Age-adjusted Incidence Rate Ratios Research Articles

Risk of mycobacterial infections in a cohort of silicosis patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases

Objective: To evaluate the incidence rates of mycobacterial infections in silicosis patients with systemic autoimmune rheumatic disease (ARD). Methods: This was a retrospective cohort of silicosis patients between January of 1999 and December of 2023. We compared the incidence of tuberculosis and nontuberculous mycobacterial disease (NTM) in patients with silicosis with and without ARD. We also compared the tuberculosis incidence in the overall cohort with general Brazilian population estimates. Results: The study comprised 369 silicosis patients, of whom 35 (9.5%) had ARD. Having ARD did not affect the cumulative incidence of mycobacterial diseases. The risk of tuberculosis was higher in the cohort when compared with that in the adult Brazilian male population (age-adjusted incidence rate ratio = 20.46; 95% CI 14.89-28.13). Conclusions: In this cohort of patients with silicosis, ARD was not associated with the incidence of mycobacterial diseases.

The role of ethnic enclaves and neighborhood socioeconomic status in invasive breast cancer incidence rates among Asian American, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander females in California.

Few studies have examined whether the incidence rates of invasive breast cancer among Asian American, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander (AANHPI) populations differ by the neighborhood social environment. Thus, we examined associations of ethnic enclave and neighborhood socioeconomic status (nSES) with breast cancer incidence rates among AANHPI females in California. A total of 14,738 AANHPI females diagnosed with invasive breast cancer in 2008-2012 were identified from the California Cancer Registry. AANHPI ethnic enclaves (culturally distinct neighborhoods) and nSES were assessed at the census tract level using 2007-2011 American Community Survey data. Breast cancer age-adjusted incidence rates and incidence rate ratios (IRRs) were estimated for AANHPI ethnic enclave, nSES, and their joint effects. Subgroup analyses were conducted by stage of disease. The incidence rate of breast cancer among AANHPI females living in lowest ethnic enclave neighborhoods (quintile (Q)1) were 1.21 times (95% Confidence Interval (CI) 1.11, 1.32) that of AANHPI females living highest ethnic enclave neighborhoods (Q5). In addition, AANHPI females living in highest vs. lowest SES neighborhoods had higher incidence rates of breast cancer (Q5 vs. Q1 IRR = 1.30, 95% CI 1.22 to 1.40). The incidence rate of breast cancer among AANHPI females living in low ethnic enclave + high SES neighborhoods was 1.32 times (95% CI 1.25, 1.39) that of AANHPI females living in high ethnic enclave + low SES neighborhoods. Similar patterns of associations were observed for localized and advanced stage disease. For AANHPI females in California, incidence rates of breast cancer differed by nSES, ethnic enclave, when considered independently and jointly. Future studies should examine whether the impact of these neighborhood-level factors on breast cancer incidence rates differ across specific AANHPI ethnic groups and investigate the pathways through which they contribute to breast cancer incidence.

Cholinesterase Inhibitor Initiation Does Not Increase the Risk of Fall-Related Injury in Older Adults Treated With Beta-Blockers: A Self-Controlled Case Series Design.

Prescribing cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs) concurrently with beta-blockers might cause syncope that increases the risk of fall-related injuries (FRIs). This self-controlled case series study assesses the risk of FRIs associated with initiating ChEIs while receiving beta-blockers among Medicare fee-for-service-insured nursing home (NH) residents in the United States. We identified individuals at their first dispensing of a beta-blocker between 2016 and 2019 after at least 45 days of long-stay NH residency. Individuals were followed from the first day of beta-blocker use until beta-blocker discontinuation, Medicare disenrollment, death, or study end. ChEI initiation was classified as the first 60 days of new ChEI dispensing after 45 days of no ChEI exposure. FRIs were assessed during beta-blocker use periods, and age-adjusted incidence rate ratios (IRR) for ChEI-initiation days versus other days were calculated using conditional Poisson regression models. Analyses were weighted for event-dependent observation periods due to the high risk of mortality after an FRI in this population. Subgroup analyses were conducted for several key time-fixed variables, including sex, age, ChEI type, ChEI dose, beta-blocker selectivity, and beta-blocker dose. The FRI risk after ChEI initiation was not elevated among 837 residents who experienced an FRI while using beta-blockers (IRR=0.90 [95%CLs 0.71, 1.15]). Analyses of ChEI initiation in several subgroups yielded similar results. There was no substantial difference in FRI risk when initiating ChEIs among older NH residents receiving beta-blocker therapy versus periods without ChEI initiation, suggesting that there is no clinically significant pharmacodynamic drug-drug interaction between beta-blockers and ChEIs.

