Transactional Agent Research Articles

A Brief Analysis of the Legal Status of Electronic Agents in Commercial Transactions

With the continuous advancement of technology, online transactions have gradually become the predominant mode of commerce in society. Currently, a new type of transaction facilitator has emerged in online transactions, known as electronic agents. This specialized concept and its legal definition originated in Western countries, and China has also adopted this concept. Electronic agents cannot be construed as natural persons, nor can they be fashioned as legal entities. They are merely tools capable of executing the will of individuals, albeit with some distinctions from conventional transaction tools. Establishing the legal status of electronic agents can reduce conflicts and contradictions related to online transactions in our current lives, facilitate the development of automated electronic transactions, and promote the rapid progress of our society. Currently, legislation in China in this regard remains uncharted territory, yet our lives are already enveloped by these online transactions. This has resulted in the inability to reach a unanimous resolution for many disputes involving electronic agents in our daily lives, leaving judges to resolve issues based on fundamental legislative principles or relevant legal provisions. The party employing the machine is often an organization with superior cognitive abilities compared to individuals. Therefore, we should consider electronic agents as their employees, and the actions they take should be the responsibility of legal or non-legal entities. It is essential to prioritize the protection of the weaker party as much as possible.

Research on the Influence of Tolerance of Opportunistic Behaviors of Channel Boundaries on the Choice of Response Strategies.

In the Chinese society, border agents in channel transactions will choose different opportunistic behavior response strategies to the tolerance of other members based on the relationship between the two parties. Based on 206 valid questionnaires collected, structural equation model and regression analysis were used to investigate the influence of opportunistic behavior tolerance on response strategy selection. The results show that the channel boundary personnel's tolerance to opportunistic behavior (based on work or personal) negatively influences their choice of a positive response strategy and positively influences their choice of a negative response strategy. Among the mediating effects of contract formulation, transaction terms have a positive effect on the choice of negative response strategies based on the work and individual opportunistic behavior tolerance and have no mediating effect on the choice of positive response strategies; the contingency clause has no mediating effect on the choice of positive response strategies based on individual opportunistic behavior tolerance.

Reconstruction of Over-the-Counter Transaction Settings Based on Legal Certainty

OTC (Over-the-Counter) Transaction has become one of the alternative choices that greatly benefits to the parties. Problems then arise when the law has been formed by the competent authority, but it creates legal uncertainty due to the regulations that regulate the same things but different contents. The OTC Transactions are regulated in Financial Services Authority Regulation Number 22 / POJK.04 / 2019 on Securities Transactions. It is stated that the OTC are included in securities transactions, of which transactions can be done both in the primary and secondary markets. However, the Regulation Number 8 of 1995 does not regulate the OTC transactions. This can lead to the legal uncertainty towards the OTC transaction agents since there are more than one regulation governing the same problem. In addition, a reconstruction is needed for legal protection and dispute resolution related to the OTC transactions.Keywords: OTC transactions, regulatory reconstruction, legal certainty.

Designing Strategy Agent Link Using SWOT Analysis Based On Business Canvas Model Service Company: Indonesia Company Case Study

OJK (Financial Services Authority) in collaboration with Indonesia Bank issued smart services and Bank XYZ (Persero) Tbk issued Agent link which is a non-office financial transaction service and link agent is an extension of XYZ Bank and XYZ (Persero) Tbk Branch X. Total agency x in 2018 as many as 57 agents. And the performance of link agents built by Surabaya branch X office for its transaction is low compared to the branch office built by Surabaya area office. This research is conducted to analyze the strategies implemented to help increase transaction agent linkage in Surabaya X branch office using SWOT analysis based on Business Model Canvas to improve performance in terms of several aspects and for decision stage using QSPM and the result with (TAS) on external factors is greater than the internal factor TAS, that’s means the right strategy decision to improve performance of Agent Link on Bank XYZ is by extensification. method it is expected that the company can use it as a foothold in deciding policy or evaluation of improvement on company

