Agri-food Exports Research Articles

ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ ЕКСПОРТУ АГРОПРОДОВОЛЬЧОЇ ПРОДУКЦІЇ З УКРАЇНИ ДО КРАЇН АЗІЇ

The article considers current state of Ukraine's export of agri-food products to Asian countries, detailing its commodity and geographic structure. General socio-economic characteristics of the Asian region have been carried out. The main principles of the functioning of the agro-food sector in Asia in relation with its production and foreign trade are given. The largest exporters and importers of food among Asian countries have been determined according to the latest available data. Total agricultural trade of our country with China, India and Turkey highlighted. The dynamics of bilateral sectoral trade between partners and the key products of Ukrainian production supplied to their markets are considered. Further emphasis placed on the import needs of those food groups or commodity items by the specified countries, which Ukraine is already able to satisfy to a certain extent. An assessment of the impact of war and its negative consequences on the actual exports indicators from Ukraine to Asia during 2022-2023 was carried out. The importance of finding new sales markets and consolidating existing partner trade relations by concluding agreements on free trade was emphasized. It is pointed out the actual impossibility for our exporters to fully use the transport and logistics infrastructure, which affects the quantitative and qualitative indicators of foreign sales. In fact, against the background of the final decline in export revenues, the redirection of products from Asia to the markets of European Union does not have the proper effect and does not compensate for the losses incurred. Development prospects and opportunities for optimizing Ukrainian agri-food exports to Asian markets were given, taking into account the sector's limited resources, short- and medium-term priorities of our industry producers, and existing requests of specific importing countries.

Biodiversity impacts of recent land-use change driven by increases in agri-food imports

AbstractLand-use change such as the conversion of natural habitat to agricultural land has been a major driver of global biodiversity loss, prompting efforts at biodiversity restoration. However, restoration measures in certain areas can shift the detrimental biodiversity impacts elsewhere through the outsourcing of agri-food supply chains to biodiverse regions. This study examines the link between biodiversity impacts from land-use change and shifts in global supply chains from 1995 to 2022 by introducing a marginal allocation into multiregional input–output analysis. Almost 80% of recent global land-use change impacts were associated with increased agri-food exports from Latin America, Africa and Southeast Asia + Pacific (excluding China). Conversely, increased imports to China, the United States, Europe and the Middle East accounted for almost 60% of recent global land-use change impacts from a consumption perspective, despite decreasing domestic impacts through restoration. Decreasing biodiversity impacts in temperate and arid regions have been partially achieved by outsourcing agri-food supply to tropical biodiversity hotspots. This results in a cumulated global extinction rate (1.4% global potential species loss since 1995), exceeding the planetary boundary by about fifty times, thus highlighting the need for policies incentivizing habitat protection in tropical regions and sustainable sourcing in agri-food supply chains.

Export of agricultural products as a determinant of currency security of Ukrainian economy

Purpose. The purpose of this study is the development of the methodological approach for estimation the impact of agri-food exports on the monetary sphere of Ukraine in order to substantiate the prospective directions of the export potential of agricultural products as the factor in ensuring the currency security of Ukraine. Methodology / approach. The following methods were used: literature review in determining the main trends in the export of agricultural products based on the analysis of publications; economic and statistical analysis to assess the impact of key factors on the formation of the export potential of agricultural products and its impact on exchange rate formation; ARDL modelling, Dickey-Fuller, and Engle-Granger tests to estimate the impact of different factors on exchange rate changes. Results. The paper highlights the immediate and delayed influence of selected factors on the dynamics of the exchange rate in Ukraine, showing that the export of food products and raw materials for their production can significantly strengthen the national currency in the long-run. The continuous growth in food exports contributes to a slower appreciation of the exchange rate, which ultimately leads to a stronger national currency. Therefore, the strategy of focusing on increasing food exports can play a vital role in bolstering the Ukrainian currency in the long-run by exerting a positive influence on the exchange rate dynamics and contributing to the overall economic stability. Originality / scientific novelty. The study contributes to the understanding of the complex interplay between war, food security, and economic stability. The novelty implies the ARDL model of the influence of agricultural exports on the currency and exchange rate sphere of the Ukrainian economy. Additionally, the analysis adds new dimension to the discussion on the strategic importance of the agricultural sector for foreign exchange reserves and currency accumulation. Practical value / implications. The practical value is that understanding the relationship between export volumes, global prices, and exchange rate movements can help in predicting and managing currency fluctuations more effectively. By identifying the time frames for the return of exchange rate shocks to their long-term equilibrium and the impact of various factors on currency valuation, the study aims policy-making processes at ensuring currency security for the state.

