Age-adjusted Effective Modulus Method Research Articles

Study on the Mechanical Properties of Continuous Composite Beams under Coupled Slip and Creep

Steel–concrete continuous composite beams are widely used in buildings and bridges and have many economic benefits. Slip has always existed in composite beams and will reduce the stiffness of composite beams. The effect of creep under a long-term load will also be harmful. Many scholars ignore the combined effects of slip and creep. In order to more accurately study the mechanical properties of steel–concrete continuous composite beams under long-term loads, this paper will consider the combined actions of slip and creep. By combining the elastic theory and the age-adjusted effective modulus method, the differential equation of the composite beam is derived via the energy variational method. The analytical solutions of axial force, deflection and slip under a uniform load are obtained by substituting the relevant boundary conditions. The creep equation is used to simulate the behavior of concrete with time in ANSYS. The analytical solution is verified by establishing a finite element model of continuous composite beams considering slip and creep. The results suggest the following: the analytical solution is consistent with the finite element simulation results, which verifies the correctness of the analytical solution. Considering the slip and creep effects will increase the deflection of the composite beam and the bending moment of the steel beam, reduce the bending moment of the concrete slab and have a significant impact on the structural performance of the continuous composite beam. The research results considering the coupling effect of slip and creep on continuous composite beams can provide a theoretical basis for related problems.

A general equation for estimation of time-dependent prestress losses in prestressed concrete members

Due to the inherent nature of concrete shrinkage, creep and relaxation of prestressing strands, the prestress in prestressed concrete structures decreases continuously with time, i.e., there is an apparent time-dependent prestress loss phenomenon for prestressed concrete structures. Therefore, it is an important issue for the estimation of time-dependent prestress losses in the design of prestressed concrete structures. Many current design codes provide relevant equations for the evaluation of prestress losses. For the prestressed concrete structure, in addition to the prestressing strands, a great amount of ordinary reinforcing steel is configured to enhance its load-carrying capacity. It is generally considered that no stress relaxation occurs for ordinary reinforcing steel due to its lower stress. However, the presence of ordinary reinforcing steel affects the stress distribution in the structure and thus has an obvious impact on the prestress losses, which is not considered in the prediction equations in most current codes for the design of concrete structures up to date. In this study, based on the cross-sectional analysis of prestressed concrete members that combines the age-adjusted effective modulus method of concrete creep analysis, a general equation for estimation of the time-dependent prestress losses in prestressed concrete members considering the influence of ordinary reinforcing steel is derived and simplified. When the influence of ordinary reinforcing steel is ignored, i.e., the percentage of ordinary reinforcing steel is taken as zero, the proposed equation reduces to those in Eurocode EN 1992-1-1:2004 and AASHTO LRFD 2020. In the end, an example of a T-shaped prestressed concrete girder is provided to show the application of the proposed equation for the evaluation of time-dependent prestress losses and the error resulting from the simplification of the equation. The results show that ordinary reinforcing steel has a significant effect on the time-dependent prestress losses in prestressed concrete members for the commonly used percentage of ordinary reinforcing steel, and the error arising from the simplification of the first derived equation is quite small.

Analysis of time-varying mechanical properties of prestressed concrete containment during the tensioning process and service considering the influence of creep

The containment structure is an important barrier that ensures the safe operation of nuclear power plants. Currently, most studies on concrete creep in containment structures assumed constant stresses in the calculation of creep, which is not consistent with realistic cases or circumstances. In this study, a combination of theoretical analysis and numerical simulation was used to investigate the prestressed concrete containment (PCC) of nuclear power plants. Based on the age-adjusted effective modulus method, three widely accepted concrete creep models were improved to obtain a variable stress creep model. Using the improved creep model, the effect of concrete creep on the PCC structure during prestressed tensioning and long-term service was systematically analyzed. Then, the internal pressure bearing capacity of the PCC in long-term service was assessed, and the effects of long-term concrete creep on the mechanical properties of the PCC were evaluated.