What Have Caused the Disorders in China's Market Economy? A Moral and Cultural Analysis Framework in Comparative Perspectives

Although more than thirty years’ development of market economy in China has led to the rapid growth of China’s economy, meanwhile there are nevertheless a lot of illegal phenomenon related to corporations’ infringement on consumers’ rights in the process of economic development, such as the incidents of ‘poisonous milk powder’ (毒奶粉) and ‘illegal cooking oil’ (地沟油). A series of phenomenon related to the economic transaction agents’ lack of reputation in the market economy in recent years have reflected the existence of serious deep-rooted moral crisis in the Chinese market economy. This paper argues that explaining the phenomenon of market economic disorder solely from the perspective of cultural determinism is not persuasive enough. This paper attempts to break through the established assumptions of existing cultural determinism and provides a more analytical and deeper framework to explain the negative phenomenon of Chinese market economy from the perspective of localization characterizing by the continuity in terms of the philosophical foundation and structural aspects between Maoist era and contemporary China after the opening-up policies in 1978. This theoretical framework includes three dimensions: (1) Macro level transformation of state ideology (2) The microscopic explanation of pendulum effect. (3) The transformation from rural society to modern contracting society. It is found that the lack of moral foundation in China’s market economy is the result of the combination of the elements of these three dimensions. .

Topics in Mutual Fund Transfer Agency and Revenue Sharing

This study relates to the overall concern that mutual fund payments of sub-accounting fees to broker/dealers for sub-transfer agency, administration, sub-accounting, and other shareholder services may improperly include distribution related services. The topics begin with a review of the basic elements of traditional mutual fund transfer agency. Next, the work of transfer agents and sub-transfer agents in processing fund transactions is discussed, including actual and potential problems with sub-transfer agency fees. A broker/dealer transparently discusses its fund services, including distribution, shareholder servicing, administration, marketing, and revenue sharing. Another broker/dealer discusses networking fees, omnibus fees, revenue sharing, and non-cash compensation in providing sub-transfer agency services. Next, follows a lengthy discussion of broker/dealer individual networked accounts and omnibus accounts in servicing fund shareholder accounts. Another broker/dealer succinctly describes networking and omnibus fees as they use them, followed by a discussion of broker/dealer individual networked accounts (and types) and omnibus accounts in servicing fund shareholder accounts. It is then discussed how funds and funds engaged in 401(k) pension plans both likely often use management fees to facilitate brokerage operations through opaque revenue sharing payments. Finally, the implications of prohibition of directed brokerage that led to fund revenue sharing and its several implications are discussed.

Commission Splits in Real Estate Transactions

We examine commission splits between listing and selling agents in real estate transactions. We construct a theoretical model to show that agency problems arise when a listing agent attempts to maximize his or her payoff while setting the commission split. Mitigation to these agency problems can be achieved through the imposition of a limited duration on listing contracts. Our model produces several testable hypotheses, which are supported by empirical evidence. We find property listings with higher list prices and quick sales are associated with lower commission splits. Commission split is more likely to be higher when the listed property has a high degree of atypicality and/or is overpriced. Additionally, agent-owned properties pay higher commission splits.

Reputation-based multi-dimensional trust model in cloud manufacturing service platform

In previous researches of cloud manufacturing services, trust evaluation models were not flexible enough and subjective preferences of agents were not reflected either. For this issue, a five-dimensional trust evaluation system is built, and a reputation-based trust evaluation algorithm (RBTE) is also proposed. The direct trust rank (DT), friend reputation (RF) and platform reputation (RP) of the agent could be integrated into the trust rank (TR) with the weight vector through this algorithm. Combined with similarities of trust evaluation process, a trust network building approach is put forward in this research. The trust rank update algorithm also achieved dynamic rewards or punishments over time. Experimental results has shown good executing efficiency, and reflected the subjective preference of the transaction agent to a certain extent.

