Age-standardized Prevalence Of Metabolic Syndrome Research Articles

Overweight, the major determinant of metabolic syndrome among industrial workers in Kerala, India: Results of a cross-sectional study

AimTo determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of metabolic syndrome (MS) among industrial workers in Kerala, India. Materials and methodsWe measured fasting plasma glucose (FPG), triglycerides, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, waist circumference, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure among 2287 industrial workers (mean age 46 years, men 70%) from selected industries of two southern most Kerala districts using standard protocol in 2009. MS was defined according to international diabetes federation (IDF), Adult Treatment Panel (ATP-III) and American Heart Association(AHA)/National Heart Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI) criteria (Harmonization). Age-standardized prevalence of MS was assessed for men and women. Multivariable logistic regression models were developed to find the associated factors of MS. ResultsAge-standardized prevalence of MS was 14% (men 14%, women 15%), 19% (men 19%, women 21%) and 27% (men 30%, women 21%) as per IDF, ATP-III and Harmonization criteria respectively. Overweight adults were nine times (OR 9.41, 95% CI 7.34–12.06), twelve times (OR 11.80 CI 9.38–14.84), and four times (OR 3.56, CI 2.94–4.29) more likely to have MS compared to their counterparts according to IDF, ATP-III and Harmonization criteria respectively. Older adults and current alcohol users were more likely to have MS compared to their counterparts. Women were more likely to have MS as per IDF and ATP-III criteria. ConclusionsMS prevalence was high among Industrial workers who generally have good access to health care. Overweight and other predictors of MS need to be addressed to reduce MS prevalence in this population.

Metabolic syndrome and sex-specific socio-economic disparities in childhood and adulthood: the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys.

To examine whether adulthood and/or childhood sex-specific socio-economic disparities are associated with metabolic syndrome and its components in a developed non-Western setting. Based on the Fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 14 888 people aged ≥ 20 years were analysed to evaluate the effect of adult and childhood socio-economic status on metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome was defined according to the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to calculate the odds ratios for metabolic syndrome and each component of metabolic syndrome in later life. The age-standardized prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 26.6% for men and 21.3% for women. Compared with the highest level of education, men with the lowest education level were significantly less likely to have metabolic syndrome (odds ratio 0.76, 95% CI 0.60-0.96), whereas the opposite association was found in women (odds ratio 3.29, 95% CI 2.45-4.42). Men who were manual labourers and economically inactive had a lower prevalence of metabolic syndrome compared with those with non-manual jobs (odds ratio 0.82, 95% CI 0.69-0.98 and odds ratio 0.79, 95% CI 0.64-0.99, respectively), but the reverse association was observed in women (odds ratio 1.34, 95% CI 1.04-1.73 and odds ratio 1.40, 95% CI 1.09-1.81, respectively). A significant interaction between combined adulthood and childhood socio-economic status on the presence of metabolic syndrome was observed (P<0.05). Our findings suggest that sex-specific socio-economic disparities in childhood and adulthood have differential effects on the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its individual components in Korea.

Urban, semi-urban and rural difference in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Shaanxi province, northwestern China: a population-based survey

BackgroundThe ongoing rapid urbanization in China offers rural population opportunities not only for economic improvement but also for substantial health risks. Albeit some researches related to rural-urban difference of metabolic syndrome (MS), there lacks studies focusing on this point in undeveloped provinces in China.MethodsThe survey, as part of China National Diabetes and Metabolic disorders Study, was conducted in Shaanxi province from June 2007 to May 2008. A total of 3,297 adults aged 20 years or older were included, of which 1,467 individuals were from urban areas, 839 from semi-urban areas, and 890 from rural areas. The MS was defined according to the 2009 Joint Interim Statement.ResultsThe age-standardized prevalence of MS was significant higher in rural residents than in urban counterparts (29.0% vs. 25.9%, P = 0.017), in particular among females (30.2% vs. 24.4%, P = 0.003). After adjusted for the listed risk factors, rural residents had a 27.6% increased risk of having MS than urban residents. With respect to MS components, the crude prevalence of raised fasting glucose and raised blood pressure was significantly greater in rural than in urban participants. However, no significant difference in the prevalence of MS was observed between semi-urban and urban participants.ConclusionsRural residents in Shaanxi province, northwest China, were at increased risk of MS, which could be partly explained by sociodemographic and lifestyle differences. In addition, the gap between urban and semi-urban areas seemed to be minimized in related to MS prevalence. Much more attention should be paid to and intervention strategies were needed to address the rural-urban disparities in China.

Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and Its Relationship with Physical Activity in Suburban Beijing, China

Background: The present study aimed to estimate the up-to-date prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its relationship with physical activity among suburban adults in Beijing, China. Methods: A cross-sectional survey in a representative sample of 19,003 suburban adults aged 18-76 years was carried out in 2007-2008. Data was collected via questionnaires and blood pressure, anthropometric, and laboratory measurements. Results: Of the residents aged 18-76 years in suburban Beijing, 25.9% (27.3% in men and 25.1% in women), 21.3% (19.4% in men and 22.9% in women), and 25.3% (24.2% in men and 26.1% in women) had 1 component, 2 components, and 3 or more components of metabolic syndrome, respectively. The age-standardized prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its components, including abdominal obesity, elevated triglycerides, reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, elevated blood pressure, and elevated fasting plasma glucose, decreased across categories with increasing physical activity. After adjusting for age, sex, education level, smoking, and alcohol consumption, residents were more likely to have metabolic syndrome across categories with decreasing physical activity; a similar relationship also applied to components of metabolic syndrome. Conclusion: A high prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its components is commonly present in suburban Beijing. Increasing physical activity can reduce the relative risk of metabolic syndrome and it components.

Gender Differences in the Prevalence and Development of Metabolic Syndrome in Chinese Population with Abdominal Obesity

BackgroundNot all the people with metabolic syndrome (MS) have abdominal obesity (AO). The study aimed to investigate gender differences in the prevalence and development of MS in Chinese population with abdominal obesity, which has rarely been reported.MethodsData were obtained from the 2007-08 China National Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders Study, and participants were divided into two samples for analysis. Sample 1 consisted of 19,046 people with abdominal obesity, while sample 2 included 2,124 people meeting pre-specified requirements. Survival analysis was used to analyze the development of MS.ResultsThe age-standardized prevalence of MS in Chinese population with AO was 49.5%. The prevalence in males (73.7%) was significantly higher than that in females (36.9%). Males had significantly higher proportions of combinations of three or four MS components than females (36.4% vs. 30.2% and 18.4% vs. 5%, respectively). MS developed quick at first and became slow down later. Half of the participants with AO developed to MS after 3.9 years (95% CI: 3.7–4.1) from the initial metabolic abnormal component, whereas 75% developed to MS after 7.7 years (95% CI: 7.5–7.9).ConclusionCompared with females, Chinese males with AO should receive more attention because of their higher prevalence of MS and its components, more complex and risky combinations of abnormal components, and faster development of MS.

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome among rural adult residents in Ningxia.

To describe the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) among rural adult residents in Ningxia, under IDF2005 ATP III 2005 AHA and CDs2004 definition. Stratified cluster sampling methods was used and the participants were interviewed by trained health workers under a structured questionnaire. The number of research subjects was 1612. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG), blood lipids, body mass index (BMI) and blood pressure (BP) of all samples (1612 subjects) were measured. and related data was analysed by IDF2005, ATP III 2005 AHA, as well as CDs2004 definition of MS. The age-standardized prevalence of MS was 15.00% by ATP III 2005 AHA definition and 11.80% by IDF 2005 definition and 6.71% by CDs 2004 definition, respectively. Based on IDF 2005 and ATP III 2005 AHA definition, women had higher prevalence than men (16.3% vs. 5.4%, 18.9% vs. 8.9%, P < 0.01), but there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) between them according to the CDs definition. MS prevalence among Hui (Muslim) ethnic group was higher than Han ethnic group (P < 0.05). The prevalence of MS increased with age in all samples and the prevalence of MS started at age of 35 in Hui ethnic group, higher than in Han ethnic group. There was no significant difference in the prevalence rates of MS between male Hui ethnic group and male Han ethnic group (P > 0.05). The prevalence of MS in female Hui ethnic group was higher than Han ethnic group females (P < 0.05). The prevalence of MS was high in the rural adult residents, in Ningxia. Clusters of MS components were commonly seen, and the main disorder appeared in lipid abnormalities and abnormal glucose metabolism. It is necessary to discuss that the cut off point of central obesity for the waist circumference diagnostic criteria of MS in different ethnic groups in China. Big differences on the components of MS were seen in different ethnic groups. It is important to choose suitable MS definition for prevention of MS and to reduce the incidence of cardiovascular disease.

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its association with obesity indices in a Chinese population

To investigate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in an urbanizing community in Qingpu, a suburb of Shanghai, and to determine which obesity indices, including body mass index, waist circumference (WC), and waist:hip (WHpR), and waist:height (WHtR) ratios, are most closely associated with metabolic syndrome. We conducted a cross-sectional health survey of 1634 individuals (age 15-87 years) in the Jinhulu community located in Qingpu. The National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (NCEP ATP III) criteria were used to define metabolic syndrome, with central obesity defined according to Asia-Pacific (APC) region criteria. The age-standardized prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 3.6% in men and 7.2% in women. Using the criterion of central obesity in the APC, the age-standardized prevalence of metabolic syndrome increased to 8.3% in men and 10.9% in women. Regardless of age, WHtR consistently showed a higher odd ratios (OR) after adjustment for confounding factors of 2.17 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.12-4.20; P = 0.022) in subjects<52 years of age and 1.92 (95% CI 1.18-3.11; P = 0.008) in those ≥52 years of age. In men, the WHtR was the only significant predictor (OR 2.42; 95% CI 1.15-5.08; P = 0.02) of metabolic syndrome after adjustment, whereas in women WHtR (OR 1.87; 95% CI 1.37-2.85; P =0.0088) was slightly inferior to WHpR and WC. Metabolic syndrome is prevalent in an urbanizing rural area in Qingpu. Of the anthropometric parameters commonly used to identify metabolic syndrome, WHtR may be the best.

