Age Of Identification Research Articles

Geçirilmiş Gebeliğin Kemik Yaşına Etkisi

Objective: Age estimation for forensic purposes has an important place among daily Forensic Medicine services. Although many factors affect skeletal development, hormonal factors are among the most influencing factors. With this study, it is aimed to contribute to the literature on this subject by detecting any changes in the development of bone age with the effect of hormonal changes during pregnancy.
 Materials and Methods: Cases referred to our Çukurova University Forensic Medicine Polyclinic between March 2017 and March 2021 with the request of the forensic authorities to estimate the bone age, and who declared that the date of birth in their official documents was correct; gender, identity age, age at marriage, having children, the reasons for asking for age estimation, the claim at which age they were, the bone ages determined were recorded, and the evaluations of the cases were made according to the Greulich-Pyle and Gilsanz-Ratib Atlases.
 Results: According to the bone age estimation examinations made, of the 70 cases included in the study in accordance with the criteria, 35 (50%) had children, 35 (50%) reported that they had no children and had never had a pregnancy. Consistently, it was observed that 9 (12.9%) cases were evaluated as larger than the population registry and 1 case was evaluated as younger than the population registry. It was determined that 7 cases whose bone age was found to be greater than the identification age were pregnant, 2 cases did not become pregnant, and 1 case who did not become pregnant among all cases was evaluated as younger than the population registry.
 Conclusion: It is very important to evaluate the age estimation cases in an objective, standardized, multidisciplinary and careful way. For this reason, we suggest that diseases that may affect bone development, situations that may affect body development such as pregnancy, personal factors should be evaluated, and that it should be evaluated with a multidisciplinary approach consisting of radiology and forensic medicine physicians.

ROLE OF PARENTAL SUSPICION OF HEARING IMPAIRMENT ON AGE OF DIAGNOSIS & INTERVENTION: A PAKISTANI PERSPECTIVE

OBJECTIVE: To determine the role of parental suspicion of hearing impairment (HI) on age of identification and intervention.METHODS: This Retrospective chart review, reviewed medical records of hearing-impaired children of both genders, aging 6 months to 12 years, who attended Cochlear Implant Centre, Department of Otolaryngology, Capital Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan from 1st July 2015 to 31st June 2016. Data extracted from medical records included basic demographic information and facts like when hearing loss was suspected, who suspected hearing loss, which professional conducted the first assessment, when was final diagnosis established and when did child receive intervention. RESULTS: Out of 81 hearing impaired children, Majority (n=55; 67.9%) were males. Most (n=62; 76.5%) of the patients were suspected to have HI by parents and 56 (69.2%) were suspected to have HI in first year of life. In 67 (82.7%) cases, diagnosis was made within the first two years of life. Forty two (42.9%) patients received intervention in the first two years of life. There was significant association of age of suspicion of hearing impairment by parents with the age at diagnosis (p<0.001) and age at intervention (p<0.001) with those in whom HI was suspected earlier were able to be diagnosed and received intervention at an earlier age. No significant association was found for age of suspicion, age of diagnosis and age of intervention with persons who suspected HI and gender of the patients.CONCLUSION: Parental suspicion of hearing impairment has significant role to play in the early diagnosis as well as intervention.

Dementia risk in middle-aged patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder: a cohort study of 84,824 subjects.

All severe mental disorders, namely schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depression, are associated with dementia. However, a head-to-head comparison study of severe mental disorders and dementia risk is lacking. This study was a retrospective analysis from Taiwan National Health Insurance Database. In the current study, we included 14,137, 14,138, and 14,137 patients aged 45-69years diagnosed with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder, respectively, between 2001 and 2009 and 42,412 matched controls. Four groups were age-matched based by age of identification. Any dementia, including Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia, was diagnosed from the identification date to the end of 2011. Alzheimer disease was more likely in patients with bipolar disorder (hazard ratio [HR]: 10.37, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 6.93-15.52) and major depression (HR: 8.92, 95% CI: 5.93-13.41) than in those with schizophrenia (HR: 4.50, 95% CI: 2.84-7.13) and in controls. The likelihood of developing vascular dementia during the follow-up period was greater in patients with schizophrenia (HR: 4.55, 95% CI: 3.14-6.59) and bipolar disorder (HR: 4.45, 95% CI: 3.13-6.31) than in those with major depression (HR: 3.18, 95% CI: 2.21-4.58) and in controls. However, the overlapped CIs indicated the non-significant between-category differences. There was an increased risk of Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia in all groups compared with controls. For Alzheimer disease risk was greater bipolar and depression compared with schizophrenia while for vascular dementia risk was greater for bipolar and schizophrenia compared with depression. Our findings may encourage clinicians to closely monitor the trajectory of cognitive function in middle-aged and elderly patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder.