Reliable mobile agents with transactional behaviour

The mobile agent systems are well suited for certain types of real world applications such as e-commerce and distributed transactions. However, this technology is not being used by many applications. This is due to the lack of infrastructures and methodologies that address fault tolerance and transactions. The basic requirements for fault-tolerant transactional mobile agent are: 1) non-blocking (i.e., a single failure does not prevent progress of the mobile agent execution); 2) exactly-once (i.e., multiple executions of the agent are prevented); 3) the execution atomicity (i.e., all tasks are committed or none at all). In this paper, we propose a mechanism for providing fault-tolerance capability based on the mobile agent replication and the backward process. The failure detection is not perfect. The replication may result in multiple executions of the agent. So, we defined a technique that detects multiple executions and allows only one agent to go on while the others are stopped. To ensure the execution atomicity of the distributed transaction we used a commit at destination approach.

Evaluation and Checkpointing of Fault Tolerant Mobile Agents Execution in Distributed Systems

The reliable execution of a mobile agent is a very important design issue to build a mobile agent system and many fault-tolerant schemes have been proposed. Hence, in this paper, we present evaluation of the performance of the fault-tolerant schemes for the mobile agent environment. Our evaluation focuses on the checkpointing schemes and deals with the cooperating agents. We derive the FANTOMAS (Fault-Tolerant approach for Mobile Agents) design which offers a user transparent fault tolerance that can be activated on request, according to the needs of the task. A theoretical analysis examines the advantages and drawbacks of Fault-Tolerant approach for Mobile Agents . The use of mobile agent, however, is critical and requires reliability in regard to mobile agent failures that may lead to bad response time and hence the availability of the system may lost. In this study, a fault tolerance technology is proposed in order that the system autonomously detects and recovers the fault of the mobile agent due to a failure in a transmission link. Also discuss how transactional agent with types of commitment constraints can commit. Furthermore this paper proposes a solution for effective agent deployment using dynamic agent domains.

Design and implementation of transactional agent

A Transactional Agent (TA) is a mobile agent to manipulate objects with some type of commitment condition. For example, a transactional agent commits only if at least one object could be successfully manipulated in the at-least-one condition. Computers may stop by fault while networks are assumed to be reliable. In the Client-Server (CS) model, servers can be fault-tolerant according to traditional replication and checkpointing technologies. However, an application program cannot be performed if a client computer is faulty. An application program can be performed on another operational computer even if a computer is faulty in the transactional agent model. There are kinds of faulty computers for a transactional agent, current, destination, and sibling computers where a transactional agent now exist, will move, and has visited, respectively. We discuss how the transactional agent can be tolerant of the types of computer faults.

A transactional agent model for distributed object systems

A transactional agent (TA) is a mobile agent which manipulates objects in multiple object servers with some constraints. For example, in a majority constraint, a transaction can commit if objects in more than half of the servers are successfully manipulated. An agent leaves a surrogate agent on a server on leaving the server in order to hold objects manipulated by the agent. A surrogate agent recreates an agent if the agent is faulty. We discuss how TAs with types of constraints can commit. We discuss implementation and evaluation of TAs for multiple servers.

CLIMATE FINANCE AND ITS GOVERNANCE: MOVING TO A LOW CARBON ECONOMY THROUGH SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE FINANCING?

Abstract‘Climate finance’ is becoming an important feature of the emerging legal and policy regimes to address global warming. However, the current approach largely confines the financial sector to a transactional agent to mobilise capital for clean energy and to broker emission allowance trading. The sector's potential to leverage more sweeping positive changes in the economy as sought historically through the movement for socially responsible investment (SRI) has been insufficiently acknowledged. Indirectly, by regulating greenhouse gases the legal system is helping to create a business case for investors to respond to climate change threats. However, the potential contribution of SRI to address climate change problems more comprehensively is presently limited owing to inadequate governance frameworks, as well the sector's increasing abandonment of its traditional ethical agenda.