Metabolic syndrome by the international diabetes federation definition in Hong Kong Chinese

In this report, we aimed to examine the impact of the new International Diabetes Federation (IDF) definition on the prevalence and clinical characteristics of subjects with metabolic syndrome (MES). Data were obtained from a prevalence survey for cardiovascular risk factors in a Hong Kong Chinese working population. There were 1513 subjects well representing all occupational groups from managers to general laborers [910 (60.1%) men and 603 (39.9%) women (mean age 37.5 ± 9.2, median 37.0, range 18–66 years)]. The crude prevalence of MES defined by the IDF criterion was 7.4% (compared to other criteria: NCEP, 9.6%; WHO, 13.4% and EGIR, 8.9%). The age-standardized prevalence of MES by the IDF criterion was 8.8% in women and 7.3% in men. Subjects with MES defined by IDF criterion had higher body mass index and waist compared to those with MES defined by NCEP or WHO criteria, and lower triglyceride compared to those with MES defined by NCEP criterion after adjustment for age, gender and smoking. Non-MES subjects defined by IDF criterion had higher 2 h glucose and insulin resistance compared to non-MES subjects defined by WHO. In conclusion, the new IDF criterion for MES is easy to implement in clinical practice. It may be potentially more ‘specific’ in identifying subjects with MES although compared to the NCEP criterion, it may have missed a proportion of subjects, especially men, who have metabolic derangement. Prospective and interventional studies are needed to validate the prognostic values of this new definition in comparison with other existing definitions.

Prevalence of Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome in Taiwan

Obesity and metabolic syndrome (MS) are major risk factors for the development of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). This study estimated the prevalence of obesity and MS in Taiwan. Data from a nationwide cross-sectional population-based survey of 5936 participants (2815 men, 3121 women; age range, 20-79.9 years) in 2002 were analyzed. Obesity was defined as a body mass index (BMI) > or = 27 kg/m(2) according to the criteria of the Department of Health in Taiwan. The prevalence of MS was estimated using the definitions of the modified Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III), the International Diabetes Federation for Chinese (MS-IDF(C)) and the MS criteria for Taiwanese (MS-TW). The overall prevalence of obesity in men was significantly greater than in women (19.2% vs. 13.4%, p < 0.0001). The age-standardized prevalence of MS was 15.7% by the modified ATP III criteria, 14.3% by the MS-IDF(C) criteria and 16.4% by the MS-TW criteria. The prevalence of obesity and MS significantly increased with age (trend test, p < 0.0001) in men and women. The risk of MS and its components increased significantly with BMI, and showed a marked increase with BMI > or = 24 kg/m(2). MS as classified by the MS-IDF(C) criteria failed to identify subjects at high risk of CVD who did not have abdominal obesity, including those with hypertension, type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia. This study found a high prevalence of obesity and MS in Taiwan. The definitions of MS by the modified ATP III and MS-TW criteria were better able to detect high CVD risk than the MS-IDF(C) criteria.

Prevalence rate of metabolic syndrome and dyslipidemia in a large professional population in Beijing

The metabolic syndrome (MS) was a clustering of some cardiovascular risk factors, including hypertriglyceridemia, obesity, insulin resistance, glucose intolerance and hypertension. MS patients are at a risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Although the prevalence of MS in variety of ethnic group has been well documented, limited information is available about the prevalence in Chinese population. The aim of this study is to investigate the prevalence of the MS and dyslipidemia among 16,342 subjects (8801 males and 7541 females) aged 20–90 years in Beijing. 51.9% males and 40.8% females had at least one abnormal serum lipid concentration. The age-standardized prevalence of MS was 13.2% according to Chinese Diabetes Society (CDS) definition of the MS. The prevalence increased with age in both genders. MS was more commonly seen in males than in females (15.7% versus 10.2%). According to the diagnostic criterion, dyslipidemia was observed in 51.9% of males and 40.8% of females, and there was obvious difference between them ( P < 0.001). This report on the MS and dyslipidemia from Beijing professional population showed a high prevalence of these disorders. Efforts on promoting healthy diets and physical activity in China should be undertaken.