Age In Norway Research Articles

Iodine Nutrition in Children ≤2 years of Age in Norway

BackgroundAs a component of the thyroid hormones (THs), iodine is vital for normal neurodevelopment during early life. However, both deficient and excess iodine may affect TH production, and data on iodine status in young children are scarce. ObjectivesTo describe iodine nutrition (iodine status and intake) in children ≤2 y of age in Innlandet County (Norway) and to describe the associations with maternal iodine nutrition. MethodsA cross-sectional study was performed in a representative sample of mother–child pairs selected from 30 municipalities from November 2020 until October 2021. Iodine status [child urinary iodine concentration (UIC), maternal UIC, and breast milk iodine concentration (BMIC)] was measured. Child’s iodine intake was estimated using 2 24-h dietary recalls (24-HR) and a food frequency questionnaire. The Multiple Source Method was used to estimate the usual iodine intake distributions from the 24-HR assessments. ResultsThe median UIC in 333 children was 145 μg/L, indicating adequate iodine status according to the WHO cutoff (100 μg/L). The median usual iodine intake was 83 μg/d. Furthermore, 35% had suboptimal usual iodine intakes [below the proposed Estimated average requirement (72 μg/d)], whereas <1% had excessive usual iodine intakes [above the Upper intake level (200 μg/d)]. There was a positive correlation between children’s iodine intake and BMIC (Spearman rank correlation coefficient r = 0.67, P < 0.001), and between children’s UIC and BMIC (r = 0.43, P < 0.001), maternal UIC (r = 0.23, P = 0.001), and maternal iodine intake (r = 0.20, P = 0.004). ConclusionDespite a median UIC above the cutoff for iodine sufficiency, more than a third of the children had suboptimal usual iodine intakes. Our findings suggest that many children will benefit from iodine fortification and that risk of iodine excess in this age group is low.

National monitoring of iodine, sodium, and vitamin D status in toddlers and women of childbearing age - results and lessons learned from a pilot study in Norway.

Norway is lacking a population-based national monitoring program for iodine, sodium, and vitamin D status. The aim of this study was to pilot-test a study design for collecting biological samples from a country-representative sample of 2-year-old children and their mothers and to report results for iodine, salt, and vitamin D at baseline, before initiation of salt iodization in Norway. In a cross-sectional study, we recruited 2-year-old children and their mothers during the routine 2-year check-up through 38 randomly selected health clinics in 2021. Spot urine samples were analyzed for iodine, creatinine, and sodium, and dried blood spots from the mothers were analyzed for thyroglobulin (Tg) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D). We aimed at including 400 mother-child pairs but recruited only 55 pairs. Major challenges were closed health clinics due to the COVID-19 pandemic, lack of motivation of the health personnel to prioritize recruiting, missing information about non-participation, and high workload for participants. The median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) was 123 (95% CI: 76, 228) µg/L in the toddlers and 83 (95% CI: 72, 99) µg/L in the mothers. The median urinary sodium concentration (UNaC) was 62 (95% CI: 37, 91) mmol/L in the toddlers and 93 (95% CI: 77, 107) mmol/L in the mothers. Of the mothers, 18% had levels of 25(OH)D <50 nmol/L (suboptimal status). Lessons learned from the pilot study will be used to design a national monitoring program for toddlers and women of childbearing age in Norway. The results indicate that 2-year-old children and women of childbearing age in Norway may have inadequate iodine intakes at the group level, while for vitamin D, most of the mothers had adequate status.

Work status changes and associated factors in a nationwide sample of Norwegian long-term breast cancer survivors