Experimental study and analysis for the long-term behavior of the steel–concrete composite girder bridge

Due to the influence of the meteorological factors, the long-term behaviors of steel–concrete composite girders of the real bridge is different from that of indoor laboratory models. In order to address this issue, a long-term field test of 4 years was performed on the simply-supported steel–concrete composite girder bridge to study the temperature, shrinkage and creep effects. The temperature field models (TFM) and mechanical behavior models (MBM) were built in sequence and verified by the test results of the concrete deck and steel girders of 2018 and 2019 since the temperature and strain changed greatly during this period. The temperature calculated by the TFM agreed well with the test results. Although the stress of composite girders obtained by the test is different from that of the MBM, the difference in the whole service stage is small. The test results of the steel cross beam, the steel–concrete interface, the wet joint and the concrete continuous layer were also discussed, and the former three were all under compressive state, while the concrete continuous layer is under tensile state in some time period with the maximum tensile stress 3.12 MPa. Then, the verified models were used to separate the temperature strain from the long-term tested strain, and the remaining tested strain is the shrinkage and creep strain. In summer and winter, the shrinkage and creep stress calculated by the age-adjusted effective modulus method (AEMM) was different from the tested values due to the influence of air humidity, initial load age, stress level and inherent error of the prediction model. Much attention should be paid to the influence of the meteorological factors on the long-term behaviors of steel–concrete composite girder bridges.

An Analytical Model to Evaluate Short- and Long-Term Performances of Post-Tensioned Concrete Box-Girder Bridges Rehabilitated by an Ultrahigh-Performance Concrete Overlay

Potentially unfavorable stress redistributions could occur in post-tensioned concrete box-girder bridges upon deck rehabilitation by an ultrahigh-performance concrete (UHPC) overlay. The reason for such redistributions is that the deck forms an integral part of the load-resisting mechanism so that deck rehabilitation, namely, the process of removing the deteriorated deck and casting a fresh UHPC overlay, may cause large stress redistributions in the box girder. In addition, the significantly different shrinkage behavior between the freshly cast UHPC deck overlay and the old existing concrete deck below would result in restrained stress in the UHPC–old concrete interface. Therefore, how to evaluate the stress redistributions and the potentially unfavorable stresses in the box girder resulting from construction operations and the incompatible shrinkage is a crucial issue. Here, we propose an analytical model to assess the short- and long-term performances of the concrete box girder during and after deck rehabilitation. The analytical model was verified by using finite-element models incorporating the staged construction simulation and time-dependent behavior of materials. The model can be easily established and calculated with a great amount of time-saving compared with finite-element modeling, and it applies to different types of post-tensioned concrete box-girder bridges. The analytical model involves the balancing-load concept and the age-adjusted effective modulus method (AEMM). The balancing-load concept in the short-term analysis is to account for the prestressing force, and the AEMM in the time-dependent analysis is an effective tool to determine how stresses and strains vary with time due to the creep and shrinkage of a UHPC deck overlay. A parametric study was then conducted based on the analytical model, which involved the thickness of the deck layer to be rehabilitated and the addition of steel reinforcement in the new UHPC deck overlay. Analysis results indicated that pronounced tensile stresses developed in the UHPC deck overlay, which resulted from the restraint of the free shrinkage of the UHPC overlay by the subjacent concrete deck. An increase in the thickness of the newly cast UHPC deck overlay resulted in a decrease of the tensile stress in the UHPC deck overlay, and a rehabilitation thickness of 3.8–5.1 cm (1.5–2.0 in.) was deemed appropriate for the selected bridge according to the analysis.

A step-by-step method for time-dependent analysis of composite beams

Composite beams composed of reinforced concrete slab and steel section joined by mechanical connectors. The concrete slab provides compressive strength, fire resistance, and floor surface, whereas the steel section provides high tensile strength. Steel-concrete composite structures are widely used in frame buildings and bridges due to their economic and structural advantages. In the existing literature, a hybrid analytical-numerical procedure is available for service load analysis of steel-concrete composite beams considering cracking, creep, and shrinkage in concrete. The procedure uses an age-adjusted effective modulus method (AEMM) to model creep and shrinkage effects. The AEMM is computationally efficient however, it compromises accuracy owing to the use of the same aging coefficient for creep and shrinkage. Therefore, in this paper, a step-by-step method (SSM) has been proposed for modeling the creep and shrinkage effects. The method takes into account the progressive concrete cracking with time due to creep and shrinkage. The method is computationally efficient for large composite frame buildings compared to the finite element method since no discretization of the member, along the length and/or across the cross-section, is needed. The method has been validated against experimental results available in the literature. It is observed that the SSM has greater accuracy than the AEMM.

