Agisoft Photoscan Research Articles

Evaluating geometric measurement accuracy based on 3D model reconstruction of nursery tomato plants by Agisoft photoscan software

Measuring the vegetation structure of a plant with the help of 3D images is a non-destructive method that can be used to monitor the plant’s status during the growing season. Structure from motion (SfM) is a popular optical distance measurement method that uses 2D images to create 3D models. Identifying factors that influence the precision of SfM is important due to its increasing use in phenotyping. The primary objectives of this study were, i) to scrutinize the impact of imaging parameters—including, color checkerboard location, overlap size of images, and background filtering—on the quality indices of 3D models, and ii) to attain precise measurements of leaf area, stem diameter, and height through the combination of images captured from different camera shooting angles. The three nursery tomato plants were photographed at every five-degree rotation of the turntable, five different locations of color checkerboards, and five camera shooting angles. Results indicated the color checkerboard’s presence and position affect the quality indices of the 3D models. Visually and by the lowest mean keypoint size value, the least noisy 3D model was obtained when the wall of the plant pot was covered with a checkerboard. When the base-to-distance (b/y) ratio as the image overlap index increased from 0.1 to 0.2, the generation time of the 3D models decreased by more than two times. Optimal Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) values of 1.08 %, 1.01 %, and 1.38 % were achieved for the estimation of leaf area, stem diameter, and height, respectively. This was recorded by using images taken at 0°, 30°, and 105° vertical azimuth angles. Constructing a 3D model by integrating images captured from other angles or more azimuth angles represents numerous visual challenges and leads to problems of point mismatch, which affects the accuracy of measurements.

Improvement of forensic medical diagnosis of projectile type injuries from automatic firearm chambered in 5.45 mm caliber through spatial 3D modeling

Spatial 3D modeling has become one of the modern and most accurate evidential methods of research, carving out its niche in various fields of medical science and practice. Therefore, our focus has been on laying the groundwork for its implementation in the process of conducting forensic medical examinations of gunshot injuries, which have garnered significant attention from all forensic physicians, particularly after unprovoked aggression from Russia and the onset of active hostilities in our country. The aim of the study was to improve the forensic medical diagnosis of projectile type in injuries from automatic firearm AKS-74U chambered in 5.45x39 mm caliber by utilizing spatial 3D modeling of specific elements within the wound channel. The entire series of experimental shots was conducted using an AKS-74U firearm, with a bullet caliber of 5.45x39 mm. As the research material, Roma Plastilina Number 1 ballistic clay, manufactured in the USA, was used for conducting standardized ballistic tests according to NIJ (National Institute of Justice) and HOSDB (Home Office Scientific Development Branch) standards. The series of experiments consisted of 15 gunshots; then the physical characteristics of the bullet, main morphological elements of the wound of skin and different portions of wound channel were investigated (195 measurements in general). The morphological features of individual elements within the wound channel were measured using conventional measurement tools, and also after their 3D modeling using graphic editors such as "Agisoft Photoscan" and "3ds max." Direct and strong correlations (ranging from 0.60 to 0.72) have been established between the initial velocity, kinetic energy, specific energy of bullet, and the diameter of the entry wound in 3D modeling, as well as the diameters of the wound channel in its central portion, measured both by conventional measuring tools and based on the results of their 3D modeling (р=0,02). Furthermore, inverse correlation relationships of moderate strength (ranging from -0.63 to -0.66) have been detected between the initial velocity, kinetic energy, specific energy, and the presence of abrasion collar around the entry wound (р=0,03). The created conditions allow to conduct the differentiation in diagnosing the type of projectile, the identification and study of new characteristics of key elements in firearm-related injuries, and improvement in measurement accuracy. They also enhance clarity and objectivity during the execution of forensic medical examinations in cases of combat-related firearm injuries.