Transactional agents on distributed object systems

A transactional agent is a mobile agent to manipulate objects distributed on computers. A transactional agent can change a schedule to visit computers if some target computer is faulty. In order to reduce the communication overhead, a transactional agent is composed of routing and manipulation subagents. A routing subagent makes a decision on what computer to visit in presence of faults of computers. On arrival at the computer, the routing subagent loads classes of a manipulation subagent to locally manipulate objects. We evaluate the transactional agent model in terms of access time compared with the traditional client-server model.

Evaluation of Fault Tolerant Mobile Agents in Distributed Systems

The reliable execution of a mobile agent is a very important design issue to build a mobile agent system and many fault-tolerant schemes have been proposed. Hence, in this article, we present an evaluation of the per­formance of the fault-tolerant schemes for the mobile agent environment. Our evaluation focuses on the checkpointing schemes and deals with the cooperating agents. We derive the Fault-Tolerant approach for Mobile Agents (FANTOMAS) design which offers a user transparent fault tol­erance that can be activated on request, according to the needs of the task. We also discuss how a transactional agent with different types of commitment constraints can commit. Furthermore, this article proposes a solution for effective agent deployment using dynamic agent domains.

Thinking About Analytical Egalitarianism

On the occasion of this symposium we have taken the opportunity to revisit what we have called analytical egalitarianism with the comments of our colleagues in mind. Before we began Vanity, we were intrigued by two discussions about types of agents. early work in public choice by James Buchanan and Gordon Tullock (1962) held emphatically that agents in market transactions were no different from agents in political transactions. socialist calculation debate illustrates the danger of supposing that planners could be counted on to act in the public interest (Levy and Peart 2008d). Folk wisdom in economics also suggests that economists are not exclusively truth-seeking agents. Torture the data until it confesses is one expression of this attitude attributed to Ronald Coase. Edward Leamer's Let's Take the 'Con' Out of Econometrics (1983) is perhaps the best known statement of this. What we've tried to do in Vanity is to recover a tradition. We offer two requirements for analytical egalitarianism (AE). First, differences among types of agents in an AE model are endogenous to the model. Second, the theorist who creates an AE model is the same type as the agents in the model. We prefer this characterization to the older nature and nurture terminology that Kevin Hoover suggests because our characterization explicitly takes the modeler into consideration. These conditions are in keeping with our reading of Adam Smith's practice. Philosophers and porters are very different types of people, but all differences are explained by the working out of the model that Smith describes. As a result of the division of labor, philosophers offer their insights in exchange for other goods. question is how to keep the benefits of the division of labor (expertise) without giving experts the power to exploit the deference accorded to them. AE is thus a characterization of types of agents in a model and the relationship between the model and the modeler. For many problems we can adopt the familiar as-if move. Indeed, as we are unlikely to work with models in which height is an interesting variable, we can afford to laugh at ourselves and the AE supposition. hard question is, what do we do when both AE and laughter fail? We start where we began, with Smith. In Theory of Moral Semtiments, Smith writes about those whose natural endowment is a cause for regret (idiots), and he distinguishes between those who accept their inferiority and those who out of pride struggle to see themselves as the equal of others ([1759] 1982 VI iii: 49). An example closer to the material in Vanity was provided by A. C. Pigou in the chapter from Economics of Welfare entitled The Quality of People. chapter starts by asking the question of whether the claims of the biostatisticians concerning genetic differences among people, which Pigou accepts as true, imply that the traditional imperative of economic utilitarians toward income equality would be reversed. What if some people were more capable of happiness than others? Pigou developed the intriguing line of argument that if the capacity for happiness were endogenous, equalization of income in itself would help equalize the capacity for happiness ([1932] 1950: 106-122). This aspect of Pigou's work is apparent also in John Rawls's commentary on the utilitarian tradition (Rawls [1971] 1999: 222; Levy and Peart 2007). endogeneity of capacity may help explain why the traditional measure of cognitive capacity--performance on IQ tests--has been growing rather markedly over time (Flynn 2007). We now turn to some specific points for discussion. For ease of exposition, we'll divide the responses into two sections; first, those that are correct and, second, those that warrant further discussion. I Criticisms That Are Precisely Right DAN HAMMOND RIGHTLY HIGHLIGHTS what is in the shadows of Vanity: religion. While the Irish as a people are targets of those who favored hierarchy, behind the people often lurked their religious beliefs. …