Analytical investigation of long-term behavior of normal concrete filled UHPC tube composite column

The long-term creep and shrinkage behavior of a recently proposed normal concrete (NC) filled ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) tube (abbreviated as NFUT) composite column has been rarely investigated. The present study aims to propose an analytical solution for calculating the restrained stress and initial axial stress of NC core based on elastic mechanics knowledge. The nominal creep coefficient or strain of the NFUT composite column is analytically calculated as well, based on the age-adjusted effective modulus method. The perfect bond between the UHPC and NC is assumed and the shrinkage of the UHPC tube subjected to steam curing is negligible during the calculation. Moreover, a finite element model is established, and the numerical restrained stress and initial axial stress are compared with the analytical ones. Also, the effect of the Poisson’s ratio and reinforcement ratio in the UHPC tube on these stresses is investigated. The analytical nominal creep coefficients or strains of the specimens are compared with the test ones and the previous numerical parametric analysis results. It is found that the numerical restrained stress and initial axial stress show good agreement with the analytical ones with errors smaller than 10 % The restrained stress factor and initial axial stress are linearly proportional with the Poisson’s ratio difference between the UHPC and NC. Also, the analytical nominal creep coefficients generally show good agreement with the test ones, and the errors between the analytical and the numerical final strain predictions are within 1 %, which demonstrates the applicability and accuracy of the age-adjusted effective modulus method based nominal creep coefficient calculation.

Time-dependent behavior of NSM CFRP-strengthened RC beams under different service temperatures

The use of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) for flexural strengthening of reinforced concrete (RC) beams has become a popular strengthening technique. Significant amount of work is available on the short-term flexural behavior of RC beams strengthened with near-surface mounted (NSM) technique. However, their time-dependent flexural behavior, specifically under high service temperature, has not yet been addressed. This paper presents an experimental work to evaluate the time-dependent behavior of NSM carbon FRP (CFRP)-strengthened RC beams. The experimental program included 23 beams, where the effect of different parameters such as strengthening (CFRP) area, steel reinforcement ratio and applied temperature (20 and 50 °C) have been considered. Experimental results show that the effect of strengthening area is significant on the flexural short-term response of the beams, while minor effects are found on the time-dependent deflections. On the other hand, increasing the service temperature has no significant effect on the short-term tests, but it produces a large increase in the time-dependent deflection of the specimens. Finally, an analytical procedure for the prediction of time-dependent deflections, which is based on the age-adjusted effective modulus method (AEMM), is presented. Good agreement between the experimental results and analytical predictions on time-dependent deflections is shown.

Long-term mechanical behaviors of uncracked concrete beams prestressed with external basalt fiber-reinforced polymer tendons

In this study, an experiment was conducted on four uncracked concrete beams prestressed with external basalt fiber-reinforced polymer (BFRP) tendons or stress-relieved strands subjected to 300-day sustained loads. The experimental variables included tendon type, prestress level (40 kN and 50 kN), and concrete strength grade (C40 and C60). The effects of these variables on the long-term deformation and prestress loss of the beams were discussed and analyzed. Based on an existing approach using an age-adjusted effective modulus method (AEMM), a modified model was proposed for predicting the long-term deformation and prestress loss of concrete beams prestressed with external BFRP tendons. The results indicated that the prestress level had significant effects on the long-term deformation and prestress loss. The concrete strength grade significantly affected the long-term deformation, but had no effect on the prestress loss. The stress-relieved strands exhibited a prestress loss that was 16% greater than that of the BFRP tendons. The theoretical results based on the modified model were consistent with the experimental results. The results of this study contribute to the design and prediction of the long-term behaviors of concrete beams prestressed with external BFRP tendons.

