Agrarian Lifestyle Research Articles

Sonic ontology of diasporicity: The case of Punjabi gangster music in Canada and Punjab

ABSTRACT Bhangra is a musical genre that indexes the traditional sonic identity of Punjab. The dhol and tumbi evoke an agrarian lifestyle that is the pride of the Punjabi Jatt, the traditional landlord caste. Since 2019, however, Punjabi gangster music has emerged to reflect a new conception of Punjabi diasporic subjectivity that has shifted the Punjabi sonic imagination of home from Punjabi fields to the Western city. This article contextualizes the rise of Punjabi gangster music within crises in agriculture and substance abuse among Punjabi youth, alongside an accelerating exodus from Punjab of young Punjabis seeking education and work in Canada.

Nepali oral microbiomes reflect a gradient of lifestyles from traditional to industrialized.

Lifestyle plays an important role in shaping the gut microbiome. However, its contributions to the oral microbiome remains less clear, due to the confounding effects of geography and methodology in investigations of populations studied to date. Furthermore, while the oral microbiome seems to differ between foraging and industrialized populations, we lack insight into whether transitions to and away from agrarian lifestyles shape the oral microbiota. Given the growing interest in so-called 'vanishing microbiomes' potentially being a risk factor for increased disease prevalence in industrialized populations, it is important that we distinguish lifestyle from geography in the study of microbiomes across populations. Here, we investigate salivary microbiomes of 63 Nepali individuals representing a spectrum of lifestyles: foraging, subsistence farming (individuals that transitioned from foraging to farming within the last 50 years), agriculturalists (individuals that have transitioned to farming for at least 300 years), and industrialists (expatriates that immigrated to the United States within the last 20 years). We characterize the role of lifestyle in microbial diversity, identify microbes that differ between lifestyles, and pinpoint specific lifestyle factors that may be contributing to differences in the microbiomes across populations. Contrary to prevailing views, when geography is controlled for, oral microbiome alpha diversity does not differ significantly across lifestyles. Microbiome composition, however, follows the gradient of lifestyles from foraging through agrarianism to industrialism, supporting the notion that lifestyle indeed plays a role in the oral microbiome. Relative abundances of several individual taxa, including Streptobacillus and an unclassified Porphyromonadaceae genus, also mirror lifestyle. Finally, we identify specific lifestyle factors associated with microbiome composition across the gradient of lifestyles, including smoking and grain source. Our findings demonstrate that by controlling for geography, we can isolate an important role for lifestyle in determining oral microbiome composition. In doing so, we highlight the potential contributions of several lifestyle factors, underlining the importance of carefully examining the oral microbiome across lifestyles to improve our understanding of global microbiomes.

Space and Place in Tao Qian’s Tianyuan Poetry

Abstract Tao Qian is one of the central figures in Chinese literary history and the founding father of the so-called tianyuan (farmstead) poetry. Traditionally, Tao’s writings have been read biographically, which has limited our understanding of their deeper structural and experiential dimensions. In this article, I turn my attention to the place-consciousness of his poetry and analyze how he repeatedly creates experiences of belonging in his verses. As a theoretical frame of reference, I utilize the concepts “space” and “place” as they are defined by Yi-Fu Tuan in his study Space and Place. In Tao’s tianyuan poetry, the surrounding, indefinite space turns constantly into a lived and meaningfully organized place which functions as the epicenter of the agrarian lifestyle and worldview. As I seek to demonstrate, a place is not only a physical location but is a complex and multilayered phenomenon that can appear as a means of knowing, a source of truthful living, and even as an event. In Tao’s writings, the experience of place is predominantly positive and empowering but can also at times cause feelings of loss and grief.