Impact of Brexit and Subsequent Food Regulatory Divergence on the Irish Food and Drink Industry

On 24 June 2016, the majority of the UK voted to leave the European Union and formally departed the EU on 31 December 2020. With this departure, the UK started diverging from EU law. Some of the major divergences are the UK’s animal export ban, identifying gene editing separately from genetic modification, the new UKCA mark, rules of origin requirements, not banning Titanium Dioxide, removing radioactivity restrictions on food imports from Japan, and not following the EU’s reduction of permissible Arsenic level by 80%. According to the Windsor Framework, the products destined for the Republic of Ireland (ROI), or any EU location will undergo the ‘red lane’ process, which includes customs declarations and specific inspections. UK has introduced a Border Target Operating Model (BTOM), which categorizes the food imported into the UK based on the risk and requires pre-notifications and an Export Health Certificate for high-risk Sanitary and Phytosanitary goods. The UK landbridge can be still utilized, but with increased requirements and documentary checks, potentially leading to higher costs and possible delays. Even with all those challenges, 95% of Irish food businesses are optimistic about growth, and in 2022, the UK remained Ireland’s primary agri-food export destination, with a value of EUR6.7 billion.

Transition toward Sustainability in the Moroccan Food System: Drivers, Outcomes, and Challenges

Nowadays, food systems are undergoing major transformations to achieve the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, there are a lack of comprehensive reviews on this topic in developing countries. This work highlights food systems’ transition towards sustainability, focusing on Morocco. It was carried out through searching, selecting, evaluating, and synthesizing existing relevant scholarly and gray literature. In Morocco, a meaningful transition towards sustainability is being guided and carried out on several levels, despite numerous challenges, e.g., inability to cope with the detrimental effects of climate change and escalating water scarcity constitute fundamental problems. However, there are conflicting views on the outcomes of food system transformation. Some studies showed that Morocco has increased its agri-food export and reduced poverty to less than 5% of the population over the past decade; the proportion of wasted and malnourished children has declined from 25 to 15% and 4 to 3%, respectively, and the 2023 Global Hunger Index (GHI) showed a score of 9.0. Other studies showed that North Africa has entered a food security crisis; specifically, food inflation has reached unprecedented levels in Morocco. This paper provides valuable insights for policymakers and planners to design evidence-based policies and strategies to boost sustainable development in Morocco.

Analysis of Export Competitiveness of Agri-Food Products at the EU-27 Level through the Perspective of Technical Complexity

This paper aims to identify the export competitiveness of agri-food products at the level of the European Union Member States, considering indicators/elements belonging to technical innovation (technical complexity) as well as qualitative elements. The main research problem is to examine the differences in the technical complexity of agri-food exports (EXPY) between EU Member States. Through detailed analysis of product categories and Member States’ performance, we have identified significant differences in the technical complexity of exports. Products such as dairy, meat, cereal and vegetable preparations were associated with high technical complexity, while fruit, tobacco and oils were classified in the low technical complexity category. We also identified Member States with exports characterised by high technical complexity, including Cyprus, Ireland and Luxembourg, and those with low technical complexity, such as Slovakia, Latvia and Croatia. These findings suggest the influence of various factors, such as economic specialisation, natural resources and R&D investment on shaping the agri-food export landscape in the European Union. In-depth analysis of these issues provides significant insights for understanding the economic and technical dynamics in the European agri-food sector.