Ethnicity and suicide in England and Wales: a national linked cohort study

Understanding of ethnic disparities in suicide in England and Wales is poor as ethnicity is not recorded on death certificates. Using linked data, we examined variations, by sex, in suicide rates in England and Wales by ethnicity and migrant and descendant status. Using the Office for National Statistics 2012-19 mortality data linked to the 2011 census from the Public Health Research Database, we calculated the age-standardised suicide rates by sex for each of the 18 self-identified ethnicity groups in England and Wales. We present rates by age, sex, and methods used for suicide by ethnic group. We estimated age-adjusted and sex-adjusted incidence rate ratios (IRRs) using Poisson regression models for each minority ethnic group compared with the majority population. We involved people with lived experience in the research. Overall, 31 644 suicide deaths occurred over the study period, including 3602 (11%) in people from minority ethnic backgrounds, with a mean age of death of 43·3 years (SD 17·0, range 13-96). Almost all minority ethnic groups had a lower rate of suicide than the White British majority, apart from individuals who identified as being from a Mixed heritage background or White Gypsy or Irish Travellers. In females who identified as Mixed White and Caribbean, the suicide IRR was 1·79 (95% CI 1·45-2·21) compared with the White British majority; in those who identified as White Gypsy or Irish Travellers, the IRR was 2·26 (1·42-3·58). Rates in males identifying as from these two groups and those identifying as White Irish were similar to the White British majority. Compared with the non-migrant population, migrants had a lower rate of suicide regardless of ethnicity, but in the descendant population, people from a Mixed ethnicity background had a higher risk of suicide than the White British majority. There are ethnic disparities in suicide mortality in England and Wales, but the reasons for this are unclear. The higher rate in previously overlooked minority ethnic groups warrants further attention. Wellcome Trust.

Disparities in cancer incidence by sexual orientation.

Cancer risk factors are more common among sexual minority populations (e.g., lesbian, bisexual) than their heterosexual peers, yet little is known about cancer incidence across sexual orientation groups. The 1989-2017 data from the Nurses' Health Study II, a longitudinal cohort of female nurses across the United States, were analyzed (N=101,543). Sexual orientation-related cancer disparities were quantified by comparing any cancer incidence among four sexual minority groups based on self-disclosure-(1) heterosexual with past same-sex attractions/partners/identity; (2) mostly heterosexual; (3) bisexual; and (4) lesbian women-to completely heterosexual women using age-adjusted incidence rate ratios (aIRR)calculated by the Mantel-Haenszel method. Additionally, subanalyses at 21 cancer disease sites (e.g., breast, colon/rectum) were conducted. For all-cancer analyses, there were no statistically significant differences in cancer incidence at the 5% type I error cutoff among sexual minority groups when compared to completely heterosexual women; the aIRR was 1.17 (95% CI,0.99-1.38) among lesbian women and 0.80 (0.58-1.10) among bisexual women. For the site-specific analyses, incidences at multiple sites were significantly higher among lesbian women compared to completely heterosexual women: thyroid cancer (aIRR, 1.87 [1.03-3.41]), basal cell carcinoma (aIRR,1.85 [1.09-3.14]), and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (aIRR,2.13 [1.10-4.12]). Lesbian women may be disproportionately burdened by cancer relative to their heterosexual peers. Sexual minority populations must be explicitly included in cancer prevention efforts. Comprehensive and standardized sexual orientation data must be systematically collected so nuanced sexual orientation-related cancer disparities can be accurately assessed for both common and rare cancers.