PurposeThe study aims to describe work status at diagnosis and 8 years post-diagnosis in a nationwide sample of breast cancer survivors (BCSs), and investigate associated and self-reported factors of reduced work status.MethodsWomen aged 20–65 years when diagnosed with stage I–III breast cancer (BC) in 2011 or 2012 were invited to participate in a questionnaire study in 2019 (n = 2803), of whom 49% (n = 1361) responded. For this sub-study, we included 974 BCSs below the legal retirement age in Norway (< 67 years) at survey and with complete work status data. Reduced work status was defined as being in paid work at BC diagnosis and not working at time of survey. Logistic regression analyses were applied to identify factors associated with reduced work status.ResultsOf BCSs who were in paid work at diagnosis (n = 845), 63% maintained their work status to 8 years later. Reduced work status was associated with not living with children (OR .44, 95% CI .24–.82), age (OR 1.16, 95% CI 1.11–1.21), chemotherapy (OR 2.83, 95% CI 1.24–6.61), > 2 comorbid conditions (OR 2.27, 95% CI 1.16–4.32), cognitive function (OR .99, 95% CI .98–.99), fatigue (OR 1.02, 95% CI 1.01–1.03), and neuroticism (OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.00–2.46). BC and late effects were reported as reasons for reduced work status and disability.ConclusionsThe majority of BCSs who were in paid work at diagnosis were working 8 years later.Implications for Cancer SurvivorsOur results suggest a need to focus on fatigue and reduced cognitive function among long-term BCSs, with the ultimate aim of improving work sustainability.

P636 Work disability after 20 years with Inflammatory Bowel Disease - results from the IBSEN study

Abstract Background At the 10-year follow-up in the IBSEN (Inflammatory Bowel in South-Eastern Norway) study, there was an increased relative risk of permanent work disability for patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), compared with the age-matched background population. Now we aimed to assess the prevalence of work disability benefits among Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) patients 20 years after diagnosis, using data from the IBSEN study and the Norwegian Registry for social security benefits (FD-Trygd). Methods In the IBSEN study the participants have had planned a scheduled follow-up visit after 1-, 5-, 10- and 20-years. At the 20-year follow-up, they received a questionnaire about temporary and permanent work disability benefits and those who answered at least one of the questions were included in this study. Patients above 67 years of age (i.e. the standard retirement age in Norway) at the time of diagnosis were excluded. From FD-Trygd, we acquired officially registered information about the patients’ work disability status. UC and CD patients were compared using the Pearson’s Chi-squared (χ 2) test for categorical variables and the Mann-Whitney U test for continuous variables. Results A total of 421 patients attended a 20-year follow-up and information from 418 were included for analysis. Out of those, 281 had UC (51.2% women) with a median age at the 20-year follow-up of 54.3 years (range 29.5–85.2) and 137 had CD (49.6% women) with a median age of 47.8 (range 27.4–84.8). At the 20-year follow-up, 38.1% of the IBD patients (UC 34.9% and CD 44.6%, p=0.061) reported that they had applied for and/or received temporary or permanent work disability benefits. In total 20.3% (UC 18.3% and CD 24.4%, p=0.181) reported they had been granted a permanent work disability benefit, while 10.2% reported that this was due to their IBD (UC 8.2% and CD 14.2%, p=0.067). In FD-Trygd, 27.3% of the IBD patients in the IBSEN cohort (UC 26.3%, CD 29.2%, p=0.537) were registered as having been granted permanent work disability benefits during the 20-year period. Conclusion Every fifth patient reported that they had been granted permanent work disability benefits after 20 years with IBD, but this was related to other diseases (or reasons) in half of them. According to FD-Trygd, however, more than one in four patients had been granted permanent work disability benefits in the same time-period. While differences between the UC and CD patients were found to be insignificant in these data, the difference between patient-reported and registry data is important for further socio-economic analyses and should be examined more closely.

The burden of respiratory syncytial virus in children under 5 years of age in Norway

ObjectivesTo estimate age-specific incidence of medically attended respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections in hospitalised Norwegian children and describe disease epidemiology. MethodsActive prospective hospital surveillance for RSV in children <59 months of age was conducted during 2015–2018. All febrile children 12–59 months of age were enrolled, whereas children <12 months were enrolled based on respiratory symptoms regardless of fever. Surveillance data were linked to national registry data to estimate the clinical burden of RSV. ResultsOf the children enrolled, 1096 (40%) were infected with RSV. The highest incidence rates were found in children 1 month of age, with a peak incidence of 43 per 1000 during the 2016–2017 season. In comparison, children 24–59 months of age had an infection rate of 1.4 per 1000 during the same winter season. The peak season was during the 2016–2017 winter, with an incidence rate of 6.0 per 1000 children 0–59 months of age. In the study population a total of 168 (15%) of the infected children had pre-existing medical conditions predisposing for more severe disease. High infection rates were found in this population. ConclusionsChildren with comorbidities showed high hospital contact rates, but the majority of children in need of medical attention associated with RSV infection were previously healthy.