Partnering with the Old Order Mennonites in the Finger Lakes Region of New York State to Identify the Mechanisms of Protective Immunity Against Atopic Disease Development

Old Order Mennonites (OOM) follow a traditional agrarian lifestyle; key aspects include home births, large families, limited antibiotic usage, consumption of whole foods and unpasteurized milk, and early exposure to soil, stables, and farm animals. There is evidence that a farming lifestyle protects against asthma and allergies, yet the biological mechanisms behind this protective effect remain unknown. The “Zooming into Old Order Mennonites” (ZOOM) cohort study was established to further explore protective factors and mechanisms. This study compares immune development among OOM children from the Finger Lakes Region of New York to those residing 65 miles northwest in Rochester, NY. Participants completed prenatal and post-natal questionnaires and biomarker sampling throughout the infant’s first two years. Questionnaires on lifestyle, diet, and environmental exposures continued through year five. The success of this study depended on a partnership between the University of Rochester study team and the OOM community, which began in 2009 with a pilot study on prenatal lifestyle behaviors and environmental exposures. Since then, the study team and the OOM community have collaborated to investigate the prevalence and mechanisms underlying atopic disease. The study team has remained mindful of OOM cultural practices by carefully engaging community members and potential participants through key informant interviews, focus groups, and “town hall” data-sharing meetings. To truly respect this community, they must be involved at every step of the research process. Through these efforts, the ZOOM study team recruited 90 OOM mother-infant pairs. Ultimately, this study marks a step closer to preventing allergic disease. [Abstract by authors.]

Resurgent back‐to‐the‐land and the cultivation of a renewed countryside

AbstractIn connection to concerns about, for example, climate change, peak oil, pandemics and the depopulation of many rural areas, there has been a counter‐migration from urban to rural areas in past decades. An important part of this counter‐migration is the so‐called 'back‐to‐the‐land' migration of former urban residents who move to rural areas and adopt primarily agrarian lifestyles. Through a review of 48 migration letters in which migrants write about their experiences of moving from urban to rural areas to commence agriculture, this article explores the underlying ideals and agricultural practices of the back‐to‐land phenomena and discusses what significance this form of agricultural migration may have for understanding broader sustainability transformations and contemporary rural change. Important questions concern: What kinds of motives, practices and ideals underpin back‐to‐the‐land migration? What relevance does “back‐to‐the‐land” have for how we comprehend rurality and how the current food landscape is changing? Based on the letter reviews, this article illuminates four interconnected themes with regard to back‐to‐the‐landers practices and ideals. Back‐to‐the‐land as (i) rebelling against payroll work and meaningless lives in the cities, (ii) reinvention and retrotopia, (iii) reconnecting with nature and cultivating resilient alternatives and (iv) resistance and silent revolution. The article argues that the current back‐to‐land migration contributes to the construction of a renewed rurality—a reinvented form of rurality—that are adapted to suit both present and future needs in a world that is perceived as becoming more unruly. The article further suggests that, although back‐to‐the‐land migration may not yet have any significant material implications on the current food system, the ideals and practices the back‐to‐the‐landers profess, provide an important imaginary of how we can comprehend an alternative ‘rurality’ that reconnect people, land and food in more sustainable ways, through, for example, benign ways of practising agriculture and organising the food system. In this light, the current back‐to‐the‐land phenomena can be seen as a particular form of sustainability migration of voluntary peasantry that is based on retrotopian ideals of a rural past that is paired with progressive sustainability practices of the present.

Doubled brothers: misfitted male bodies and minoritized Basque culture in Handia (2017)

ABSTRACT This article examines the critically acclaimed Basque-language period drama Handia (The Giant, 2017), directed by Aitor Arregi and Jon Garaño. Handia, which won 10 Goyas, is the most viewed Basque film in history. Based on the true story of Miguel Joaquín Eleizegui Arteaga (1818–1861), a man with acromegaly who traveled throughout Spain and Europe as a freak show attraction, Handia centers on the complicated relationship between brothers Joaquín (the titular “giant”) and Martín, who are raised in a farmhouse near the tiny Gipuzkoan village of Altzo. Handia documents the brothers’ struggle to come to terms with the liberal victory in the First Carlist War and the overturning of the Ancien Régime. Martín seeks to escape the agrarian lifestyle of his upbringing, while Joaquín longs to remain on the homestead. I interpret the brothers as doubles who narratively and visually separate and merge throughout the film. As Martín strives to blend into urban settings by adopting the trappings of the European bourgeois man, the reluctant Joaquín’s body grows increasingly large, peculiar and conspicuous. Through the lenses of disability and gender theory, I contend that Joaquín’s nonstandard body represents an othered, agrarian Basque culture facing extinction within a modernizing Europe, and that the resolution of the conflict between Martín and Joaquín models a minority culture’s survival by embracing change without erasing its essential difference. To do this, I will illustrate how the portrayal of fitting and misfitting bodies in Handia articulates an alternative way of being characterized by interdependency, vulnerability, non-heteronormativity and stubborn resistance to homogenizing external forces. I conclude that Handia exemplifies how the Basques may continually redefine themselves – through strategic misfitting – in a way that merges the dichotomies of change and tradition, universality and particularity and wanderlust and rootedness.