Evaluation of Rock Mass Rating in Underground Mine Bukit Kachi Using UAV Photogrammetry Method

This paper describes the results of a field investigation with the objective of evaluating the possibility to produce drone-derived 3D digital point clouds sufficiently dense and accurate to determine the rock mass rating (RMR) in the underground mine in Bukit Kachi. Agisoft Photoscan software was used for producing the three-dimensional points cloud from the two-dimensional images' sequences. The rock mass rating was evaluated by using Discontinuity Set Extractor (DSE) and Dips 7.0 in Rockscience software. Results from this research show that 3D digital point clouds, derived from the processing of drone-flight images, were successfully used for reliable representation of discontinuity of the tunnel. According to the results of the analysis, both Tunnel A and Tunnel B are classified as "fair rock." Meanwhile, Tunnel A is failing due to geological conditions of feldspar decomposition that are classified as class I, which is "very poor rock." According to Dips 7.0 analysis, the major direction of discontinuity set of Tunnel A for Window right is N300 – N310, while for Window left is N350 – N360. The most dominant discontinuity direction for Tunnel B Window right is N340 – N350, and the orientation for Window left is N10 – N20. When manual mapping and DSE analysis are compared, both orientations of the discontinuity do not give the same direction due to less data reading in the field and high accuracy from the software.

DISCOVERY OF A NEW MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURE IN FORENSIC MEDICINE DURING THE STUDY OF GUNSHOT INJURY USING THREE-DIMENSIONAL MODELING OF THE WOUND CHANNEL

The use of spatial three-dimensional modeling of the main elements of a gunshot injury plays a significant part in the modern forensic medical examination. It allows not only to improve the visualization of such bodily injuries, to increase the objectivity and validity of expert conclusions, to accumulate an evidence basis for war crimes committed with the use of various types of firearms, but it also helps to discover new morphological features which couldn’t be detected when using traditional research methods. The work shows the process of detecting a new morphological feature during three-dimensional modeling of the wound channel caused by the IJ 70-01 pistol loaded with 9 mm cartridges.
 Aim of the work. Demonstration of new possibilities of three-dimensional spatial modeling in the process of the forensic investigation of a gunshot wound.
 Materials and methods. To achieve the aim of study, a series of experimental shots were fired from the IJ 70-01 automatic pistol loaded with 9 mm cartridges. To conduct bench ballistic tests according to the US standards – NIJ (National Institute of Justice), HOSDB (Home Office Scientific Development Branch) – standardized ballistic clay Roma Plastilina No.1 was used as the main material that absorbs the energy of the bullet and reproduces all the elements of wound ballistics. It was coated in pig skin with subcutaneous adipose tissue in order to recreate more true-to-life conditions of the gunshot injury. The generated wound channel was filled with Tropicalgin alginate impression material (Zhermack, Italy), which was mixed according to the manufacturer’s instructions; it has short setting time and reproduces the smallest details of the wound channel. Thereafter, the formed cast of the wound channel was subjected to a series of photographs at the appropriate angles and its 3D model was created with the help of the graphic design software “Agisoft PhotoScan” and “3ds max”.
 Results. The result of the conducted studies was obtaining a spatial three-dimensional model of the gunshot wound channel, which brings about new opportunities for its research. The implementation of three-dimensional modeling techniques made it possible to discover a new morphological feature – a helical torsion of the wound channel, the direction of which can indicate specific design features of the firearm used.
 Conclusions. The implementation of three-dimensional spatial modeling in the process of a gunshot trauma investigation sets conditions for increasing visibility and objectivity during conduction of such forensic medical examinations. At the same time, new opportunities are brought about for taking linear dimensions of the existing morphological features of the wound channel main elements with extended precision, the accumulation of demonstrative evidence basis in cases of such injuries, and the discovery of new morphological features for identification of the specific design features of the firearm used.

A Comparative Analysis of UAV Photogrammetric Software Performance for Forest 3D Modeling: A Case Study Using AgiSoft Photoscan, PIX4DMapper, and DJI Terra.