With Age Comes …? An Examination of Gendered Differences in the Resource Advantages Associated with Parental Age in Norway

Using high-quality register data, this paper constructs an empirical portrait of older parenthood in contemporary Norway and explores gender differences in the extent to which older parents are better-resourced parents. Like most family issues, academic and policy discussions of older parenthood have tended to focus on the experiences of women. Although motherhood at older ages was not uncommon in previous generations, rapid social and family changes in recent decades mean that today’s older mother is far more likely to be having her first child. She may have focused on obtaining a good education and then on establishing her career and finding a supportive partner. When viewed through this motherhood lens, older parents are often portrayed as being relatively well-off financially and enjoying stable family lives. Viewed through the fatherhood lens, however, the family literature suggests that age might not be as strong a marker of socio-economic advantage. Our findings show that this is the case: While older fathers are, on average, more socio-economically advantaged than younger fathers around the time their children are born, their relative advantage is narrower than what we observe when older mothers and younger mothers are compared. Gender differences in the family history profiles of older parents appear to explain some of the differentials we document. The children of older fathers are more likely to be born into blended families and less likely to born to a mother who postponed her first birth than are the children born to older mothers. The results suggest that the meaning of paternal age and maternal age differs: paternal age is not as strong a marker of socio-economic advantages and resources for children as maternal age is.

Cervical cancer in women under 30\xa0years of age in Norway: a population-based cohort study

BackgroundWe compared women with incident cervical cancer under the age of 30 with older women with regard to stage, morphology, screening history and cervical cancer mortality in a population-based cohort study.MethodsWe included data from the Cancer Registry of Norway. Incidence rates (per 100,000 women-years) were calculated and joinpoint regression was used to analyse trends. The Nelson-Aalen cumulative hazard function for risk of cervical cancer death during a 15-year follow-up was displayed. The hazard ratios (HRs) of cervical cancer mortality with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were derived from Cox regression models.ResultsThe incidence of cervical cancer in women under the age of 30 has almost tripled since the 1950s, with the steepest increase during 1955–80 (with an annual percentage change (APC) of 7.1% (95%CI 4.4–9.8)) and also an increase after 2004 (3.8% (95%CI -1.3–9.2)). Out of 21,160 women with cervical cancer (1953–2013), 5.3% were younger than 30 years. A lower proportion of younger women were diagnosed at more advanced stages and a slightly higher proportion were diagnosed with adenocarcinoma and adenosquamous carcinoma comparing women above 30 years. The cumulative risk of cervical cancer death was lower for patients under the age of 30. However, the difference between the age groups decreased over time. The overall adjusted HR of cervical cancer mortality was 0.69 (95% CI 0.58–0.82) in women diagnosed under the age of 30 compared to older women.ConclusionThere has been an increase in cervical cancer incidence in women under the age of 30. Cervical cancer in younger women was not more advanced at diagnosis compared to older women, and the cervical cancer mortality was lower.

New Age in Norway, by Ingvild Sælid Gilhus, Siv Ellen Kraft, and James R. Lewis (eds.)

New Age in Norway, by Ingvild Sælid Gilhus, Siv Ellen Kraft, and James R. Lewis (eds.)

Incidence, prevalence, and mortality of heart failure: a nationwide registry study from 2013 to 2016.

AimsLarge‐scaled population studies of incidence and prevalence of heart failure (HF) are needed for the development of healthcare policies and priorities. The aim of this study was to estimate the incidence, prevalence, and all‐cause mortality of HF in Norway from 2013 to 2016 on the basis of a national registry.Methods and resultsUsing data from the nationwide Norwegian Prescription Database, we identified all patients ≥18 years of age in Norway with at least one drug prescription with HF during 2013–2016, defined by 10th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD‐10) codes I50, I11, I13, or I42. The individual index date was the date of the first prescription. Patients were followed up until death or end of follow‐up (31 October 2017). Annual incidence and prevalence were estimated from 2013 to 2016, using a look‐back period starting from 1 March 2008. We calculated standardized estimates by applying direct age and sex standardization to the 2013 European standard population. All‐cause mortality from 2013 to 2016 was calculated among the prevalent HF patients. Standardized mortality ratio (SMR) was calculated by indirect standardization using general mortality in the Norwegian population as reference. We identified 54 542 unique patients (58% men) with a first‐time diagnosis of HF. The median age was 72 ±14 years, and women were older than men (median age 76 vs. 70 years, respectively). The crude (standardized) incidence of HF was 3.44/1000 (4.23/1000) person‐years in 2016 and did not increase over the 4 year period, while the prevalence increased from 2.0% (2.3%) to 2.4% (2.8%). Both incidence and prevalence were higher in men than in women and strongly associated with age. Crude mortality rates in the HF population declined from 94 to 82/1000 person‐years from 2013 to 2016, and SMR declined from 2.01 to 1.84. Age‐adjusted mortality rates were higher in men than in women.ConclusionsThis nationwide registry study in Norway showed an increase in the prevalence of HF from 2013 to 2016, with stable incidence rates and improved survival.