Quantitative glycoproteomics of human milk and association with atopic disease.

The prevalence of allergic diseases and asthma is increasing rapidly worldwide, with environmental and lifestyle behaviors implicated as a reason. Epidemiological studies have shown that children who grow up on farms are at lower risk of developing childhood atopic disease, indicating the presence of a protective "farm effect". The Old Order Mennonite (OOM) community in Upstate New York have traditional, agrarian lifestyles, a low rate of atopic disease, and long periods of exclusive breastfeeding. Human milk proteins are heavily glycosylated, although there is a paucity of studies investigating the milk glycoproteome. In this study, we have used quantitative glycoproteomics to compare the N-glycoprotein profiles of 54 milk samples from Rochester urban/suburban and OOM mothers, two populations with different lifestyles, exposures, and risk of atopic disease. We also compared N-glycoprotein profiles according to the presence or absence of atopic disease in the mothers and, separately, the children. We identified 79 N-glycopeptides from 15 different proteins and found that proteins including immunoglobulin A1, polymeric immunoglobulin receptor, and lactotransferrin displayed significant glycan heterogeneity. We found that the abundances of 38 glycopeptides differed significantly between Rochester and OOM mothers and also identified four glycopeptides with significantly different abundances between all comparisons. These four glycopeptides may be associated with the development of atopic disease. The findings of this study suggest that the differential glycosylation of milk proteins could be linked to atopic disease.

Capitalism Clothes it: Toxic Resilience and Undemocratization in the Face of Climate Change

This paper addresses the mechanisms by which capitalism thrives in the imagined climate crises in the works of Nathaniel Rich’s Odds Against Tomorrow (2013) and Kim Stanley Robinson‘s New York 2140 (2017). More specifically, it approaches resilience as toxic resistance that allows capitalism to survive socio-economic and political forces around it. This article also seeks to uncover the ways in which such resilience deters the acknowledgement of capitalism as an unsustainable, life-threatening system. Furthermore, it scrutinizes the tension between public and private places to reveal capitalism’s undemocratic practices. This analysis first identifies the role of futurology as a technocratic resource in maintaining the capitalist system running for Odds Against Tomorrow as Mitchell’s professionalism is manipulated to perpetuate such a system. On the other hand, I correlate two models of place-connectedness with various economic terms described in New York 2140 to arrive at a hypothesis of how resilience becomes toxic in allowing the habitation of New York despite submerging progressively. The second half of this essay concentrates on public and private places in which Odds Against Tomorrow showcases the vitality of public places as they nurture democratic practices. It also demonstrates two possible courses of action after suffering from a climate crisis: recovery and perpetuation of corporate American habits or their relinquishment accompanied by the embracing of an agrarian lifestyle. Finally, in the case of New York 2140, the interplay between private and public places seek to demonstrate the social injustices brought about by eco-marginalization for which the undemocratic practices of capitalism also surface.

TUTUNGKUSAN SISTEM PENGETAHUAN EKOLOGI, DALAM MUSIK SUNDA: Revitalisasi Pengetahuan Ekologi pada Tarawangsa Berbasis UU Pemajuan Kebudayaan

Cultural inheritance in Sundanese society and the archipelago in general is often done through non-written media. Some of the noble values of the old society were passed down to the next generation through symbols, including through literary language, songs, and even through offerings. No exception in the inheritance of knowledge systems about ecology, including the lifestyle of Sundanese people with their environment which tends to have an agrarian lifestyle, old values are inherited by performing arts media, one of which is through tarawangsa, in which there is a ritual procession that displays a variety of symbols that have different meanings. Mark. In some cases, the existence of surviving art is not in line with the values that exist in it, so that revitalization efforts are needed, not in the form or material of the performance, but on the values inherited by the predecessors. In the local language, the inheritance of these values is known as "tutungkusan". In line with the enactment of the Cultural Advancement Law or Law 5 2017, various local values, including oral knowledge to art, are legally protected, and even encouraged to continue to be developed. On the other hand, today's situation is related to ecology, modern society has a high enough challenge in dealing with environmental degradation. In the position of exploring or revitalizing local knowledge in traditional Sundanese music (tarawangsa), this paper aims to extract knowledge values related to ecology that exist in the art of tarawangsa which in the view of the Law on the Advancement of Culture, is important to be actualized again.