Access Challenge Index: A Novel Disparity Measure Predictive of Language Outcomes in Children Who Are Deaf/Hard of Hearing.

To evaluate the effect of demographic disparities on language outcomes in a diverse group of children who are deaf or hard of hearing. Retrospective cohort study. UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital (a tertiary care center). Forty-four patients aged <18 years were identified with sensorineural hearing loss managed with a behind-the-ear hearing aid or cochlear implant. Demographic and clinical data were extracted from the medical record. The primary outcome measure was the Preschool Language Scales-5 at least 6 months after intervention. Predictors of language outcome were assessed: hearing level at the time of hearing intervention, cochlear implant status, age of identification and intervention, travel time to site of hearing care, home language, race/ethnicity, insurance type, and Access Challenge Index-a novel measure of educational environment and family support based on the Child Cochlear Implant Profile. Multivariate and univariate analysis assessed predictors for association with intervention and receptive, expressive, and total language scores. Overall 82% of patients had cochlear implants. The median age at hearing intervention was 12 months. The sample was 59% female, 52% non-White, and 61% publicly insured, and 20% had a non-English primary home language. Accounting for multiple demographic and clinical predictors, a high Access Challenge Index score was independently associated with longer time to intervention (P = .01) and poorer language outcomes (P < .001). Access Challenge Index-a novel comprehensive measure of educational and family environment-is a strong independent predictor of language outcomes in children who are deaf or hard of hearing.

Readdressing Short Stature in India: The "Long and the Short" of it.

Readdressing Short Stature in India: The "Long and the Short" of it.

Reading difficulty and socio-emotional adjustment: Internalizing patterns depend on age of identification

Children with reading difficulty experience stress in school that may put them at risk of negative socio-emotional adjustment involving externalizing or internalizing patterns. It is unclear what f...

Patterns in audiological and demographic findings of children with hearing loss below 3 years of age: A retrospective study

Introduction: Early identification of infants with hearing loss and initiating intervention by 6 months has been proven to have positive impacts on children. Understanding the demographic and audiologic factors influencing early identification and intervention of children with hearing loss will be valuable to professionals, implementing authorities, and stakeholders for effective service delivery. The aim of this study was to understand the patterns observed in the demographic and audiological findings of children with hearing loss below 3 years of age. Methods: A retrospective method was adopted to collect the audiological and demographic information from 143 case files of children below 3 years of age, registered in audiology diagnostics at the Institute in the period from January 2017 to December 2017. Descriptive statistics and Pearson's correlation were used to report the findings in various demographic and audiological factors. Results: The mean age of identification (AOI) was found to be 1.38 years (standard deviation [SD] ± 1.07); mean age of amplification was 1.54 years (SD ± 0.766); and age of intervention was 1.59 years (SD ± 0.83). There was a significant positive correlation (0.694) between AOI of hearing loss and age of amplification. The number of children who have been lost to follow-up after diagnosis was 55.2%. Conclusions: The findings from this retrospective data can help professionals to understand how well protocol for young children with hearing loss comply with universal standards and to take necessary steps to heighten quality health-care service.

Relations among religiosity, age of self-identification as gay, lesbian, or bisexual, and alcohol use among college students.