A mobile agent model for fault-tolerant manipulation on distributed objects

In this paper, we discuss how to realize fault-tolerant applications on distributed objects. Servers supporting objects can be fault-tolerant by taking advantage of replication and checkpointing technologies. However, there is no discussion on how application programs being performed on clients are tolerant of clients faults. For example, servers might block in the two-phase commitment protocol due to the client fault. We newly discuss how to make application programs fault-tolerant by taking advantage of mobile agent technologies where a program can move from a computer to another computer in networks. An application program to be performed on a faulty computer can be performed on another operational computer by moving the program in the mobile agent model. In this paper, we discuss a transactional agent model where a reliable and efficient application for manipulating objects in multiple computers is realized in the mobile agent model. In the transactional agent model, only a small part of the application program named routing subagent moves around computers. A routing subagent autonomously finds a computer which to visit next. We discuss a hierarchical navigation map which computer should be visited price to another computer in a transactional agent. A routing subagent makes a decision on which computer visit for the hierarchical navigation map. Programs manipulating objects in a computer are loaded to the computer on arrival of the routing subagent in order to reduce the communication overhead. This part of the transactional agent is a manipulating subagent. The manipulation subagent still exists on the computer even after the routing subagent leaves the computer in order to hold objects until the commitment. We assume every computer may stop by fault while networks are reliable. There are kinds of faulty computers for a transactional agent; current, destination, and sibling computers where a transactional agent now exists, will move, and has visited, respectively. The types of faults are detected by neighbouring manipulation subagents by communicating with each other. If some of the manipulation subagents are faulty, the routing subagent has to be aborted. However, the routing subagent is still moving. We discuss how to efficiently deliver the abort message to the moving routing subagent. We evaluate the transactional agent model in terms of how long it takes to abort the routing subagent if some computer is faulty.

A Semantic Web data retrieval implementation with an adaptive model for supporting agent decision structures

This paper proposes an adaptive learning approach that yields decision models that can be applied by a transactions agent. This model can learn effectively with a variety of data distributions. This research uses the Semantic Web as a data access approach. The Semantic Web is a method that sellers can use to publish semantically meaningful information on Websites so automated applications can reliably access that information. We implemented a Semantic Web composed of 30 vendors' Web pages and a spider to search those pages to obtain product and vendor information. This information was used to train a learning agent, which then provided a decision model to a transaction agent.

A Multiagent System for the Reliable Execution of Automatically Composed Ad-hoc Processes

This article presents an architecture to automatically create ad-hoc processes for complex value-added services and to execute them in a reliable way. The uniqueness of ad-hoc processes is to support users not only in standardized situations like traditional workflows do, but also in unique non-recurring situations. Based on user requirements, a service composition engine generates such ad-hoc processes, which integrate individual services in order to provide the desired functionality. Our infrastructure executes ad-hoc processes by transactional agents in a peer-to-peer style. The process execution is thereby performed under transactional guarantees. Moreover, the service composition engine is used to re-plan in the case of execution failures.

Modeling Fault Tolerant and Secure Mobile Agent Execution in Distributed Systems

The reliable execution of mobile agents is a very important design issue in building mobile agent systems and many fault-tolerant schemes have been proposed so far. Security is a major problem of mobile agent systems, especially when monetary transactions are concerned. Security for the partners involved is handled by encryption methods based on a public key authentication mechanism and by secret key encryption of the communication. To achieve fault tolerance for the agent system, especially for the agent transfer to a new host, we use distributed transaction processing. We propose a fault-tolerant approach for mobile agents design which offers a user transparent fault tolerance that can be activated on request, according to the needs of the task. We also discuss how transactional agents with different types of commitment constraints can commit transactions. Furthermore, we present a solution for effective agent deployment using dynamic agent domains