Experimental and numerical study on the in-plane behaviour of concrete-filled steel tubular arches with long-term effects

Concrete-filled steel tubular arch (CFSTA) bridges have been widely used in the past few decades. As the service time of the arch rib increases, the mechanical performance degrades due to the time-deterioration properties of infilled concrete. In order to study the influence of the long-term effects on the ultimate bearing capacity of arch ribs, four CFSTAs totally with two different fly ash replacement ratios were designed and tested to failure after a one-year sustained loading test. Test results showed that the in-plane bearing capacity of the post-creep CFSTAs was obviously reduced compared to that without long-term loading cases. A stepwise approach for considering the long-term behaviour of concrete was elaborated on and numerically implemented in ABAQUS, and the proposed finite element (FE) model was verified against the results yielded from the experiment. The study found that the age-adjusted effective modulus method may not accurately capture the in-plane behaviour of the post-creep coupons. FE results showed that the influence level of long-term effects on the capacity was negatively correlated with the stiffness of the arch rib. For CFSTA bridges within engineering applications, the capacity reduction caused by shrinkage and creep effects can be more than 10% after ten years.

Numerical simulation of concrete creep behaviour using integral creep algorithm with alternating stresses

To investigate the accuracy of commonly used algorithms for prediction of creep and shrinkage effects in concrete structures, a comparative study is carried out using the finite element (FE) models with various user-defined time-dependent material properties. Numerical results are compared with available benchmark tests to justify the FE models. Results show that the FE model following the concrete integral creep (CIC) algorithm is close to the test result. The secondarily developed subroutine on the universal commercial FE platform is able to represent the time-dependent behavior of the concrete cylinders. CIC shows higher accuracy once alternating load history is considered, though the rate of creep method (RCM) and age-adjusted effective modulus method (AEMM) show the same accuracy as CIC under constant load. CIC shows outstanding compatibility with the material model specified in contemporary design codes. It seems that the CIC model can be used for a detailed evaluation of concrete structures, while RCM and AEMM might be used for preliminary and rough analysis.

Finite Beam Element for Curved Steel-Concrete Composite Box Beams Considering Time-Dependent Effect.

Curved steel–concrete composite box beams are widely used in urban overpasses and ramp bridges. In contrast to straight composite beams, curved composite box beams exhibit complex mechanical behavior with bending–torsion coupling, including constrained torsion, distortion, and interfacial biaxial slip. The shear-lag effect and curvature variation in the radial direction should be taken into account when the beam is sufficiently wide. Additionally, long-term deflection has been observed in curved composite box beams due to the shrinkage and creep effects of the concrete slab. In this paper, an equilibrium equation for a theoretical model of curved composite box beams is proposed according to the virtual work principle. The finite element method is adopted to obtain the element stiffness matrix and nodal load matrix. The age-adjusted effective modulus method is introduced to address the concrete creep effects. This 26-DOF finite beam element model is able to simulate the constrained torsion, distortion, interfacial biaxial slip, shear lag, and time-dependent effects of curved composite box beams and account for curvature variation in the radial direction. An elaborate finite element model of a typical curved composite box beam is established. The correctness and applicability of the proposed finite beam element model is verified by comparing the results from the proposed beam element model to those from the elaborate finite element model. The proposed beam element model is used to analyze the long-term behavior of curved composite box beams. The analysis shows that significant changes in the displacement, stress and shear-lag coefficient occur in the curved composite beams within the first year of loading, after which the variation tendency becomes gradual. Moreover, increases in the central angle and shear connection stiffness both reduce the change rates of displacement and stress with respect to time.

Ageing coefficient for early age tensile creep of blended slag and low calcium fly ash geopolymer concrete

The ageing coefficient is required in the age-adjusted effective modulus method to assess the effect of creep in concrete structures subjected to varied stress history. In this paper, experiments were carried out to calibrate the ageing coefficient for early age tensile creep of blended slag and low calcium fly ash geopolymer concrete. The development of total strains of geopolymer concrete under sustained tension, including instantaneous strain, creep strain and shrinkage strain was monitored by using the dog-bone shaped specimens. The specimens were loaded at the age of 2, 3, 4, 7, 14, 21 days, respectively. The strains of the unloaded companion specimens were monitored as well. The development of the creep coefficient φ(t,τ0) for geopolymer concrete was calculated based on the experimental results. By using the step-by-step numerical analysis, the ageing coefficient for early age tensile creep of geopolymer concrete was assessed. An ageing coefficient of 0.8 is recommended for structural design. The comparison between calculated and measured tensile strains from the restrained concrete ring test shows the validity of the proposed value of the ageing coefficient.

