country. He himself, as the author points out, was not committed to the vocational ideal, nor were the Irish bishops, though all, out of deference to a very strong pope, paid homage to the ideals of Quadragesimo Anno. In practice the Irish hierarchy, under the indirect guidance of John Charles McQuade, the archbishop of Dublin and close friend of Mr. de Valera, were more concerned with moral and devotional Catholicism and immediate work for the poor than with the major upheaval envisaged in a vocational system in a state only recently beginning to settle after a bitter civil war Dr. O'Leary's work provides a detailed examination of the Commission on Vocational Organisation, which sat from 1939 to 1944 and produced a report of 539 pages with an analytical table of contents running to over forty pages. The Commission was composed of representatives of the churches and universities, of labor, the employers, of agriculture, and miscellaneous areas; in all, an unwieldy membership of twenty-five persons. Nevertheless, despite the size of the Commission and the problems created by travel, countless interviews, and the collection of material in a world at war and while Ireland experienced the restrictions of a national emergency, and despite the resistance emanating from a civil service feeling threatened by the emergence of a new system, the Commission worked remarkably well under the guidance of two very able men, the chairman, Bishop Michael Browne, and the secretary, Father E. J. Coyne, SJ., professor of theology and president of the Irish Agricultural Organisation Society. The Commission's report remains an impressive document. The Commission endeavoured to examine the entire organisation of Irish social and economic life and attempted to present a master plan for a new structure of governance for Irish society. Its report was divided into four sections, which in their very headings convey something of the depth and extent of the Commission's work. …

El cooperativismo agrario español del primer tercio del siglo XX

RESUMENHacia 1900 comienza a configurarse en el campo español un movimiento cooperativo integrado por pequeños y medianos agricultores. Al riempo que se evalúa la importancia de la actividad económica que generó, en el artículo se analizan algunos de los obstáculos que impidieron que adquiriera mayor desarrollo. Se llega a la conclusión de que, pese a haber aparecido algunos núcleos de gran vitalidad cooperativa, el cooperativismo agrario español se caracterizó durante el primer tercio del siglo XX por su descapitalización y por su escasa capacidad para consolidarse. Como resultado, su efectividad como vía de acceso del pequeño explotador a una mejora técnica fue muy limitada.

The Politics of Interest Representation in the Japanese Diet: The Case of Agriculture

T HE RECENT GATT URUGUAY ROUND of agricultural trade negotiations has focussed attention on the domestic origins of trade problems and in particular on the political causes of agricultural protection. One of the most important issues raised at the GATT talks has been the closed nature of Japan's rice market. Throughout the negotiations on agricultural trade, Japan's official position on this issue has remained clear and consistent: rice remains a prohibited import because of the threat that liberalization poses to the nation's food security and the livelihood of Japanese rice farmers. Although various signs indicate that the domestic political ground is gradually being prepared for eventual market opening, in the short term the Japanese government has been able to take advantage of lack of agreement on reducing agricultural protection between the two major protagonists, the United States and the EC, in perpetuating its resistance to rice market opening. Furthermore, the visible reluctance of theJapanese government to liberalize rice unless compelled to do so by a general agreement of the GATT parties underlines the continuing strength of protectionist forces within Japanese domestic politics. 1 The political explanation forJapan's agricultural protection has traditionally emphasized the disproportionate power of the farm vote, the electoral alliance between farmers and the governing Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), the organized influence of the agricultural cooperative movement and the succesful campaign by the farm lobby to equate food security with agricultural protection. Less well understood is the question of howJapanese agrarian power is manifested in the Diet. This paper will analyze in detail the nature and strength of agricultural representation in the Diet, focussing on the connections between farmers, agricultural interest groups and Diet politicians which work to facilitate the articulation of agricultural interests

Agricultural co-operation in the UK: A historical review

This paper traces the development of the agricultural co-operative movement in the UK from its origins in the mid-nineteenth century to the present day. It stresses that an unfavourable policy environment in the 1920s and 1930s stultified the early and promising growth of the movement. Moreover, it suggests that only in the past two decades has there been a shift in policy emphasis toward the encouragement of agricultural co-operation and that co-operative business has expanded substantially in the most recent decade via the assistance of UK and EC grant aid.

Together with the farmers: social and rural medicine in Japan.

Japan emerged from feudalism a century ago. Farmers comprise 20 percent of the population of 110 million. The agricultural cooperative movement sponsors 118 hospitals in rural areas. Of these, the Saku Central Hospital is the largest, and provides leadership to a vigorous rural health movement. Its unique outreach program and its contributions to rural health are described, together with remarks about Japan's health situation generally. There may be lessons here for America.