Abstract 804: Temporal trends and disparities by race and ethnicity in treatment of women diagnosed with advanced hormone receptor-positive breast cancer: A SEER-Medicare analysis

Abstract Background: The clinical guidelines for management of advanced hormone receptor-positive (HR+) breast cancer (BC) have changed in the past decade with the addition of novel drug classes. We assessed temporal patterns of treatment initiation among women diagnosed with advanced HR+ BC and examined disparities in treatment initiation by race and ethnicity. Methods: Women aged ≥65 years diagnosed with stage IV or metastatic HR+ BC between 2010-2019 were identified in SEER-Medicare. Poisson models were used to estimate age-adjusted annual incidence rates (IR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for treatment initiation within 12 months of BC diagnosis independently by human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) status. Age-adjusted incidence rate ratios (IRR) and 95% CIs were estimated to compare rates of initiation among non-Hispanic Black (NHB) and Hispanic patients with non-Hispanic White (NHW) patients. Results: Among 3,476 eligible patients with a mean age of 76.7 (SD: 7.5) years at diagnosis, 79.6% were NHW, 9.5% were NHB, and 6.0% were Hispanic. Among 2,668 women with HR+/HER2- BC, most initiated on aromatase inhibitors (AIs) alone (56.7%), followed by AIs with palbociclib (12.6%). There was a temporal increase in rates of initiation of AIs with palbociclib (IR [95% CI] per 1000 person-years: 252.8 [240.8, 265.4] in 2015 and 343.9 [330.8, 357.7] in 2019. We did not observe significant differences in rates of initiation of AIs alone or with palbociclib by race and ethnicity. Among 537 HR+/HER2+ patients, 25.0% initiated on AIs alone, 24.6% on pertuzumab and trastuzumab with chemotherapy, 14.3% on trastuzumab with chemotherapy, and 9.1% on AIs and trastuzumab with chemotherapy. IRs (95% CI) for initiation of pertuzumab and trastuzumab with chemotherapy increased from 175.6 (146.3, 210.9) in 2013 to 756.5 (698.3, 819.5) in 2019, while rates for trastuzumab with chemotherapy declined from 963.1 (809.4, 1146.0) in 2010 to 88.4 (72.6, 107.5) in 2019. Rates of initiation of AIs and trastuzumab with chemotherapy remained constant over time. Compared to NHW, NHB and Hispanic women were less likely to initiate pertuzumab and trastuzumab with chemotherapy (IRR [95% CI]: 0.52 [0.27, 1.00] and 0.54 [0.24, 1.23] respectively) and more likely to initiate AIs alone (IRR [95% CI]: 2.23 [1.39, 3.55] and 2.98 [1.69, 5.24] respectively). Conclusions: We observed a temporal increase in the initiation of AIs with palbociclib among patients with advanced HR+/HER2- BC. Among patients with HR+/HER2+ BC, rates of initiating pertuzumab and trastuzumab with chemotherapy increased while rates of trastuzumab with chemotherapy declined. The observed differential management of NHB and Hispanic compared with NHW patients with HR+/HER2+ BC using pertuzumab and trastuzumab with chemotherapy and AIs alone requires further investigation. Citation Format: Kexin Zhu, Elisa Bandera, Farzin Khosrow-Khavar. Temporal trends and disparities by race and ethnicity in treatment of women diagnosed with advanced hormone receptor-positive breast cancer: A SEER-Medicare analysis [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 804.

1391-P: National Retrospective Cohort Study of COVID-19 Infection and Incident Diabetes in American-Indian/Alaska-Native People

Background: Studies report increased risk of incident diabetes following COVID-19 illness. American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) people have had more frequent and severe COVID-19 illness and historically higher diabetes incidence than other racial/ethnic groups in the US. We examined the association between COVID-19 illness and incident diabetes in AI/AN people. Methods: Using de-identified data from the Indian Health Service, we created three cohorts spanning two periods: COVID-19 cohort and no-COVID-19 cohort (no indication of COVID-19 infection) both from 3/1/2020-12/31/2021 and pre-COVID-19 cohort from 1/1/2018-2/28/2020. We used data from the year prior to cohort entry to exclude prevalent cases of diagnosed diabetes (diagnosis codes, labs, or diabetes medications) and assess baseline characteristics. During the study period we ascertained COVID-19 infection (diagnosis codes, labs) and incident diabetes. We calculated age-adjusted diabetes incidence rates and rate ratios comparing the COVID-19 cohort to the no-COVID-19 and pre-COVID-19 cohorts. Results: Across cohorts, age, sex, and healthcare utilization differed. Age-adjusted diabetes incidence rates and rate ratios were significantly higher in the COVID-19 cohort (Table 1). Conclusions: Clinically confirmed COVID-19 infection was associated with increased incident diabetes rates in AI/AN people. Disclosure J.Keck: None. S.Bressler: None. M.Bruce: None. U.Chukwuma: None. M.E.Lacy: None. Funding National Institutes of Health (R34DK132548-01S1)