Rival Visions: How Jefferson and His Contemporaries Defined the Early American Republic ed. by Dustin Gish and Andrew Bibby

Reviewed by: Rival Visions: How Jefferson and His Contemporaries Defined the Early American Republiced. by Dustin Gish and Andrew Bibby Cara Rogers Rival Visions: How Jefferson and His Contemporaries Defined the Early American Republic. Edited by Dustin Gish and Andrew Bibby. Jeffersonian America. ( Charlottesville and London: University of Virginia Press, 2021. Pp. xii, 330. $42.50, ISBN 978-0-8139-4447-0.) The contributors to Rival Visions: How Jefferson and His Contemporaries Defined the Early American Republicagree on two primary assertions: the early republic can best be understood by using Thomas Jefferson's ideas as a "benchmark" against which to measure change; and modern debates over American identity have been "overtaken" both by a "disturbing ideological [End Page 149]conformity" and by "dogmatic partisanship" (p. 2). This collection of essays seeks to inject historical context into contemporary partisan divides by focusing attention on the rivalries that have shaped America from the beginning. As John Ragosta puts it in his chapter on Jefferson, James Madison, and John Adams, "conversations in the Early Republic were oftentimes more informative than monologues" (p. 178). Rival Visionsputs differing perspectives from the early republic into conversation with one another, emphasizing "conflict more than consensus" and encompassing such varied themes as constitutional debates, technological developments, and philosophical divergences (p. 3). The political theorists, biographers, historians, and constitutional scholars who have contributed to this volume were originally inspired by a 2013 conference on Jefferson and his contemporaries held at Christopher Newport University. Editors Dustin Gish and Andrew Bibby have divided the eleven essays into three sections: "Envisioning the New Nation," "National Tensions in the Early Republic," and "Constitutional Controversies." This division is less chronological than thematic, and readers will find variety within each section. For example, in Part 1, Eran Shalev explores the different historical antecedents that the Founders drew on in order to validate their republican experiment; Darren Staloff argues that Jefferson and Adams's fundamental difference lay in their disagreement over human perfectibility; and Gish and Armin Mattes each position the Founders' experiences with—and divergent reactions to—the French Revolution as a key element to our understanding of the early American nation. In Part 2, complementary essays by Christa Dierksheide and Peter S. Onuf contain insightful discussions of Jefferson and slavery, examining Jefferson's attempts to ameliorate the institution and contrasting Jefferson's optimistic faith in enlightenment with George Washington's quiet pragmatism. Essays by Daniel Dreisbach and Ragosta are more openly in debate, offering competing interpretations of Jefferson's support for religion in the public sphere. Dreisbach argues that most of the founding generation believed that religion was necessary for virtue, and virtue for a republic, concluding that even the unorthodox Jefferson's policies and practices "had the effect of raising religion's profile and extending its influence into the public sphere" (p. 153). Ragosta, in contrast, focuses on three separate "conversations" in Jefferson's life in order to claim that the separation of church and state was, in fact, Jefferson's primary aim—and, by the early nineteenth century, one of his greatest accomplishments (p. 164). Dreisbach and Ragosta are both persuasive, and their conversation offers a useful overview of current debates surrounding religion in the early republic. Part 3 includes Jean Yarbrough's essay on Jefferson's moral sense philosophy and its connection to an agrarian lifestyle; Daniel Klinghard's analysis of Jefferson's views on technology, progress, and politics; and Charles Hobson's fascinating comparison of Jefferson and one of his most prominent rivals, John Marshall. Hobson convincingly argues that personal animosity and decades of misunderstandings and offenses between these two Virginians prevented them from ever reconciling and finding that their rival visions of America actually had several areas of overlap. This essay is a fitting end to a book that begins by [End Page 150]lamenting Americans' current ideological divisions: Hobson provides a timely warning against allowing personal animosity to cloud reasoned political debate. Rival Visionswill be of interest to all scholars of Jeffersonian America. Cara Rogers Ashland University Copyright © 2022 The Southern Historical Association

Traditional Farming Lifestyle in Old Older Mennonites Modulates Human Milk Composition.