Research indicates that lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) youth are at increased risk for heavy drinking relative to their heterosexual peers. One possible contributing factor is that religiosity fails to provide the significant protection for LGB youth that it provides in general population samples. Although prior studies provide some support for this hypothesis, there is little research on the reasons that religiosity may fail to protect against heavy drinking among LGB youth. The current study addressed this question by examining relations among religiosity, age of self-identification as LGB, and alcohol use in a sample of 162 young adults self-identified as lesbian, gay, bisexual, or questioning. Age of self-identification was conceptualized as an indicator of stress or internal conflict between religious beliefs and self-identification. We hypothesized that higher levels of religiosity would be associated with a later age of identification as LGB, which, in turn, would contribute to heavier drinking. Path analyses conducted in Mplus provided support for this hypothesis, with higher levels of religiosity indirectly contributing to increased alcohol use through later age of self-identification. Whereas additional studies directly assessing stress associated with the self-identification process are needed, the results of this study suggest that religiosity may serve as a risk, rather than protective, factor among LGB youth. The development of religious support groups specifically for LGB youth may help these individuals reconcile their religious beliefs with their emerging sexual identities, thereby allowing them to derive some of the same benefits that heterosexual youth derive from religious beliefs and practices. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

School-aged Children with Mild Bilateral and Unilateral Hearing Loss: Parents' Reflections on Services, Experiences, and Outcomes.

Following the establishment of newborn hearing screening programs, age of identification and length of time before receiving interventions has been reduced for children, including those with milder degrees of hearing loss who were previously not identified until school age. This population of early-identified children requires new support programs for parents. Although literature is emerging on how parents experience the initial years, there is limited information on support needs during early school years. The objectives were to gain insights into parents' experiences with services during the early period of identification until early school years, as well as their perceptions of the consequences of hearing loss on their child's overall development. A qualitative research design informed by Interpretive Description was employed. Individual semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 parents of children identified with mild hearing loss. Transcripts were analyzed using a constant comparative method. Four themes emerged from the data: early experiences with services and hearing technology, effects of hearing loss on social functioning, effects of hearing loss on language and academics, and experiences in early school years. From parents' perspectives, more support during the early school years is needed to help ensure academic success.

Suitable Specimen Types for Newborn Biochemical Screening-A Summary

Newborn biochemical screening has been in place in many countries for over fifty years initially testing dried skin puncture whole blood spotted on collection paper (DBS) or urine for phenylalanine or phenylketones to identify phenylketonuria. Countries wishing to commence newborn screening need to consider which type of specimen will provide a satisfactory specimen and matrix for testing for disorders relevant to their population, is acceptable to parents and can be readily transported to the analytical or laboratory facility without significant degradation. Whilst DBSs have largely become the specimen of choice they may not be applicable to all cultures and infrastructures. The majority of disorders appropriate to be identified in the newborn period can be detected in DBSs taken shortly after birth. Some are also detectable in cord blood or urine, some are not. Most disorders have an ideal and often different time window of age for identification in relation to treatment for optimum outcome. When embarking on newborn screening for the first time or in expanding what is already in place, it is important that the disorders considered are evaluated against the Wilson and Jungner criteria for population screening. A brief overview of specimen types including urine, cord blood and DBSs with some of their advantages and limitations is provided in this review to assist in decision-making.

Exploring reasons for late identification of children with early-onset hearing loss

IntroductionSeveral studies have shown that early identification of childhood hearing loss leads to better language outcomes. However, delays in the confirmation of hearing loss persist even in the presence of well-established universal newborn hearing screening programs (UNHS). The objective of this population-based study was to document the proportion of children who experienced delayed confirmation of congenital and early onset hearing loss in a UNHS program in one region of Canada. The study also sought to determine the reasons for delayed confirmation of hearing loss in children. MethodsPopulation level data related to age of first assessment, age of identification and clinical characteristics were collected prospectively for all children identified through the UNHS program. We documented the number of children who experienced delay (defined as more than 3 months) from initial audiologic assessment to confirmation of hearing loss. A detailed chart review was subsequently performed to examine the reasons for delay to confirmation. ResultsOf 418 children identified from 2003 to 2013, 182 (43.5%) presented with congenital or early onset hearing loss, of whom 30 (16.5%) experienced more than 3 months delay from initial audiologic assessment to confirmation of their hearing disorder. The median age of first assessment and confirmation of hearing loss for these 30 children was 3.7 months (IQR: 2.0, 7.6) and 13.8 months (IQR: 9.7, 26.1) respectively. Close examination of the factors related to delay to confirmation revealed that for the overwhelming majority of children, a constellation of factors contributed to late diagnosis. Several children (n = 22; 73.3%) presented with developmental/medical issues, 15 of whom also had middle ear dysfunction at assessment, and 9 of whom had documented family follow-up concerns. For the remaining eight children, additional reasons included ongoing middle ear dysfunction for five children, complicated by family follow-up concerns (n = 3) and mild hearing loss (n = 1) and the remaining three children had isolated reasons related to family follow-up (n = 1) or mild hearing loss (n = 2). ConclusionDespite the progress made in the early detection of pediatric hearing loss since UNHS, a substantial number of children referred for early assessment can experience late confirmation and intervention. In particular, infants with developmental and/or medical issues including middle ear disorders are at particular risk for longer time to confirmation of hearing loss.