Association between antidepressants with pneumonia and exacerbation in patients with COPD: a self-controlled case series (SCCS)

ObjectiveTo assess whether antidepressant prescriptions are associated with an increased risk of pneumonia and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbation.MethodsA self-controlled case series was performed to investigate the rates of...

Temporal trends in the incidence of infective endocarditis in patients with a prosthetic heart valve

ObjectiveThe incidence of infective endocarditis (IE) is increasing, as is the insertion of prosthetic heart valves. We aimed to examine nationwide temporal trends in the incidence of IE in patients...

Impact of Hurricanes Irma and Maria on Asthma, Hypertension, and Depression in a Sample of the Puerto Rico Population.

To evaluate the impact of Hurricanes Irma and Maria on 3 major chronic diseases in Puerto Rico. San Juan Overweight Adults Longitudinal study participants were re-evaluated after Hurricanes Irma and Maria (May 2019-July 2020) for the Preparedness to Reduce Exposures and Diseases Post-hurricanes and Augment Resilience study. This study compared the prevalence and incidence of asthma, depression, and hypertension within the same 364 individuals over time. Asthma and depression prevalence and incidence did not change significantly after the hurricanes. The prevalence of hypertension increased significantly after the hurricanes (OR = 2.2, 95% CI: 1.2, 3.9). The incidence of hypertension after the hurricanes (IR = 9.0, 95% CI: 6.5, 12.4) increased significantly compared to before the hurricanes (IR = 6.1, 95% CI: 4.5, 8.0) (age-adjusted incidence rate ratio [aIRR] = 1.4, 95% CI: 4.5, 8.0) for similar time periods. Hurricanes Irma and Maria were associated with a significant increase in the prevalence and incidence of hypertension in this study population. Contrary to expectations, no significant increases were observed in depression and asthma prevalence after the hurricanes. Results from this study can inform better strategies to prevent and manage hypertension in the population affected by a hurricane.

Selling one’s future: over-indebtedness and the risk of poor mental health and the role of precarious employment – results from the Scania Public Health Cohort, Sweden

ObjectivesThe credit market has expanded rapidly, increasing the risk of over-indebtedness among those who lack secure employment or adequate income, an issue of concern in the COVID-19 aftermath. We investigated...

Influence of county-level geographic/ancestral origin on glioma incidence and outcomes in US Hispanics.

Glioma incidence is 25% lower in Hispanics than White non-Hispanics. The US Hispanic population is diverse, and registry-based analyses may mask incidence differences associated with geographic/ancestral origins. County-level glioma incidence data in Hispanics were retrieved from the Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States. American Community Survey data were used to determine the county-level proportion of the Hispanic population of Mexican/Central American and Caribbean origins. Age-adjusted incidence rate ratios and incidence rate ratios (IRRs) quantified the glioma incidence differences across groups. State-level estimates of admixture in Hispanics were obtained from published 23andMe data. Compared to predominantly Caribbean-origin counties, predominantly Mexican/Central American-origin counties had lower age-adjusted risks of glioma (IRR = 0.83; P < 0.0001), glioblastoma (IRR = 0.86; P < 0.0001), diffuse/anaplastic astrocytoma (IRR = 0.78; P < 0.0001), oligodendroglioma (IRR = 0.82; P < 0.0001), ependymoma (IRR = 0.88; P = 0.012), and pilocytic astrocytoma (IRR = 0.76; P < 0.0001). Associations were consistent in children and adults and using more granular geographic regions. Despite having lower glioma incidence, Hispanic glioblastoma patients from predominantly Mexican/Central American-origin counties had poorer survival than Hispanics living in predominantly Caribbean-origin counties. Incidence and survival differences could be partially explained by state-level estimates of European admixture in Hispanics with European admixture associated with higher incidence and improved survival. Glioma incidence and outcomes differ in association with the geographic origins of Hispanic communities, with counties of predominantly Mexican/Central American origin at significantly reduced risk and those of Caribbean origin at comparatively greater risk. Although typically classified as a single ethnic group, appreciating the cultural, socioeconomic, and genetic diversity of Hispanics can advance cancer disparities research.

