Age Of Illumination Research Articles

A Critical Review on the Junction Temperature Measurement of Light Emitting Diodes.

In the new age of illumination, light emitting diodes (LEDs) have been proven to be the most efficient alternative to conventional light sources. Yet, in comparison to other lighting systems, LEDs operate at low temperatures while junction temperature (Tj) is is among the main factors dictating their lifespan, reliability, and performance. This indicates that accurate measurement of LED temperature is of great importance to better understand the thermal effects over a system and improve performance. Over the years, various Tj measurement techniques have been developed, and existing methods have been improved in many ways with technological and scientific advancements. Correspondingly, in order to address the governing phenomena, benefits, drawbacks, possibilities, and applications, a wide range of measurement techniques and systems are covered. This paper comprises a large number of published studies on junction temperature measurement approaches for LEDs, and a summary of the experimental parameters employed in the literature are given as a reference. In addition, some of the corrections noted in non-ideal thermal calibration processes are discussed and presented. Finally, a comparison between methods will provide the readers a better insight into the topic and direction for future research.

Sapere aude – aude sapere

The words of Horaz letters „sapere aude”, motto of the age of illumination was changed into „aude sapere” by Hahnemann in his second edition of the Organon in 1819. The inversion can be regarded as a criticism of the repulsion of the spiritual by the philosopher Immanuel Kant. In a very different way Arthur Schopenhauer criticised Kant by unmasking the philosophical materialism as a circular conclusion. After Schopenhauer's work it is logically impossible to deny homeopathy due to its non-material effects.

On the characterization of Al–0.11 wt.%Sc alloy thin film

The characterizations (i.e., film adhesion, optical reflectivity, illumination aging and anti-corrosion behavior) should be considered for the metallic thin film served as a candidate of autolamp materials. The characterizations of three candidates (i.e., sputtered Al–0.11 wt.% Sc, sputtered pure Al, and thermally evaporated pure Al) have been investigated and compared. The sputtered Al–0.11 wt.% Sc film performed much better than any of the other two regarding the characterizations concerned. Examining through AFM, the sputtered Al–0.11 wt.% Sc revealed better surface property (including flatness and smoothness) than the others. Excellence in surface properties and optical reflectivity for the Al–0.11 wt.% Sc may arise from grain refinement in the film. Under long-term illumination, the films led to grain growth and hillocks formation. This illumination aging degraded the surface properties and optical reflectivity of the films, especially for the pure Al films. The sputtered Al–0.11wt.%Sc revealed more corrosion-resistance than the other films in 5% NaCl solution regardless whether or not under illumination aging.

The American Petroleum Industry. Volume I. The Age of Illumination, 1859-1899.

The American Petroleum Industry. Volume I. The Age of Illumination, 1859-1899.

The American Petroleum Industry: The Age of Illumination, 1859-1899.

The American Petroleum Industry: The Age of Illumination, 1859-1899.

The American Petroleum Industry, 1859-1899: The Age of Illumination.

The American Petroleum Industry, 1859-1899: The Age of Illumination.

The American Petroleum Industry: The Age of Illumination, 1859-1899

The American Petroleum Industry: The Age of Illumination, 1859-1899

The American Petroleum Industry: The Age of Illumination, 1859-1899.

The American Petroleum Industry: The Age of Illumination, 1859-1899.

The American Petroleum Industry: The Age of Illumination, 1859-1899

The American Petroleum Industry: The Age of Illumination, 1859-1899

The American Petroleum Industry: The Age of Illumination, 1859–1899. By Harold F. Williamson and Arnold R. Daum. Evanston, Northwestern University Press, 1959. Pp. xvi + 833. $7.50.

The American Petroleum Industry: The Age of Illumination, 1859–1899. By Harold F. Williamson and Arnold R. Daum. Evanston, Northwestern University Press, 1959. Pp. xvi + 833. $7.50. - Volume 34 Issue 1