Cost-Effectiveness/Cost-Benefit Analysis of Newborn Screening for Severe Combined Immune Deficiency in Washington State

To evaluate the expected cost-effectiveness and net benefit of the recent implementation of newborn screening (NBS) for severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) in Washington State. We constructed a decision analysis model to estimate the costs and benefits of NBS in an annual birth cohort of 86 600 infants based on projections of avoided infant deaths. Point estimates and ranges for input variables, including the birth prevalence of SCID, proportion detected asymptomatically without screening through family history, screening test characteristics, survival rates, and costs of screening, diagnosis, and treatment were derived from published estimates, expert opinion, and the Washington NBS program. We estimated treatment costs stratified by age of identification and SCID type (with or without adenosine deaminase deficiency). Economic benefit was estimated using values of $4.2 and $9.0 million per death averted. We performed sensitivity analyses to evaluate the influence of key variables on the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of net direct cost per life-year saved. Our model predicts an additional 1.19 newborn infants with SCID detected preclinically through screening, in addition to those who would have been detected early through family history, and 0.40 deaths averted annually. Our base-case model suggests an ICER of $35 311 per life-year saved, and a benefit-cost ratio of either 5.31 or 2.71. Sensitivity analyses found ICER values <$100 000 and positive net benefit for plausible assumptions on all variables. Our model suggests that NBS for SCID in Washington is likely to be cost-effective and to show positive net economic benefit.

Performance and characteristics of the Newborn Hearing Screening Programme in England: The first seven years

Objective: To assess the performance of the universal newborn hearing screen in England. Design: Retrospective analysis of population screening records. Study sample: A total of 4 645 823 children born 1 April 2004 to 31 March 2013. Results: 97.5% of the eligible population complete screening by 4/5 weeks of age and 98.9% complete screening by three months of age. The refer rate for the 12/13 birth cohort is 2.6%. The percentage of screen positive (i.e. referred) babies commencing follow up by four weeks of age and six months of age is 82.5% and 95.8% respectively. The yield of bilateral PCHL from the screen is around 1/1000. For bilateral PCHL in the 12/13 birth cohort the median age is nine days at screen completion, 30 days at entry into follow up, 49 days at confirmation, 50 days at referral to early intervention, and 82 days at hearing-aid fitting. Conclusion: The performance of the newborn hearing screening programme has improved continuously. The yield of bilateral PCHL from the screen is about 1/1000 as expected. The age of identification and management is well within the first six months of life, although there remains scope for further improvement with respect to timely entry into follow up.

Knowledge and Beliefs about Ear and Hearing Health among Mothers of Young Children in a Rural Community in South India

Purpose: To study the knowledge and beliefs about ear and hearing healthcare among mothers from a rural community. Method: In 1 week, 6 focus group discussions were conducted across 6 villages of a district in Tamil Nadu in southern India. The participants were 60 mothers who had children below 5 years of age. Results: Mothers in this rural community had information about some aspects of ear and hearing healthcare. They were aware that use of hairpins and safety-pins to clean ears was harmful; they were knowledgeable about ways to identify hearing ability (child responds to name call, verbal instructions, and startles at loud sounds); and, conditions like consanguinity and malnutrition of expectant mothers were recognised as risk factors for hearing loss. However, misconceptions also existed. The practice of pouring herbal juices to remove insects in the ear continued; there was the perception that all children with a hearing problem were “deaf”, and a lack of awareness about the possibility of partial/unilateral hearing loss. Regarding the age of identification, mothers believed that a child’s ability to speak and the ability to hear was pertinent to assess hearing. None of the mothers related normal speech development to normal hearing. Conclusion: For the success of a community-based hearing screening programme, it is important to utilise the existing knowledge of the mothers, and simultaneously attempt to fill in gaps in knowledge and clarify misconceptions. These measures will facilitate greater compliance from the community in achieving the goals of early identification and early intervention for problems of hearing loss.