Three-dimensional (3D) modeling of trees has many applications in various areas, such as forest and urban planning, forest health monitoring, and carbon sequestration, to name a few. Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) photogrammetry has recently emerged as a low cost, rapid, and accurate method for 3D modeling of urban and forest trees replacing the costly traditional methods such as plot measurements and surveying. There are numerous commercial and open-source software programs available, each processing UAV data differently to generate forest 3D modeling and photogrammetric products, including point clouds, Digital Surface Models (DSMs), Canopy Height Models (CHMs), and orthophotos in forest areas. The objective of this study is to compare the three widely-used commercial software packages, namely, AgiSoft Photoscan (Metashape) V 1.7.3, PIX4DMapper (Pix4D) V 4.4.12, and DJI Terra V 3.7.6 for processing UAV data over forest areas from three perspectives: point cloud density and reconstruction quality, computational time, DSM assessment for height accuracy (z) and ability of tree detection on DSM. Three datasets, captured by UAVs on the same day at three different flight altitudes, were used in this study. The first, second, and third datasets were collected at altitudes of 60 m, 100 m, and 120 m, respectively over a forested area in Tully, New York. While the first and third datasets were taken horizontally, the second dataset was taken 20 degrees off-nadir to investigate the impact of oblique images. Results show that Pix4D and AgiSoft generate 2.5 times denser point clouds than DJI Terra. However, reconstruction quality evaluation using the Iterative Closest Point method (ICP) shows DJI Terra has fewer gaps in the point cloud and performed better than AgiSoft and Pix4D in generating a point cloud of trees, power lines and poles despite producing a fewer number of points. In other words, the outperformance in key points detection and an improved matching algorithm are key factors in generating improved final products. The computational time comparison demonstrates that the processing time for AgiSoft and DJI Terra is roughly half that of Pix4D. Furthermore, DSM elevation profiles demonstrate that the estimated height variations between the three software range from 0.5 m to 2.5 m. DJI Terra's estimated heights are generally greater than those of AgiSoft and Pix4D. Furthermore, DJI Terra outperforms AgiSoft and Pix4D for modeling the height contour of trees, buildings, and power lines and poles, followed by AgiSoft and Pix4D. Finally, in terms of the ability of tree detection, DJI Terra outperforms AgiSoft and Pix4D in generating a comprehensive DSM as a result of fewer gaps in the point cloud. Consequently, it stands out as the preferred choice for tree detection applications. The results of this paper can help 3D model users to have confidence in the reliability of the generated 3D models by comprehending the accuracy of the employed software.

Creation of virtual models of buildings for the formation of unified real estate complexes as a part of land and cadastral works

The article presents the results of the research project to create 3D models of buildings from digital images using a smartphone camera and the Agisoft Photoscan Professional software, comparing them with data obtained with an electronic total station. The authors outlined the possibilities of using the described technologies for the development of 3D cadastre, which can simplify creation of virtual models through the adaptation of modern widgets. The technological sequence of creating a building model in a virtual format and the accuracy of linear measurements are considered here. The paper contains the results of determining the area and the value of the mean square error. The authors presume that these technologies can be used for the development of 3D cadastre in the formation of unified real estate complexes as a part of land cadastral works, as well as for design and reconstruction solutions.

Using Virtual Outcrop Models as a Geological Learning Media

The Covid-19 pandemic has impacted various sectors due to a new wave of technology rising shortly, specifically geological learning models. Using research and development methods, the research aims to develop more scientific observations as a provision for pre-field work activities at Geophysical Engineering Department Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember. Furthermore, we need a media that can provide learning that can emphasize process skills and students' abilities to determine and understand the objective concepts of material. Virtual outcrop models integrated with video learning platform can fulfil the learning process by providing experience in observations outcrops directly in the class. A three-dimensional (3D) Virtual Outcrop Model (VOMs) was created using the photogrammetry software Agisoft PhotoScan based on photos taken in the field using smartphones and drones. The existence of this media is expected to add direct experience to visualize how geological phenomena occur in nature. The learning activities are divided into four sequential stages: observation, data collection, interpretation, and hypothesis giving. 87% of respondents stated that learning models using VOMs and videos can boost their knowledge of scientific observation. This learning method can help improve academic achievement because it applies technology implementation in theory and practice, providing geological information to us

Accuracy evaluation of UAS photogrammetry and structure from motion in 3D modeling and volumetric calculations