Do institutions matter for agri-food imports and exports between China and Africa? A gravity model analysis

This paper aims to study the role of institutional quality on agri-food trade (import and export) between China and 48 African countries during the 2001-2021 period. The gravity model of trade was employed by estimating the Generalised Least Square (GLS) and the Poisson Pseudo-Maximum Likelihood (PPML) estimators, which include zero trade flows for panel data. The main results show that voice and accountability, control of corruption, and the rule of law all enhance agri-food trade flows. While political instability encourages agri-food exports to China. In addition, the economic size of China, the trade cost (distance), and the population of African countries also encourage agri-food trade between China and African economies. Moreover, access to the sea, exchange rate policy, and the economic size of African nations deplete China’s agri-food imports from Africa. We showed the mechanism through which each institutional variable affects China’s agri-food trade flows to African nations.

Determinants of South Africa’s agri-food export performance: Gravity model approach

Determinants of South Africa’s agri-food export performance: Gravity model approach

Globalization versus Regionalization in Agri-Food Exports from Spain and Portugal

Globalization versus Regionalization in Agri-Food Exports from Spain and Portugal

Rebalancing agri-food trade flows due to Russian import ban: the case of direct neighbors

In recent years, research on trade rebalancing in agri-food supply chains has gained prominence due to trade sanctions, supply chain disruptions, and vulnerabilities exposed by pandemics and conflicts. This study focuses on the recalibration of agri-food trade dynamics, using the 2014 Russian import ban as a case study. The ban significantly altered the structure of agri-food export destinations for affected countries, particularly those sharing a border with Russia (e.g., Poland, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania). Employing a cross-section regression model and structural break tests, we assess the trade rebalancing process. Our findings reveal short-term trade rebalancing effects, primarily observed in product groups not traditionally considered main trade specializations. There is evidence that significant part of the lost trade was redirected to EU28 or EAEU countries and end up in the common trade areas of these countries. Furthermore, we argue that the Russian import ban initiated a long-term structural shift in export patterns for non-traditionally traded banned products, while rebalancing for traditionally traded products was significantly quicker.

Promoting sustainable agri-food systems through sustainability and responsible marketing: The case of peruvian companies at international trade shows

For companies in the agri-food sector, sustainability marketing represents a strategic tool, insofar as it enables companies to achieve sustainability in their production and commercial processes, while, at the same time, exerting a fundamental influence on their reputation. This study raises the following research questions: How do agri-food exporting companies view sustainability marketing and its practical application? To which aspects of their sustainable marketing system do such companies attach greater or lesser importance? Using a constructive research approach, a study was carried out by conducting interviews with experts in the sector, as well as with managers from agrifood export companies. On the basis of such interviews, an analytical framework as well as an accessible management tool comprising 17 variables (grouped into 6 sets) are proposed to support the management of sustainability marketing by companies in the agri-food sector. The results indicate that companies prioritized strategies linked to the certification of their production systems and their quality, as well as logistical capacity, environmental certifications, and commitment to climate change and fairtrade principles. Among the aspects they attach less importance, the ones related to distribution systems stand out. These results serve as a basis to support the managers of agri-food exporting companies in developing more sustainable agri-food systems through the appropriate and comprehensive use of sustainability marketing. A recommendation further arises for companies to align their sustainability marketing strategies with their market positioning, in order to support both their reputation and their competitive advantages.

DIVERSIFICATION OF POLISH AGRI-FOOD EXPORTS

The aim of the article is to present the changes in the degree of geographical and product diversification of Polish agri-food exports in the years 2004-2022. The agri-food sector is a very important part of the Polish economy. It is also one of the few branches of the national economy that obtains a positive trade balance. The value of Polish agri-food exports reaches record levels every year. The strong concentration of Polish exports on the EU market, which accounts for over 70% of foreign sales, initially supported its development, currently is increasingly perceived as a threat to the agri-food sector in Poland. One of the most important ways to reduce risk in exports is to diversify them. The study assessed the product and geographical diversification of Polish agri-food exports based on the analysis of trade flows, the indicator of decomposition of export growth into intensive and extensive activities (based on the Amsoff matrix) and Herfindahla-Hirschmana (HHI) concentration indicators. The results of the analysis showed that the current increase in Polish agri-food exports was generated through intensive activities, i.e. increasing share of existing products in the existing market by acquiring new customers. In practice, it most often came down to lowering prices and taking advantage of the economies of scale. Currently, however, the possibilities of further competition on price are very limited. Therefore, entrepreneurs should strive to look for new markets for their products, but also to expand their offer with new or modified products with greater added value.