BackgroundIn addition to farming exposures in childhood, maternal farming exposures provide strong protection against allergic disease in their children; however, the effect of farming lifestyle on human milk (HM) composition is unknown.ObjectiveThis study aims to characterize the maternal immune effects of Old Order Mennonite (OOM) traditional farming lifestyle when compared with Rochester (ROC) families at higher risk for asthma and allergic diseases using HM as a proxy.MethodsHM samples collected at median 2 months of lactation from 52 OOM and 29 ROC mothers were assayed for IgA1 and IgA2 antibodies, cytokines, endotoxin, HM oligosaccharides (HMOs), and targeted fatty acid (FA) metabolites. Development of early childhood atopic diseases in children by 3 years of age was assessed. In addition to group comparisons, systems level network analysis was performed to identify communities of multiple HM factors in ROC and OOM lifestyle.ResultsHM contains IgA1 and IgA2 antibodies broadly recognizing food, inhalant, and bacterial antigens. OOM HM has significantly higher levels of IgA to peanut, ovalbumin, dust mites, and Streptococcus equii as well TGF-β2, and IFN-λ3. A strong correlation occurred between maternal antibiotic use and levels of several HMOs. Path-based analysis of HMOs shows lower activity in the path involving lactoneohexaose (LNH) in the OOM as well as higher levels of lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT) and two long-chain FAs C-18OH (stearic acid) and C-23OH (tricosanoic acid) compared with Rochester HM. OOM and Rochester milk formed five different clusters, e.g., butyrate production was associated with Prevotellaceae, Veillonellaceae, and Micrococcaceae cluster. Development of atopic disease in early childhood was more common in Rochester and associated with lower levels of total IgA, IgA2 to dust mite, as well as of TSLP.ConclusionTraditional, agrarian lifestyle, and antibiotic use are strong regulators of maternally derived immune and metabolic factors, which may have downstream implications for postnatal developmental programming of infant’s gut microbiome and immune system.

Toponyms as a Gateway to Society

Abstract Abui is a Papuan language spoken in Alor Island, South-East Indonesia. Although there are rich studies on the Abui language and its structure, research on Abui toponymy, which aids the understanding of language, culture, and society, deserves greater attention. This paper analyzes features of Abui society through Abui toponyms collected using Field Linguistics and Language Documentation methods. It finds that, because place names communicate valuable information on peoples and territories, Abui toponyms reflect the agrarian lifestyle of Abui speakers and, more broadly, the close relationship that the people have with their landscape. Furthermore, Abui toponyms express positive traits in the Abui culture like kinship ties and bravery. Notwithstanding, like other pre-literate and indigenous societies, oral stories are commonly used to explain how places are named. This paper augments the existing Abui toponymic studies on the connection between names and the places they name and provides a deeper understanding of the Abui language, culture, and society.

Integrating Food Sensitive Planning and Urban Design into Urban Governance Actions

Food access, stability and utilisation are key dimensions of food security at an urban scale. When the majority resided in rural areas, and lived predominantly agrarian lifestyles, it made sense for the state to govern food security through national agricultural ministries, focusing predominantly on the availability dimension of food security. With the transition to a majority urban world, coupled with the food security challenges currently experienced in urban areas, specifically in Africa, these historical policy and governance structures are increasingly inadequate in responding to essential food and nutrition needs. Problematically, urban areas, and specifically urban managers, cite unfunded mandates, and absent authority, as the reasons for not engaging food and nutrition governance responses. This paper argues that this is a false position. Drawing on recent data from household food security and poverty surveys, the paper calls for new and expanded planning and design approaches at the urban scale. The paper argues that spatial planning and urban design principles and actions provide an immediate and effective means through which to engage urban food system questions. Importantly these actions are essential to the transition from the current piecemeal project responses to urban food system inadequacies. Food sensitive planning and urban design is offered as a specific approach that could assist in programming food system–related challenges at the urban scale, responding to conceptual, analytical, organisational and design related dimensions of planning, and in so doing offering a longer term, systematic response to urban food insecurity.