Death-scene investigations contribute to legal protection in unexpected child deaths in Norway.

This study reviewed cases of sudden unexpected child deaths in Norway to determine the significance of death-scene investigations (DSIs) in establishing cause and manner of death, and thereby it is relevance to legal protection. Data from forensic autopsy reports and DSIs were collected and analysed for cases of unexpected deaths in children below 4years of age in Norway during 2010-2016. Out of 141 cases, the death scene was investigated as a voluntary procedure in 75 cases and by the police in 41 cases. The cause of death remained unexplained in 81/141 (57%) of the cases, of which 46/141 (33%) met the criteria for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) or sudden unexplained death in early childhood (SUDC). The manner of death was determined in 102/141 (72%). Voluntary DSI increased the ability to rule out accidental suffocation, facilitated evaluations of environmental risk factors and enabled detection of possible neglect. Death-scene investigations illuminate uncertainty about the cause of death, especially in grey-area cases where accidental suffocation, neglect or abuse is suspected. Knowledge about the course of events and the cause of death enhances both the child's and the caregiver's legal protection. Death-scene investigations should therefore be mandatory.

At the threshold of the Viking Age: New dendrochronological dates for the Kvalsund ship and boat bog offerings (Norway)

Kvalsund in the Herøy archipelago, Møre og Romsdal County, provides a sheltered harbour in a high-risk seascape along the west coast of Norway: the peninsula Stadlandet is considered the most dangerous part of the seaway between central and south Norway. At least three separate offerings were identified in a bog along the sound, one of which was excavated in the 1920s. The excavation uncovered the remains of two vessels: an ordinary boat and a ship, which were both difficult to date at the time of discovery.The site is of significant interest for two reasons. First, from a technological perspective: the ship is technologically regarded as preceding the Oseberg ship type (c. AD 820), but later than the Nydam ship (AD 310–320). The date of the ship type is consequently important, as part of the evolution of the clinker built ship of the Viking Age. Secondly, from a ritual perspective: the site was interpreted in the 1920s as an offering, and as comparable to Early Iron Age bog offerings in Denmark (a category which the Nydam ship belongs to).In 1980, the Kvalsund find was radiocarbon dated, placing the find in the range of the 7th to 8th centuries AD. This indicates that the Kvalsund offerings were later than the Early Iron Age bog offerings in Denmark. Since the 1980s, most ships from the Late Iron Age in Norway (i.e. c. AD 560–1050) are provided with a more accurate date by dendrochronology, but the Kvalsud vessels have lacked dendrochronological dates. This article presents the site, the finds, and a new dendrochronological date for the Kvalsud vessels.

Ingvild Sælid Gilhus, Siv Ellen Kraft, and James R. Lewis (eds): New Age in Norway

Ingvild Sælid Gilhus, Siv Ellen Kraft, and James R. Lewis (eds): New Age in Norway

Do Norwegian providers comply with national recommendations when prescribing combined oral contraceptives to starters? A cohort study

ObjectivesTo assess whether changes in patterns of combined oral contraceptive (COC) prescriptions to starters between 2008 and 2016 were in line with changes in national recommendations for use.DesignHistorical prospective cohort...

