The Font of Federal Power: Wickard v. Filburn and the Aggregation Principle James B. Barnes (bio) James B. Barnes James B. Barnes is the winner of the Hughes Gosset Student Prize for 2016. He wrote this article while a law student at St. Mary’s University in San Antonio, Texas for an American Legal History course taught by Professor Michael Ariens. He now practices commercial law in Austin, Texas and is the Managing Attorney for Barnes Law Group. ENDNOTES 1. U.S. Const, art. I, § 8, cl. 3. 2. 156 U.S. 1 (1895). 3. 301 U.S. 1 (1937). 4. 312 U.S. 100 (1941). 5. 317 U.S. 120 (1942). 6. U.S. Const, art. I, § 8, cl. 3. 7. See Michael Arjens, American Constitutional Law and History (2012), pp. 106–8; G. Edward White, From Sociological Jurisprudence to Realism: Jurisprudence and Social Change in Early Twentieth Century America, in Patterns Of American Legal Thought (1978), pp. 99, 102. 8. See Ariens, pp. 123–25. 9. Id. at 12. 10. 128 U.S. 1 (1888). 11. EC. Knight, 156 U.S. at 14. 12. Kidd, 128 U.S. at 10. 13. William W. Fisher III et al., American Legal Realism (1993), p. 4; William Twinning, Karl Llewellyn and the Realist Movement (1985), p. 10. 14. Twinning, p. 20. 15. Swift & Co., 196 U.S. 375 (1905). 16. Ibid, 398. 17. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., The Common Law (1881), p. 1. 18. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., The Path of the Law, 10 harvard law review 457 (1897). 19. Id. 20. Houston, East & West Texas Railway Co. v. United States, 234 U.S. 342 (1914). 21. Id. at 351. 22. Houston, East & West Texas Railway Co., 234 U.S. at 351. 23. Hammer v. Dagenhart, 247 U.S. 251 (1918). 24. Id. at 272. 25. Hammer, at 277 (Holmes, J., dissenting). 26. Id. at 278–81. 27. Hammer, at 270–271. 28. Id. at 271. 29. See 295 U.S. 495 (1935). 30. Id.. at 542–43. 31. Id., at 546. 32. Id. at 548. 33. 301 U.S. 1 (1937). 34. Id. at 37. 35. Id. at 42. 36. 312 U.S. 100 (1941). 37. See Elliot A. Rosen, Roosevelt, the Great Depression, and the Economics of Recovery (2005). 38. Id. at 16. 39. Pub.L. 75–130, 52 Stat. 31, enacted February 16, 1938. 40. Pub.L. 75–430, 52 Stat. 31, enacted February 16, 1938. 41. Filburn v. Helke, 43 F.Supp. 1017, 1017–18 (S.D. Ohio 1942). 42. Wickard v. Filburn, at 116. 43. Id. at 128–29. 44. Id. at 115. 45. Helke, at 1019. 46. Filburn v. Helke, 43 F.Supp. 1017, 1019 (S.D. Ohio 1942). 47. Id. at 1021 (Allen, J., dissenting). 48. Wickard v. Filburn, at 116–18. 49. U.S. v. Darby, 312 U.S. 100 (1941). 50. Filburn, 120. 51. Id. at 125. 52. Id. at 127–28. 53. 379 U.S. 241 (1964). 54. 379 U.S. 294 (1964). 55. 392 U.S. 183 (1968). 56. Id. at 192–93. 57. 514 U.S. 549 (1995). 58. Lopez, 514 U.S. at 556. 59. 529 U.S. 598 (2000). 60. Id., at 614. Copyright © 2017, by the Supreme Court Historical Society at Opperman House