Proton Pump Inhibitors and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: A Self-Controlled Case Series Study.

We investigated cardiovascular risk due to proton pump inhibitor (PPI) treatment using a self-controlled case series (SCCS) study design, a type of case-only design and an approach to overcome between-person confounding in which individuals act as their own control. We conducted an SCCS study using the National Health Insurance Service-Health Screening cohort in Korea (2002-2015). The cohort included 303,404 adult participants without prior cardiovascular events, who were followed up until December 2015. The primary outcome was a composite of stroke or myocardial infarction. The SCCS method estimated the age-adjusted incidence rate ratio between periods with and without exposure to PPI among patients with primary outcomes. As sensitivity analysis, conventional multivariable Cox proportional regression analyses were performed, which treated the exposure to PPI and H2 blocker during follow-up as time-dependent variables. In the SCCS design, 10,952 (3.6%) patients with primary outcomes were included. There was no association between PPI exposure and primary outcome (incidence rate ratio 0.98, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.89-1.09). In the time-dependent Cox regression analyses, both PPI (adjusted hazard ratio 1.36, 95% CI 1.24-1.49) and H2 blocker (adjusted hazard ratio 1.46, 95% CI 1.38-1.55) were associated with an increased risk of the primary outcome. Negative findings in the SCCS design suggest that association between increased cardiovascular risk and PPI, frequently reported in prior observational studies, is likely due to residual confounding related to conditions with PPI treatment, rather than a true relationship.

Sex-differences in incidence of hospitalizations and in hospital mortality of community-acquired pneumonia among children in Spain: a population-based study

The aim of this study is to examine trends from 2016 to 2019 in the incidence of hospitalizations and in-hospital mortality (IHM) of subjects < 18 years with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), assessing possible sex differences. We used Spanish national hospital discharge data to select all patients < 18 years with CAP. We identified 43,511 children (53% boys) hospitalized with CAP. The incidence of CAP was significantly higher in boys than in girls, with an age-adjusted incidence rate ratio of 1.05 (95%CI 1.03–1.07) for boys compared to girls, and rose from 126 per 100,000 children in 2016 to 131 in 2019 (p < 0.0001). There were no sex differences in isolated pathogens, comorbidities, length of hospital stay, or IHM. Variables independently associated with IHM were age 10 to 17 years, congenital heart disease, neurological diseases, and use of invasive mechanical ventilation. Asthma was a protective factor for IHM among girls.Conclusion: The incidence of hospital admissions for CAP was higher among boys than among girls and rose significantly from 2016 to 2019. There were no sex differences in hospital outcomes. Age 10 to 17 years, congenital heart disease, neurological diseases, and use of mechanical ventilation were risk factors for IHM in both sexes, while asthma was a protective factor among girls. No differences were found in IHM over time.What is Known:• Community-acquired pneumonia is one of the most common reasons for hospitalizations among children.• There are few studies that allow to know the evolution of community-acquired pneumonia in children.What is New:• Incidence of hospital admissions for community-acquired pneumonia was higher in boys than girls and it rose significantly from 2016 to 2019.• Age 10 to 17 years, congenital heart disease, neurological diseases and use of mechanical ventilation were risk factors for in-hospital mortality in both sexes.