Health effects of retirement: evidence from survey and register data

Using a local randomized experiment that arises from the statutory retirement age in Norway, we study the effect of retirement on health across gender and socioeconomic status. We apply data from administrative registers covering the entire population and from survey data of a random sample to investigate the effects of retirement on acute hospital admissions, mortality, and a composite physical health score. Our results show that retirement has a positive effect on physical health, especially for individuals with low socioeconomic status. We find no effects of retirement on acute hospitalizations or mortality in general. However, our results suggest that retirement leads to reduced likelihood of hospitalizations for individuals with low socioeconomic status. Finally, we show that the positive health effects are driven by reduced pain and reduced health limitations in conducting daily activities. Our findings highlight heterogeneity in the health effects across socioeconomic status and across subjective and objective measures of health.

Enhancing learning practices by understanding formal and informal ways of using computer games

A 12-year-old boy – call him Lucas – is in the middle of a boss fight. This is a challenging test, in which he must beat an enemy harder than any he has encountered before. Through hours and hours of play, he has prepared for this moment. Now, he must combine and apply all of his skills to perform at his very best. If you were to try to speak to him, he would probably be so immersed in the game world that he would not even notice you. Tomorrow at school, however, he will tell his friends how he beat the boss and advanced in the game. He will be considered one of the experts within his peer group. He and his friends will then spend their breaks discussing strategies for the game, perhaps looking up YouTube videos of their favorite Internet celebrities playing the game. If it is anything like I was at that age, he will probably be thinking more on that day about the game than about the lesson his teacher has prepared about European Explorers. His teacher – call her Sally – notices this. She also knows that Lucas is not a special case; after all, most kids of his age in Norway regularly play digital games (Medietilsynet 2018). Sally would like to know if it is possible to design learning activities for her students in a way that connects the learning to what matters to them, making the topics they cover in class seem more relevant. At the same time, she wonders what it is about these computer games that enables an 11-year-old to remember hundreds of Pokémon, as well as details about how they evolve, their strengths, and where to find them (Gee 2005), while they struggle to put letters together correctly or to remember where to place Italy on a map. Perhaps, she thinks, games involve some learning principles that could be utilized when designing her lessons?

New Age in Norway, edited by Ingvild Sælid Gilhus, Siv Ellen Kraft, &amp; James R. Lewis

New Age in Norway, edited by Ingvild Sælid Gilhus, Siv Ellen Kraft, &amp; James R. Lewis

Lost workdays and healthcare use before and after hospital visits due to rotavirus and other gastroenteritis among young children in Norway

BackgroundCost-effectiveness of rotavirus vaccination is affected by assumptions used in health economic evaluations. To inform such evaluations, we assessed healthcare use before and after hospitalisations due to rotavirus and other acute gastroenteritis (AGE) among children <5years of age in Norway and estimated daycare and work absenteeism. MethodsWe conducted post-discharge interviews with caregivers of 282 children hospitalised with AGE at two hospitals in Norway during April 2014–February 2017. We collected data on healthcare use and absenteeism from daycare and work. We examined healthcare seeking and absenteeism patterns for RV-specific and other gastroenteritis. ResultsCaregivers of 485 (37%) of 1 298 hospitalised children were invited to participate, and 282 (58%) completed the questionnaire. Among these, 106 (38%) were rotavirus-positive, 119 (42%) were rotavirus-negative, and for 57 (20%) children no rotavirus testing was performed. Overall, 97% of children had been in contact with a healthcare provider before hospital admission and 28% had contacted a healthcare provider after discharge. Children that attended daycare were absent from daycare for a mean of 6.3days (median 5days). Caregivers of these children reported work absenteeism in 74% of cases. The mean duration of work absenteeism among caregivers was 5.9days (median 5days) both for RV-positive and RV-negative cases. ConclusionIn Norway, work absenteeism and healthcare use before and after hospitalisation due to rotavirus and non-rotavirus gastroenteritis are considerable and impose an economic burden on the healthcare system and society.

Economic independence in survivors of cancer diagnosed at a young age: A Norwegian national cohort study.