Photogrammetric surveying using unmanned aerial systems (UAS) and structure from motion (SfM) is a rapidly emerging technique that has been widely used as a valuable research tool in geodesy and related disciplines. We studied surveying and three-dimensional (3D) modeling based on UAS and SfM. In particular, we focus on the accuracy and quality of UAS-SfM in 3D modeling and volumetric calculation of a building with an overhanging feature. For this purpose, two aerial surveys were performed using a fixed-wing and a multirotor aircraft with nadir and oblique camera axes. For validating the results, field surveys were carried out using terrestrial laser scanner (TLS), differential global navigation satellite system, and total station. To study the performance of SfM software on the accuracy and quality of point clouds, UAS images were processed using three software packages: Agisoft PhotoScan, Pix4Dmapper, and 3Dsurvey. As a result of photogrammetric image processing, 3D dense point clouds, mesh models, and digital surface models were generated. For validating the UAS-SfM results, the models were compared with the TLS model and field measurements; absolute accuracy assessments and model versus model comparisons were performed. The most accurate and high-quality 3D models comparable to TLS models were obtained from oblique images. PhotoScan generated relatively more accurate 3D models with the horizontal and vertical accuracy of root mean square error 0.025 and 0.02 m, respectively. The maximum discrepancies in dimensions and volume measurements from the UAS-SfM-derived point cloud were at the level of 0.01 m and 0.66 m3 (0.03%). The results highlighted that using a low-cost UAS and SfM photogrammetry, high-accuracy and high-quality 3D models can be generated. The results confirm that with respect to its rapid data acquisition and centimeter-level accuracy, UAS-SfM can be considered as a suitable alternative approach to conventional measurement techniques, especially in engineering and emergency response.

The TOPOGRAPHY MAP MAKING OF THE TAHFIDZ AL-QUDS BOARDING SCHOOL OF THE AR-RISALAH AL-ALAMIYAH RIAU

The availability of topographical maps is indispensable for planning the physical development and landscape arrangement of the Tahfizh Al-Quds Islamic Boarding School. Currently for the manufacture of topographic maps can use drones. Partners do not yet have the skills to do this. The solution offered by the Lancang Kuning University service team is to assist in making topographic maps. Aerial photography is done by using a drone. Furthermore, the data is processed using the Agisoft Photoscan and ArcGIS applications. Based on the topographic map, there are 12 contour lines. The highest area is in the North Southwest, while the lowest area is on the outermost polygon line. Areas that are relatively sloping are in the West to the North, while areas that are steep are in the East to the Southeast. This map can be used as a guide for physical development and infrastructure according to the characteristics of the land.

Exploring the Optimal 4D-SfM Photogrammetric Models at Plot Scale

Structure from Motion (4D-SfM) photogrammetry can capture the changes in surface processes with high spatial and temporal resolution, which is widely used to quantify the dynamic change process of the ground surface. However, the low accuracy and uncertainty of the reconstructed digital elevation models (DEM) with current 4D-SfM photogrammetry hinder its application due to the simple survey pattern with multiple cameras. Hence, this study aims to develop a single-camera-based 4D-SfM photogrammetry device and adopt the “lawn-mower’ survey pattern zigzagging over a 4 × 4 m bare slope to improve the accuracy and stability of reconstructed DEM. Four different image network geometries were generated based on the zigzag-based survey pattern. Two processing settings for Agisoft PhotoScan Pro were tested to reconstruct the 4D-SfM model. In total, we achieved eight different 4D models over a bare slope over a month-long period. The differences, stability and accuracy of eight models were analyzed. The results of the study showed that the different image network geometry and processing settings resulted in significant differences among the eight models of 4D data sequences. Among them, the image network geometry has the greatest influence on the accuracy of 4D data, and the different processing settings cause the least difference for the zigzag image network geometry with a large number of photos. The 49-ultra-high model could achieve submillimeter scale precision and its relative accuracy is superior to most of previous studies. The results of the above study show that the zigzag image network geometry can greatly improve the accuracy and stability of ground-based 4D-SfM photogrammetry.

Roving Multiple Camera Array with Structure-from-Motion for Coastal Monitoring

Regular monitoring is essential for vulnerable coastal locations such as areas of landward retreat. However, for coastal practitioners, surveying is limited by budget, specialist personnel/equipment and weather. In combination structure-from-motion and multi-view stereo (SfM-MVS) has helped to improve accessibility to topographic data acquisition. Pole-mounted cameras with SfM-MVS have gained traction but to guarantee coverage and reconstruction quality, greater understanding of camera position and interaction is required. This study uses a multi-camera array for image acquisition and reviews processing procedures in Agisoft Photoscan (Metashape). The camera rig was deployed at three sites and results were verified against a terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) and independent precision estimates. The multi-camera approach provided effective image acquisition ~11 times faster than the TLS. Reconstruction quality equalled (>92% similarity) the TLS, subject to processing parameters. A change in the image alignment parameter demonstrated a significant influence on deformation, reducing reprojection error by~94%. A lower densification parameter (‘High’) offered results ~4.39% dissimilar from the TLS at 1/8th of the processing time of other parameters. Independent precision estimates were <8.2 mm for x, y and z dimensions. These findings illustrate the potential of multi-camera systems and the influence of processing on point cloud quality and computation time.