Language Outcomes Using Hearing Aids in Children with Auditory Dys-Synchrony.

There is a considerable debate on the use of hearing aid in children with auditory dys-synchrony (AD). To current date there are no similar Studies which show the effect of acoustic amplification on outcomes on speech and language development in children with AD are found in the literature. Thus, in the present study three children diagnosed to have AD were recruited and subjected to hearing aid trial and fitting based on the late latency response thresholds. Ranging from 7 months to 41 months of intervention period, each child’s language age was reassessed and compared with that of their pre-therapy language age. The comparison showed a good improvement in receptive age, though the children had moderate to severe degree of hearing loss. But their expressive age was significantly delayed irrespective of their age of identification and duration of intervention. Thus the delay in expression with a good amount of improvement in reception can be a characteristic of an AD child with amplification.

Towards a safety net for management of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: guidelines for our times

The commonest autosomal deletion, 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is a multisystem disorder varying greatly in severity and age of identification between affected individuals. Holistic care is best served by a multidisciplinary team, with an anticipatory approach. Priorities tend to change with age, from feeding difficulties, infections and surgery of congenital abnormalities particularly of the heart and velopharynx in infancy and early childhood to longer-term communication, learning, behavioural and mental health difficulties best served by evaluation at intervals to consider and initiate management. Regular monitoring of growth, endocrine status, haematological and immune function to enable early intervention helps in maintaining health. Conclusion: Guidelines to best practice management of 22q11DS based on a literature review and consensus have been developed by a national group of professionals with consideration of the limitations of available medical and educational resources.

The effects of sign language on spoken language acquisition in children with hearing loss: a systematic review protocol.

BackgroundPermanent childhood hearing loss affects 1 to 3 per 1000 children and frequently disrupts typical spoken language acquisition. Early identification of hearing loss through universal newborn hearing screening and the use of new hearing technologies including cochlear implants make spoken language an option for most children. However, there is no consensus on what constitutes optimal interventions for children when spoken language is the desired outcome. Intervention and educational approaches ranging from oral language only to oral language combined with various forms of sign language have evolved. Parents are therefore faced with important decisions in the first months of their child’s life.Methods/DesignThis article presents the protocol for a systematic review of the effects of using sign language in combination with oral language intervention on spoken language acquisition. Studies addressing early intervention will be selected in which therapy involving oral language intervention and any form of sign language or sign support is used. Comparison groups will include children in early oral language intervention programs without sign support. The primary outcomes of interest to be examined include all measures of auditory, vocabulary, language, speech production, and speech intelligibility skills. We will include randomized controlled trials, controlled clinical trials, and other quasi-experimental designs that include comparator groups as well as prospective and retrospective cohort studies. Case-control, cross-sectional, case series, and case studies will be excluded. Several electronic databases will be searched (for example, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO) as well as grey literature and key websites. We anticipate that a narrative synthesis of the evidence will be required. We will carry out meta-analysis for outcomes if clinical similarity, quantity and quality permit quantitative pooling of data. We will conduct subgroup analyses if possible according to severity/type of hearing disorder, age of identification, and type of hearing technology.DiscussionThis review will provide evidence on the effectiveness of using sign language in combination with oral language therapies for developing spoken language in children with hearing loss who are identified at a young age. The information from this review can provide guidance to parents and intervention specialists, inform policy decisions and provide directions for future research.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42013005426