Ecological Awareness: Matrimony of Agriculture and Art

This article examines how Mithila folk painting reflects ecological consciousness of the society and the intertwined Maithili life with local flora and fauna that consequently maintains natural environment intact in the region. At the onset of climate issue worldwide, folk painting of Mithila communicates its local as well as international spectators about the preservation of surrounding nature blending it with ritual phenomena, agrarian lifestyle and inculcating geographical values to the new generation through the visual depiction. Once the indigenous art, transformed into leading folk painting, due to commercialization has lifted its spiritual veil to worldly affairs. In this course of shift, ecology based painting proves to be a boon for the art lovers and buyers as it attempts to balance the degrading nature with its preservation technique appropriate to its own native land. A pivotal visualization of the merriment of lifespan and landscape amidst spirituality and perpetuity remains the characteristic feature of this indigenous art work.

The value of farming: Multifaceted wealth generation through cooperative development

The Attala County Self‐Help Cooperative, based in Mississippi, United States, formed with the intention of helping rural African American farmers utilize their land resources and enhance their farm productivity. Productivity is central to the activities of the cooperative. Yet, its members emphasize other forms of wealth that farming sustains, including self‐reliance, the maintenance of a Black agrarian lifestyle, the support and development of a local community, and the social valuation of Black farmers. From this perspective, the cooperative is more than a means to resist or compete within an exploitative system. The cooperative generates wealth‐in‐people as an alternative value system formed around farming, community, and the Black farmer.

Injuries among Amish children: opportunities for prevention

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to examine the injury risk patterns among Amish children, many of whom may be exposed to uncommon injuries and limited access to care due to their agrarian lifestyle and remote communities.DesignRetrospective Chart Review.MethodsWith IRB approval, we performed a retrospective review of Amish patients age ≤ 12 years presenting to a level I pediatric trauma center between January 1, 2005, and December 31, 2015. Data abstracted from the institutional trauma registry and electronic medical record were analyzed using descriptive statistics and univariate/multivariate analysis.ResultsOne hundred eighty-three Amish children were admitted, and 2 died from injuries. Patients were 72.1% male; the median age was 5 (IQR 3–8); median injury severity score (ISS) was 9 (IQR 4–14), Most injuries were the result of blunt force trauma (91.8%). The most frequent mechanisms were falls (42.6%), followed by animal-related (15.3%), and buggy (12.5%). Most injuries occurred at home (44.4%) or on a farm (33.9%). Hay hole falls were a unique source of injury with a high ISS (12; IQR 6–17). The overall median length of stay (LOS) was 2 days (IQR 1–3), with animal-related injuries associated with the longest LOS (3 days; IQR 1–4.75).ConclusionsThe majority of injuries among Amish children are due to falls. Hay hole falls and animal-related injuries result in the highest ISS and longest LOS. These findings identify the farm as a potential target for culturally appropriate interventions for risk modification.

Cropland Abandonment in South African Smallholder Communal Lands: Land Cover Change (1950–2010) and Farmer Perceptions of Contributing Factors

Despite agricultural land abandonment threatening the food security and the livelihoods of smallholder farmers, it is pervasive globally and in developing countries. Yet land abandonment is an understudied aspect of land use change in social–ecological systems. Here we provide more information on this phenomenon by exploring cropland abandonment during 1950–2010 in four former South African ‘homelands’—part of the ‘Apartheid’ era racially-based land allocation programs—characterized by rural, smallholder farmers. Cropland abandonment 1950–2010 was widespread in all surveyed sites (KwaZulu: 0.08% year−1, Transkei: 0.13% year−1, Lebowa: 0.23% year−1, Venda: 0.28% year−1), with rates peaking between 1970 and 1990, with concomitant increases (up to 0.16% year−1) of woody vegetation cover at the expense of grassland cover. Active and past farmers attributed cropland abandonment to a lack of draught power, rainfall variability and droughts, and a more modernized youth disinclined to living a marginal agrarian lifestyle. We discuss the potential social and ecological implications of abandoned croplands at the local and regional scales, as the deagrarianization trend is unlikely to abate considering the failure of current South African national agricultural incentives.