A Glimpse Through Time: Preliminary Report of the Andre’s Alcove Tracksite, Lower Jurassic Navajo Sandstone, Glen Canyon National Recreation Area, Utah

In November 2018, a team of researchers from the National Park Service and the St. George Dinosaur Discovery Site documented fossil vertebrate tracks at the Andre’s Alcove Tracksite (AAT) in the Lower Jurassic (?190–185 Ma) Navajo Sandstone in Glen Canyon National Recreation Area, Utah. The tracks at the AAT were photo-documented for photogrammetric processing using Agisoft Photoscan Professional to enable the track surface to be studied remotely. Ichnotaxa already identified at the AAT include those of small ornithischian dinosaurs (Anomoepus), theropod dinosaurs (Grallator, Eubrontes), and protosuchian crocodylomorphs (Batrachopus). Vertebrate body fossils are rarer in the Navajo Sandstone than in underlying, earlier Jurassic strata; the AAT site therefore provides important insights into late Early Jurassic vertebrate diversity and behaviors at the onset of the Navajo Erg in the American Southwest.

Measuring soybean iron deficiency chlorosis progression and yield prediction with unmanned aerial vehicle

Iron deficiency chlorosis (IDC), a symptom of reduction in chlorophyll and stunted growth, causes a great yield loss in soybean every year in the Midwest, USA and the most efficient method to manage IDC is to plant tolerant cultivars. The assessment of cultivars' tolerance is traditionally performed by visually rating the IDC symptoms based on leaves discoloration twice during the growing season. However, the visual rating method is time-consuming, subjective, not suitable at large scales, labor-intensive, and unaffordable for frequent observation. Therefore, in this study, we used an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) as a tool to monitor the soybean cultivars more frequently and more efficiently through image processing approach of the whole field. Images were taken with a DJI Phantom 4 and orthomosaicked in Agisoft Photoscan. A 40-cultivar soybean experimental plots (3000 m2; ▪) at 5 locations in North Dakota, USA (Amenia, Colfax, Leonard (2), and Hunter) for 2 years (2016 and 2017) were used in the study. The orthomosaicked images were processed in MATLAB to calculate the dark green color index (DGCI), which is a good indicator of chlorophyll in soybean leaves. The grayscale DGCI images were then processed in ArcGIS to extract the average DGCI and canopy size (CS) for each plot for each flight. The area under the curve (AUC) was calculated for DGCI, CS, and CS × DGCI product (CDP) to aggregate the values of all flights within each year. The correlation of AUC of CDP and the yield was more consistent among both years and was the better predictor of yield (R2=0.74 and R2=0.79). The latest growth stage (more representative of yield) values of both years were combined to build models for yield prediction and the CDP produced the lowest error (11.72%). Future studies should look into IDC progress measurement involving more cultivars, geographical locations, frequent imaging, as well as methods applied to regular soybean production sites to evaluate various image-based parameters and their interaction for yield predictions.

Methodology for determining coordinate points using automated software and aircraft

Engineers are currently facing questions about the use of geographic information systems or software to implement projects in a short time. The problem with using geographic information systems in construction is the relevance of the available data. An example is open sources with satellite images. This problem appeared even before satellite-positioning systems emerged. In this connection, the purpose of this article is to find the deviation of source points when performing photogrammetry with marker detection in Agisoft PhotoScan software. This method of determining coordinates using a single point and its correlation on the ground is applicable in the case of rapid calculations, where the volumes of earth masses are large enough and do not require increased accuracy at the stage of approximate calculations. As a result of the comparison of traditional and automated methods of definition of coordinates on the ground has been found an essential distinction, both in total values and in time spent for the definition of points of coordinates. The considerable difference revealed by the results of the comparison of coordinates is presented in the table as a color gradation. The average deviation between known coordinates and coordinates obtained in Agisoft PhotoScan by axes was: X=0.87%, Y=0.45%, Z=0.12%.