Incidence of ovarian cancer after bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy in women with histologically proven endometriosis

To assess the incidence of ovarian cancer in women with histologically proven endometriosis after bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (BSO). Retrospective nationwide cohort study. Dutch pathology database. Women with histologically proven endometriosis who had undergone BSO between 1990 and 2015 (n = 7,984). This study consists of 2 control cohorts: women with histologically proven endometriosis without BSO (n = 42,633) and women with a benign dermal nevus (n = 132,535). Observational study. Number of histologic diagnoses of (extra-)ovarian cancers. Incidence rate ratios (IRR) were estimated for (extra-)ovarian cancer. The number needed to treat was calculated. We identified 9 (0.1%) (extra-)ovarian cancers in the BSO cohort and 170 (0.4%) and 444 (0.3%) ovarian cancers in the endometriosis and nevus control cohorts, respectively. We found an age-adjusted IRR of 0.34 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.15-0.76) when the BSO cohort was compared with the endometriosis cohort. Comparing the BSO cohort with the nevus control cohort resulted in an age-adjusted IRR of 0.38 (95% CI, 0.17-0.85). The number needed to treat when the BSO cohort was compared with the endometriosis control cohort was 351 (95% CI, 272-591). In this nationwide study, we found that the (extra-)ovarian cancer incidence in women with histologically proven endometriosis decreased to less than the background population risk after BSO. Additionally, we found a significant reduction of the incidence of ovarian cancer when compared with women with histologically proven endometriosis without BSO. Endometriosis surgery could in the future be a preventive strategy in women with endometriosis and a high-risk profile for ovarian cancer.

Incidence, prevalence and risk of stroke in patients with Takayasu arteritis: a nationwide population-based study in South Korea

BackgroundTakayasu arteritis (TAK) is a disease associated with increased risk of cardiovascular complications. We aimed to evaluate the incidence, prevalence and risk of stroke in patients with TAK.MethodsData from 1065...

EPID-08. IMPORTANCE OF THE INTERSECTION OF AGE AND SEX TO UNDERSTAND VARIATION IN INCIDENCE AND SURVIVAL FOR PRIMARY MALIGNANT GLIOMAS

Abstract BACKGROUND Gliomas are the most common type of malignant brain and other CNS tumors, accounting for 80.8% of malignant primary brain and CNS tumors. They cause significant morbidity and mortality. This study investigates the intersection between age and sex to better understand variation of incidence and survival for glioma in the United States. METHODS Incidence data from 2000-2017 were obtained from the Central Crain Tumor Registry of the United States, which obtains data from the CDC’s National Program of Cancer Registries and NCI’s Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results Program (SEER), and survival data from the CDC’s NPCR Registries. Age-adjusted incidence rates and rate ratios per 100,000 were generated to compare male-to-female incidence by age group. Cox proportional hazard models were performed by age group, generating hazard ratios to assess male-to-female survival differences. RESULTS Overall, glioma incidence was higher in males. Male-to-female incidence was lowest in ages 0-9 years (IRR: 1.04, 95% CI:1.01 - 1.07, p=0.003), increasing with age, peaking at 50-59 years (IRR:1.56, 95% CI: 1.53 - 1.59, p&amp;lt; 0.001). Females had worse survival for ages 0-9 (HR:0.93, 95% CI:0.87-0.99), though male survival was worse for all other age groups, with the difference highest in those 20-29 years (HR:1.36, 95% CI:1.28-1.44). Incidence and survival differences by age and sex also varied by histological subtype of glioma. CONCLUSION To better understand the variation in glioma incidence and survival, investigating the intersection of age and sex is key. The current work shows that the combined impact of these variables is dependent on glioma subtype. These results contribute to the growing understanding of sex and age differences that impact cancer incidence and survival.

No increased cancer risk in male hunters in Northern Sweden after radiation exposure from the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant accident