A land neither here nor there: voices from the margins & the untenuring of Lakota lands

As Lakota people strive to honor their relatives’ contributions to contemporary societal values, there remains a need to think about the broader implications of their elders land tenure histories. For Lakota, forced assimilation by varying federal agencies into agrarian lifestyles and individual land ownership was a major societal shift away from former Lakota lifeways, however the communities in this study accomplished those agrarian agendas in the early 1900s. Forced assimilation into agrarian lifestyles wasn’t enough, in 1942 their lands were condemned, and they were left with uncertain futures. The 341,726 acres that supported the community of Upper Medicine Root and others, once within the jurisdiction of the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in South Dakota, was condemned in the summer of 1942, displacing 125 families for the purposes of military training to aid in World War II efforts. This study explores how this particular event, creates a slow and rather violent landscape scale narrative of trauma. This research includes interviews with Lakota elders who experienced these events first hand, a content analysis of primary documents and other first-hand accounts as well as federal archival documents. These resources offer insights into the experiences of these families in 1942, particularly what homestead life was like, how the removal was communicated to the residents, details of the lived experience of removal and the aftermath. The study concludes with ongoing land tenure struggles and broader implications of community wide legacies couched in an unwavering pursuit to reclaim the lands that were condemned and therefore reclaim their cultural and familial landscape.

Benefitting from the global, protecting the local: The nested markets of wild product trade

The economic hardship of rural communities and the interest multinational processors have shown in local wild blueberries has facilitated the quick growth of the wild blueberry trade in Latvia. With this trade, rural areas have witnessed the emergence of new market structures and new roles supporting the sector. However, despite the growing number of powerful actors in the wild product supply chain, communities have managed to maintain control over the wild products and to secure high blueberry prices. This article analyses the properties of the wild blueberry sector that have enabled local communities to do so.The paper asks two research questions: what aspects have facilitated the shift from foraging for wild blueberries as a subsistence activity associated with cultural heritage, to the globally integrated market sector it is today, and what properties of the blueberry market and the associated structural and political context have allowed local communities to maintain ownership over wild products? The concept of nested markets is used to explain those attributes characterising relations between stakeholders, which strengthen local level actors and thus balance out the power relations within the supply chain. This also provides ways to defend, maintain and strengthen an agrarian lifestyle.

Evidence of osteoarthritis in the Tiwanaku Colony, Moquegua, Peru (AD 500–1100)

AbstractThe Tiwanaku (AD 500–1100) colonized ecologically diverse, lower elevation areas to produce goods not easily grown in the high altitude heartland (3,800 m a.s.l.). One colony near present‐day Moquegua, Peru (900–1,500 m a.s.l.) was composed of multiple Tiwanaku settlements. Colonists farmed products like maize and coca and transported goods via llama caravan between the colony and heartland. Two subsistence groups emerged in terms of settlement, those of “Chen Chen‐style” affiliation associated with an agrarian lifestyle and those of “Omo‐style” representing more of a pastoralist lifeway. Considering Tiwanaku people likely began light chores around 5 years of age (e.g., babysitting siblings), with heavier labour beginning at approximately 8 years of age, we questioned if these social and occupational differences translated into skeletal changes associated with osteoarthritis (i.e., porosity, lipping, osteophyte formation, and/or eburnation). Individuals from 5 sites, 2 that represent the Omo‐style (M16 and M70) and 3 that are in the Chen Chen‐style (M1, M10, and M43), were evaluated for osteoarthritis while controlling for age‐at‐death and sex using 25 total joint surfaces in the shoulder, elbow, wrist, hip, knee, ankle, and sacroiliac. Overall, our comparisons show no combined significant differences between the Omo‐style and Chen Chen‐style groups. Instead, distinctions in osteoarthritis evidence by age‐at‐death and sex emerged, reflecting the likelihood of specific age‐ or sex‐related tasks. Arthropathy evidence among children in elbow and ankle joints also supported the cultural legacy in the Andes that work begins at a relatively young age and would show up in patterns of adult osteoarthritis.