Creation of topographic plans using unmanned aerial photography

Program Agisoft Photoscan is a universal tool for generating 3D surface models of surveyed objects from photographic images of these objects. Photoscan is successfully used both for building models of objects and objects of different scales - from miniature archaeological artifacts to large buildings and structures, and for building terrain models based on aerial photography data and generating DEMs and orthomosaics based on these models . Data processing in Photoscan is extremely automated: the operator is entrusted only with the functions of monitoring and managing the operating modes of the program. This article discusses the use of aerial photography from an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) when creating digital orthophoto and topographic plans. On the improvement of the applied complexes with the use of UAVs for obtaining APS materials for cartographic purposes. Ease of UAV control, deadlines and quality, timeliness of the data transmitted from them, in our opinion, confirms the feasibility of performing these works on the creation of digital topographic maps and plans.

Использование ГИС-технологий для планирования озеленения городской среды

The article is devoted to the consideration of the possibilities of using GIS technologies in solving the problem of optimizing the greening system of urban environment objects. The study was carried out on the example of the territory of the educational institution—NpLC “Manash Kozybayev North Kazakhstan University” (M. Kozybayev NKU). The possibility of using GIS technologies, ERS materials when performing inventory and studying the state of green spaces, creating a database, identifying problems of the existing landscaping system and developing measures to optimize it is shown. The research included the following stages: development of a preliminary model and database structure for green spaces, field work, aerial photography from UAVs, processing of collected materials in special software applications, creation of a database and a map of the campus landscaping system. The processing of aerial photography materials was carried out in the Agisoft PhotoScan Professional Edition program, geoinformation mapping was carried out using the ArcGIS 10.4 package (ESRI Inc.). An electronic geodata database and an interactive map of the university’s green infrastructure have been created. The database contains quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the objects of the campus landscaping system. Areas of promising landscaping have been identified; measures have been proposed to improve the landscaping system of the university campus. The developed geodata database and interactive map of green spaces can be useful to the university and find application in solving problems of improving landscaping and creating a comfortable environment on campus. The collected data can find its application in the creation of an information system for landscaping objects of the city of Petropavlovsk and may be included in it as an integral part for maintaining the urban cadastre of green spaces and monitoring the state of vegetation. The research was carried out within the framework of grant funding under the Sustainability Living Lab program.

Исследование болот в логистических целях с применением беспилотных летательных аппаратов

The selection of the optimal location of routes on a swamp massif is based on the use of landscape-hydrological approach, which provides the assessment of durability characteristics in various types of swamp microlandscapes. The paper presents the durability characteristics of the swamp field depending on the hydrological regime of oligotrophic swamps. The genetic classification of swamps is consistent with the engineering classification of peatlands, according to which swamps are distributed by the nature of movement of construction vehicles on them. The selection of the route on the frozen flat-bumpy swamp was made using the DJI Phantom 3 drone, the DJI Go program for controlling the shooting process, and the Agisoft Photoscan program for processing the obtained materials. The use of this hardware-software complex allows to build a digital terrain model of the marshes, as well as the orthophoto of the area, and in accordance with local wetland landscape, to select the optimal route of special vehicles movement in harmony with the supporting capability of the swamp.

Implementation of digital technology for student involvement based on a 3D quest game for career guidance and assessing students' digital competences

This article describes the process of developing a career advice 3D adventure game for applicants interested in working in IT departments. The game is based on a 3D representation of the computer science and information technologies department at the Kharkiv Aviation Institute. The quest challenges are designed to measure applicants' and first-year students' digital competency. The theoretical foundation, software tools, development stages, implementation obstacles, and gaming application scenario were all used in the article. The game scenario includes a virtual tour of a 3D university department. In terms of how closely the game resembles real-life stuff, applicants can examine the department's equipment and classrooms. The team used C# and C++, Unity 3D, and Source Engine to create the game application. We used Hammer Editor, Agisoft PhotoScan Pro, and photogrammetry technology to model objects for realistic gaming. Based on the Digital Competence Framework for Citizens (DigComp 2.2), players can assess their digital competences in a variety of ways, including a test activity, a puzzle, assembling a computer, and putting up an IT-specialist firm. The experiment conducted at the online open house day 2020 demonstrated the efficiency of the 3D quest game. A 3D quest was rated as a more modern and appealing kind of involvement by the candidates. According to the 3D quest findings, applicants displayed an average degree of digital competence, with certain specific item challenges graded at 0.5. Several psychometric item parameters were thoroughly examined in order to increase the item's quality.