INNOVATIVENESS AS A PREREQUISITE FOR THE POST-WAR DEVELOPMENT OF THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR IN UKRAINE

The article discusses innovation as crucial for Ukraine's agricultural sector's post-war development, emphasizing its importance due to economic risks from the Russian-Ukrainian conflict. It presents the innovation process as key to boosting the sector's competitiveness, exploring investment and innovation theoretical aspects. The paper notes the scarcity of research on post-war agricultural innovation, especially its role in sector recovery and modernization. Utilizing various economic research methods, it analyzes statistical data on agriculture and agri-food exports, drawing on open sources and official websites for information. The study examines employment dynamics, labor productivity, and other macroeconomic agricultural indicators, addressing the significant impact of the 2022 war on the sector. It highlights Ukraine's position in the global innovation index, identifying strengths and weaknesses in innovation. The importance of digitalization and the green economy in agriculture is underscored, concluding with the critical role of innovation for the sector's future. Future research directions are suggested, focusing on improving innovation support through infrastructure development, scientific personnel training, favorable business conditions, and investment attraction. The article advocates for developing an effective post-war innovation strategy for Ukraine's agricultural sector, incorporating green economy and digitalization, marking it as a scientific priority. Thus, developing an effective strategy for post-war innovative development of Ukraine's agricultural sector, reflecting current scientific research, including the implementation of the green economy, digitalization of the country's agricultural sector, etc., is a priority on the agenda for scientists.

РОЛЬ ЭКСТЕНСИВНОЙ И ИНТЕНСИВНОЙ СОСТАВЛЯЮЩЕЙ В РАЗВИТИИ АГРОПРОДОВОЛЬСТВЕННОГО ЭКСПОРТА РОССИИ

The paper presents an empirical review of the results on the diversification of agri-food exports based on two methodologies. First of all, the analysis is based on an assessment of the extensive (increasing exports by including new goods in its structure, that is, the formation of a wider range of goods) and intensive (increasing the number of each product exported) components of agri-food exports in the Russian Federation. Then based on an econometric model in which the extensive and intensive components act as independent variables, their impact on the economic growth of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation is assessed. The results of the study demonstrate the weak influence of the extensive component on the growth of agri-food exports (about 20% of growth), while at the same time in a number of industries its contribution is assessed as significant (exceeding the values for the leading countries in terms of export growth rates).

Factors Influencing the Development of Agri-Food Exports in Small Open Emerging Economies (the example of the Republic of Moldova)

Factors Influencing the Development of Agri-Food Exports in Small Open Emerging Economies (the example of the Republic of Moldova)

Вплив ТНК на сільськогосподарський експорт країн, що розвиваються

The article examines the impact of transnational corporations (TNCs) on agricultural exports of developing countries, with a special emphasis on their role in the formation and processing of agri-food products. In the context of globalization and technological change, agriculture has become an important sector of the economy of developing countries, providing economic development and job creation. TNCs, with their financial resources and technological know-how, have a significant impact on the efficiency and competitiveness of agricultural exports, although their impact is often indirect. The article analyzes the transformation of agri-food exports in the context of TNCs’ participation, as well as changes in the structure and volumes of agricultural exports in developing countries. Various forms of TNC participation are considered, including foreign direct investment, contract farming and control of cross-border supply chains. The author emphasizes the role of TNCs in providing the necessary resources for export activities, such as market information, technology and access to international markets. The article also notes that although TNCs significantly contribute to improving the efficiency of agricultural exports, their activities do not always meet the interests of long-term sustainable development of recipient countries. Particular attention is paid to the imbalance of benefits between TNCs and agricultural producers, which leads to significant economic and social challenges for developing countries. The conclusions of the article underline the importance of understanding the role of TNCs in shaping current trends in agricultural exports and the need for further research on their impact in the context of the post-COVID and security crisis.