BACKGROUNDThe impact of cancer on socioeconomic outcomes is attracting attention as the number of survivors of cancer in young age continues to rise. This study examines economic independence in a national cohort of survivors of cancer at a young age in Norway.METHODSThrough the linkage of several national registries, the study cohort comprised 1,212,013 individuals born in Norway during 1965 through 1985, of which 5440 had received a cancer diagnosis before age 25 years. Follow‐up was through 2007, and the main outcomes were receipt of governmental financial assistance, employment, income, and occupation. Analytic methods included Cox proportional hazard regression, log‐binomial regression, and quantile regression models.RESULTSIndividuals in the cancer survivor group had an increased probability of receiving governmental financial assistance (men: hazard ratio [HR], 1.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3‐1.5; women: HR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.3‐1.6) and of not being employed (men: HR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.2‐1.7; women: HR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.2‐1.6) compared with those in the noncancer group. Income discrepancies were particularly pronounced for survivors of central nervous system tumors. There was no difference in representation in higher skilled occupations.CONCLUSIONSSurvivors of cancer at a young age in Norway had an increased risk of being economically dependent and unemployed. This was evident in several tumor groups and was most pronounced in female survivors. There were only small differences in income or representation in higher skilled occupations for most employed survivors compared with the noncancer group. The current results are important for understanding the impact of a cancer diagnosis at a young age on subsequent job market outcomes. Cancer 2016;122:3873–3882. © 2016 The Authors. Cancer published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Cancer Society.

Childbirth or termination of pregnancy: does paid employment matter? A population study of women in reproductive age in Norway

IntroductionWe studied whether female paid employment is associated with pregnancy outcome; childbirth or pregnancy termination.Material and methodsAll women in Norway, 16–54 years of age, during the years 2007–10 were included. Data sources were; the Norwegian Central Person Registry, the Medical Birth Registry of Norway, and the Registry of Pregnancy Termination. We compared the proportion without paid employment among all women, women who gave birth, and among women who requested termination of pregnancy. Thereafter, and among pregnant women, we estimated the odds ratio for pregnancy termination request for women without paid employment by applying logistic regression analyses, using women with paid employment as reference.ResultsAmong all women 16–54 years of age, 23.5% were without paid employment. Among women who gave birth, 15.8% were without paid employment, whereas this proportion was 46.4% among women who requested pregnancy termination (p < 0.05). Among the 307 512 women who were pregnant, 60 734 (19.4%) requested pregnancy termination. The odds ratio for pregnancy termination request was 3.18 (95% CI 3.11–3.25) for women without paid employment. Adjustments were made for age, number of children, and region of residence in Norway.ConclusionBeing without paid employment was more common among women in the general population and among women requesting pregnancy termination than among women who gave birth. Hence, women seem to have children when they are in paid employment. The role of women's paid employment for reproductive choices should be further investigated.

Incidence of type 1 diabetes in Norway among children aged 0–14 years between 1989 and 2012: has the incidence stopped rising? Results from the Norwegian Childhood Diabetes Registry

Our study aimed to describe the incidence of type 1 diabetes in children below 15 years of age in Norway during the period 1989-2012 and to assess the regional variation during 2004-2012. We further set out to estimate the completeness of ascertainment in the Norwegian Childhood Diabetes Registry (NCDR). Incident cases of type 1 diabetes were registered in the NCDR and incidence rates were modelled using Poisson regression. Ascertainment for 2005-2008 was estimated using capture-recapture methodology by using data from the Norwegian Prescription Database (NorPD), a nationwide register established in 2004, which included insulin prescribed and dispensed at pharmacies to individual patients. Population data were obtained from Statistics Norway. Observed incidence rates for 1989-2012 suggested three distinct time segments: in 1989-1996, the average incidence rate was 22.6 per 100,000 person-years (95% CI 21.4, 23.7); in 1996-2004, the average incidence rate was 28.4 per 100,000 person-years (95% CI 27.3, 29.6); and from 2004 to 2012, the average incidence rate per 100,000 person-years was 32.7 (95% CI 31.5, 34.0). After adjustment for age and sex, the estimated change per year was 1.8% for 1989-1996 (95% CI -0.07, 3.6; p = 0.059), 3.4% for 1996-2004 (95% CI 2.2, 4.7; p < 0.0001) and 0.3% for 2004-2012 (95% CI -0.9, 1.6; p = 0.64). The highest incidence was in the age group 10-14 years for both sexes. A significant regional variation in incidence was observed (p < 0.001). Completeness of ascertainment in the NCDR was estimated to be 91%. The previously observed increase in incidence of type 1 diabetes has levelled off and remained essentially constant at 32.7 per 100,000 person-years during 2004-2012. There is a significant variation in type 1 diabetes incidence within Norway.