ГЕОДЕЗІЯ, КАРТОГРАФІЯ І АЕРОФОТОЗНІМАННЯ

The purpose of the work is to investigate the digital elevation models of the mass grave of 1944, built on the basis of aerial and cartographic data of different times. The implementation of the task involves the construction of digital elevation models (DEM) on the territory of the Jewish mass grave in the city of Vynnyky and Italian prisoners of war near the city. On the territory of the Jewish mass grave in the city of Vynnyky, a DEM was created based on a stereo pair of archival aerial images obtained in 1944 and on the basis of aerial photography from a UAV conducted in 2015. Since archival aerial photographs did not contain orientation elements, they were geometrically transformed using the ErdasImagine software. After that, the stereo pair was processed in the program Digitals, where relief elements on the territory of the mass grave were obtained. Aerial photography from a UAV on the territory of the city of Vynnyky provided the data which was processed in the Agisoft PhotoScan software. It allowed us to create an orthophoto plan and an elevation map of the city territory. Elements of relief on the territory of the mass grave of 1944 and 2015 were imported into the Surfer software environment, where 3D digital elevation models were built. Since the territory of the grave did not have significant differences in height, and the relief was quite gentle, the method of constructing the DEM of the Natural Neighbor was chosen, which gave a positive result. Analyzing the digital elevation model and the vector map for 1944, the border of the mass grave is clearly distinguished, since the height difference between its edges and the rest of the territory is from 20 to 36 cm, depending on the section of the border. The analysis of the digital elevation models and the vector map for 2015 of the territory of the mass grave determined from the aerial image of 1944 showed that the characteristic height differences on the former border of the grave are observed only in the left-right corner of the grave and on a separate section of the right border. Height difference indicators range from 15 to 20 cm. It should be noted that height differences are also observed in the rest of the territory belonging to the mass grave and outside it. This can be explained by many years of human intervention and agricultural land use. With regard to the investigation of the mass graves of Italian prisoners of war near the city of Vynnyky, the modern territory is 100% wooded, which makes it impossible to apply aerial photography. Therefore, in order to compare the modern DEM with the stereo pair of aerial images of 1944, it was decided to conduct a ground tacheometric survey of the area in 2011. Tacheometric survey data was exported to the dxf exchange format, after which it was opened in Surfer and the DEM was built. In this case, digital elevation models were built using the Kriging method, since the area where the mass graves are located is quite hilly with a significant difference in elevation. According to the digital elevation models, 54 pits with burials that have survived to this day have been identified. The scientific novelty of the work consists in the development of the concept of combining disparate data for the construction of digital elevation models and the creation of a complete picture of the study of the territory of the object of historical and cultural heritage. The received data can be used by the relevant cultural heritage preservation departments of the Ministry of Culture of Ukraine for their further study.

Land Used Mapping using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) along Parit Rasipan Drainage System

Excess nutrients accelerate the growth of plants and algae in water sources, leading to environmental issues like flow retardation (flood), a decrease in the amount of oxygen in the water, and a decline in the quality of the water. Therefore, the goal of this study is to identify the qualityParit Rasipan drainage system's eutrophic level in terms of temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, and turbidity; and to analyse an NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) image taken by unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and using Agisoft photoscan software. As a result, four sampling locations—residential (S1), industrial (S2), agricultural (S3), and farming (S4)—have been chosen for water quality sampling and analysis along the Parit Rasipan drainage system. The HACH method wasused to analyse water samples that have been obtained according to the Standard Methods for Water and Wastewater Examinations. It was found that agricultural zone waspoor water quality compared residential, industrial and farmingzoneswithmeasurements of 3.82 mg/L, 3.09, 25.57 °C, and 14.6 NTU, respectively, the agricultural zone hasthe highest values for thefour metrics of dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature, and turbidity. This scenario could be due to the usage of the fertilizerto cultivate the oil palmcontributed toParit rasipan drainage system (S3)which resulted in asubstantial amount of eutrophication. Hence, the use of UAVs and the agisoft photoscan programme has considerably improved the mapping of the water quality metrics and eutrophic level.