The effectiveness of the promotion of newborn hearing screening in Taiwan

ObjectiveHearing is a critical ability for the development of a child's speech and language. Many studies in different countries have shown the universal newborn hearing screening and early intervention has greatly reduced the negative impact caused by congenital hearing loss. The first universal newborn hearing screening program in Taiwan took place in MacKay Memorial Hospital in 1998 and was subsequently endorsed by the government. The incidence of bilateral congenital hearing impairment in Taiwan is approximately 2.6 per 1000 live birth. The aim of this paper is to analyze the age of diagnosis, hearing aid fitting, and intervention of congenitally hearing impaired children with and without hearing screening after public awareness and government endorsement of newborn hearing screening. Materials and methodsThere were 263 hearing impaired children participated in this study, receiving their auditory habilitation therapy at Children's Hearing Foundation from 2006 to 2010. 114 of those children went through newborn hearing screening and 149 without it. The age of diagnosis, hearing aid fitting, and auditory intervention were compared between these two groups. The age of diagnosis and intervention of congenitally hearing impaired children among different years were analyzed too. ResultsThe average age of diagnosis was 8.7 months, the age of hearing aid fitting was 12.4 months and age of auditory intervention was 18.8 months for the group of hearing impaired children with newborn hearing screening. For hearing impaired children without newborn screening, their average age of diagnosis was 27.5 months; age of hearing aid fitting was 31.3 months and age of auditory intervention was 40.5 months. There were significant differences in the age of diagnosis, hearing aid fitting and auditory intervention between congenitally hearing impaired children with and without hearing screening. ConclusionsThis research indicates that newborn hearing screening facilitates early identification, diagnosis and intervention of congenitally hearing impaired children in Taiwan. The age of identification, diagnosis and intervention of congenital hearing impaired children has also been reduced gradually over the years after government endorsement of newborn hearing screening in Taiwan.

Listen up: Children with early identified hearing loss achieve age-appropriate speech/language outcomes by 3 years-of-age

ObjectivesAge-appropriate speech/language outcomes for children with early identified hearing loss are a possibility but not a certainty. Identification of children most likely to achieve optimal outcomes is complicated by the heterogeneity of the children involved in outcome research, who present with a range of malleable (e.g. age of identification and cochlear implantation, type of intervention, communication mode) and non-malleable (e.g. degree of hearing loss) factors. This study considered whether a homogenous cohort of early identified children (≤12months), with all severities of hearing loss and no other concomitant diagnoses could not only significantly outperform a similarly homogenous cohort of children who were later identified (>12months to <5years), but also achieve and maintain age-appropriate speech/language outcomes by 3, 4 and 5years of age. MethodsA mixed prospective/retrospective comparative study of a homogenous cohort of 45 early identified (≤12months) and 49 late identified (>12months to <5years) children with hearing loss was conducted. The children all attended the same oral auditory-verbal early intervention programme. Speech/language assessments standardized on typically developing hearing children were conducted at 3, 4 and 5years of age. ResultsThe early identified children significantly outperformed the late identified at all ages and for all severities of HL. By 3years of age, 93% of all early identified participants scored within normal limits (WNL) for speech; 90% were WNL for understanding vocabulary; and 95% were WNL for receptive and expressive language. Progress was maintained and improved so that by 5years of age, 96% were WNL for speech, with 100% WNL for language. ConclusionsThis study found that most children with all severities of hearing loss and no other concomitant diagnosed condition, who were early diagnosed; received amplification by 3months; enrolled into AV intervention by 6months and received a cochlear implant by 18months if required, were able to “keep up with” rather than “catch up to” their typically hearing peers by 3years of age on measures of speech and language, including children with profound hearing loss. By 5years, all children achieved typical language development and 96% typical speech.

Age of identification of hearing impairment in Mumbai—A trend analysis

Implementation of Universal Newborn Hearing Screening (UNHS) has led to lowering the age of identification of congenital hearing loss in children. In the absence of UNHS in Mumbai (India), it is pertinent to establish a data base on the age of identification of permanent hearing loss in children to facilitate affirmative action. Objective To study the trend in age of identification (AOI) of hearing impairment in children studying in special schools. Methods This retrospective study was a survey conducted on a convenient sample. The authentic data about date of birth and age of identification (AOI) of 510 children were collected through parental interview, and scrutiny of documents like birth certificates, first audiological report maintained in special schools/institutes/hospitals. Results Time series analysis of the data concluded that from 1989 to 2008, AOI has reduced by 9.59 months. AOI has not reached one year even by 2008 and is much below the target of three months of age as per the recommendation of Joint Committee on Infant Hearing (2007). Conclusion In absence of Universal Newborn Hearing Screening (UNHS) in Mumbai (India) the present efforts do not seem to be enough in lowering the age of identification of hearing loss and policy decision is warranted.