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Male hunters have slightly higher total cancer incidence versus male non-hunters in 9 Swedish counties after the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) accident in 1986. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the contribution of absorbed dose from the Chernobyl fallout could have influenced the elevated cancer incidence, given that hunters have a higher internal radiation exposure due to consumption of game contaminated with ¹³⁷Cs. METHODS: An algorithm was developed to calculate the total absorbed colon dose as a sum of external and internal absorbed colon dose. The time-integrated total absorbed colon dose was calculated individually for hunters (n=40 874) 1986-2015. Allowing for a 5-year latency period, the age-adjusted Incidence Rate Ratios (IRR) per milliGray (mGy) with 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) were calculated using Poisson regression for the follow-up period 1991-2015. A total of 8 964 cancer cases occurred in the hunter cohort to 31 December 2015. Pre-Chernobyl total cancer incidence in each of the counties was investigated as a potential confounding factor. RESULTS:The mean colon dose was 2.39 mGy with more than half of the absorbed colon dose from internal ¹³⁴Cs and ¹³⁷Cs taken together. No specific cancer site showed a significant increased IRR per mGy. For total cancer the IRR per mGy was 0.995 (95% CI 0.988-1.003). The IRR did not change after adjustment for the pre-Chernobyl total cancer incidence. CONCLUSIONS:Using the total colon dose as proxy for the whole body dose, no dose-dependent increased risk for cancer was observed in hunters, hence the elevated cancer incidence in hunters versus non-hunters could probably not be attributed to intake of ¹³⁷Cs contaminated game after the Chernobyl NPP accident. Future analyses will calculate individual organ absorbed dose and investigate dose-response relationship for those cancer sites. KEYWORDS: incidence, ionizing radiation, environmental epidemiology, exposure assessment, cancer and cancer precursors

Importance of the intersection of age and sex to understand variation in incidence and survival for primary malignant gliomas.

BackgroundGliomas are the most common type of malignant brain and other CNS tumors, accounting for 80.8% of malignant primary brain and CNS tumors. They cause significant morbidity and mortality. This study investigates the intersection between age and sex to better understand variation of incidence and survival for glioma in the United States.MethodsIncidence data from 2000 to 2017 were obtained from CBTRUS, which obtains data from the NPCR and SEER, and survival data from the CDC’s NPCR. Age-adjusted incidence rate ratios (IRR) per 100 000 were generated to compare male-to-female incidence by age group. Cox proportional hazard models were performed by age group, generating hazard ratios to assess male-to-female survival differences.ResultsOverall, glioma incidence was higher in males. Male-to-female incidence was lowest in ages 0-9 years (IRR: 1.04, 95% CI: 1.01-1.07, P = .003), increasing with age, peaking at 50-59 years (IRR: 1.56, 95% CI: 1.53-1.59, P < .001). Females had worse survival for ages 0-9 (HR: 0.93, 95% CI: 0.87-0.99), though male survival was worse for all other age groups, with the difference highest in those 20-29 years (HR: 1.36, 95% CI: 1.28-1.44). Incidence and survival differences by age and sex also varied by histological subtype of glioma.ConclusionsTo better understand the variation in glioma incidence and survival, investigating the intersection of age and sex is key. The current work shows that the combined impact of these variables is dependent on glioma subtype. These results contribute to the growing understanding of sex and age differences that impact cancer incidence and survival.

Incidence rates and employment trends in schizophrenia spectrum disorders, bipolar affective disorders and recurrent depression in the years 2000–2013: a Danish nationwide register-based study

Aims The study aimed to investigate time trends in incidence rates in schizophrenic spectrum disorders (ICD-10: F20–F29), bipolar affective disorder (ICD-10: F30, F31), and recurrent depression (ICD-10: F33) and to investigate the rates of employment for all incident cases. Method We used nationwide longitudinal data from 2000 to 2013 on all psychiatric inpatients and outpatients contacts in Denmark. Age-adjusted incidence rate ratios were calculated for the three diagnostic groups, and rates of employment, education, and disability pension were measured 1 year before and 2 years after the diagnosis for all the incident cases. Results The incidence rates increased significantly in all diagnostic groups and both sexes. Comparing the incidence rates in 2013 with 2000 yielded an incidence rate ratio of 1.67 (95% CI 1.51–1.84) for schizophrenic spectrum disorders, 3.82 (95% CI 3.23–4.52) for bipolar affective disorder, and 2.80 (95% CI 2.58–3.04) for recurrent depression. During the same observation period, the employment rates decreased, both 1 year before and 2 years after diagnosis in all three subgroups. In the year 2002, employment rates, 2 years after diagnosis, were 24.6% for schizophrenia spectrum disorder, 35.0% for bipolar affective disorder and 47.1% for recurrent depression. These rates had declined to 15.8%, 26.8%, and 34.7%, respectively, in 2013. Conclusion This study of three severe mental illness subgroups shows significant increasing incidence rates and decreasing employment rates both before and after the diagnosis between 2000 and 2013, highlighting the importance of timely and correct volume of the psychiatric treatment and vocational rehabilitation programs.