АГРОПРОДОВОЛЬСТВЕННЫЙ ЭКСПОРТ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ: ВЫЯВЛЕНИЕ ТЕНДЕНЦИИ РАЗВИТИЯ И РЕАЛИЗАЦИЯ ПОТЕНЦИАЛА

Agriculture is one of the priority areas for the development of the Russian economy, which accounts for about 4% of Russian GDP. Today, in a difficult geopolitical situation, the countries of the world (the majority) consider export activities as a key basis for the stability of the economy, support its development with the developed sets of measures. The purpose of the study was to identify current trends in the development of agro-food exports of the Russian Federation. Methods. The methods of system analysis, synthesis, generalization, and interpretation of the results were used in the work. In the course of the research, the systematization of statistical data, scientific publications of scientists on the topic of the presented work was carried out. Results. The current trend in the development of agro-food exports of the Russian Federation has been determined. Discussion. The goal was achieved by performing the following tasks: analysis of the share of exports of food products and raw materials for their production in the commodity structure of exports; assessment of the trend in the share of imports of food products and raw materials for their production from non-CIS countries in 2020-2022; determination of the vector of orientation of the benchmark of financial support for the promotion of Russian agro-food products. Conclusion. The study revealed a positive trend in the development of agri-food exports in the Russian Federation, characterized by a tendency to decrease the share of imports of food products and raw materials for their production from non-CIS countries in 2020-2022. It is stated that the benchmark of financial support for the promotion of Russian agri-food products should have a vector for the environmental friendliness of food products according to criteria in the leading importing countries of Russian agricultural products (China, Turkey).

패널중력모형을 이용한 한국 농식품 수출 결정요인분석

Korea's agri-food exports are entering a new transition period. Today, agriculture is transforming from the concept of agriculture in the past into a sixth industry and an important industry in the country. This study analyzed the determinants of exports of Korean agri-food, targeting Russia in the Sinbuk Prevention region, Brazil in Latin America, Germany in the European Union, and Australia in other regions, which were selected to diversify the market for Korea's agri-food exports and expand its global base, and provided implications for the selection of export strategy countries for market diversification. Applying the gravity model, which is widely used in international trade analysis, the gross national product per capita, the number of Koreans, the distance to the capital of Korea and the capital of the country to be analyzed, the logistics performance index, and the Korean Wave were analyzed as variables. Based on the analysis results, the selection of export strategy countries to diversify Korea's agri-food export market is very appropriate, and statistically significant results were shown in strengthening the export competitiveness of Korea's agri-food. In order to expand exports in the future, it was suggested that in addition to product development and export support policies, measures to expand exports by improving export infrastructure and forming cultural consensus should be actively sought.

A constant market share analysis of the competitiveness of the Czech Republic's agrifood exports (2002-2020) to the European Union

A constant market share analysis of the competitiveness of the Czech Republic's agrifood exports (2002-2020) to the European Union

Export of the Agri-Food Sector in the Conditions of Recent Crises

Abstract Crises come and go, but it is good if, from the perspective of the past, we can point to some positives of the crisis that has just passed. Indeed, in the article we first find a snapshot of the export activity of the Polish economy in recent years, a picture which is positive, despite the very serious crises in the global economy. This picture may not be complete due to the scope of the study, but it shows what is most important in author opinion – our place in the international division of labor over the last 15 years. This place has steadily improved, with particularly spectacular increases in importance observed during the years of the Covid-19 pandemic crisis and after the outbreak of war in Ukraine. The second section of the article presents an analysis of agri-food exports in a broader time frame, dating back to the 2000s. It aims to highlight the rise of agri-food exports as a proportion of GDP and total exports. Equally fascinating is the geographical and commodity structure and the mportance of Polish agri-food imports in the total of those made by selected countries. As a result, an interesting picture of Polish agri-food exports appears to have emerged, allowing positive assessments to be formulated. Quite optimistic prognoses for the future are also noticeable.