Experimental Research of the Time-Dependent Effects of Steel–Concrete Composite Girder Bridges during Construction and Operation Periods

The present work aimed to study the effects of temperature changes and concrete creep on I-shaped steel–concrete composite continuous girder bridges during construction and operation processes. This study combined structural health monitoring data, an ANSYS finite element simulation, and the age-adjusted effective modulus method to obtain the variation laws of temperature and internal force in composite girders. Moreover, a temperature gradient model was proposed that is suitable for bridges in Hebei, China. In addition, a concrete creep experiment under unidirectional axial compression was performed using concrete specimens prepared from the concrete batch used to create the composite girder. The long-term evolution laws of the deflection and internal force of the composite girder were obtained by predicting the concrete creep effect. The measured data showed that the temperature variation trends of the steel beam and concrete slab were characterized by a sinusoidal curve without a temperature lag. The heating rate of the concrete slab was higher than the cooling rate. The prediction results showed that the internal force changes in the composite girder were characterized by three stages. The stress changes in the composite girder during the first 10 days were significant and the stress charge rate of the concrete slab, the steel girder and the shear stud can reach 5%–28%. The stress change rate decreased continuously during 10–90 days. The stress changed slowly and smoothly after 90 days. This research can provide feedback and reference for structural health monitoring and service safety control of similar I-shaped steel–concrete composite bridges.

Determination and Implementation of Reasonable Completion State for the Self-Anchored Suspension Bridge with Extra-Wide Concrete Girder

The present work is aimed at studying the determination method and implementation process of reasonable completion state for the Hunan Road Bridge, which is currently the widest concrete self-anchored suspension bridge in China. The global finite element model and the cable analytic program BNLAS were integrated. The synthesis algorithm of completion state determination was proposed. The contact relationships between the cable and saddles were captured using the refined FE discretization method. The concrete shrinkage and creep effects during the construction and operation periods were predicted using the CEB-FIP 90 model and the age-adjusted effective modulus method. The cable alignments under the free cable state, system transformation condition, and completion state were obtained. Moreover, the multiple-control method for the whole process of system transformation was proposed. The multiple parameters included the hanger tensioning force, exposed amount of hanger anchor cup, and tag line position. A detailed system transformation procedure was formulated and well preformed in the construction site. In addition, the further optimization analysis of final hanger force was conducted based on the actual completion state. The influence on the stress and geometry evolution of girder brought by the final girder alignment was investigated. The measured results of structural alignment and stress show that the target completion state was well implemented. The accuracy and efficiency of the proposed multiple-control method were verified by checking the tag line position of each step. In addition, the optimized final hanger force and girder lifting amount were obtained, which can provide feedback and reference for the construction control and service safety of the similar concrete self-anchored suspension bridges.

Non-linear creep modelling on circular concrete-filled steel tubular columns

The particularity of the non-linear creep behavior of the circular concrete-filled steel tubes (CFST) is 1) the concrete core will not exchange moisture with the surrounding environment as sealed inside the steel tube, and 2) confinement effects will restrain the development of microcracking and prevent creep failure. In this context, the available creep model and analysis method will not be applicable in the prediction of the non-linear creep responses of circular CFST columns. In this paper, a non-linear creep model was proposed for circular CFST columns. This model was benchmarked against available experimental data. Extensive parametric study was performed to investigate the non-linear creep effects on the static responses of circular CFST columns. Finally, the applicability of different algebraic methods in calculating the non-linear creep responses of circular CFST columns was evaluated against the results obtained from refined analysis procedure. Investigation results have shown that non-linear creep could lead up to a 90% increase in the creep coefficient and, if not well accounted, would make the steel tube yield in the service life. The long-term responses of the circular CFST columns can be well depicted by introducing an ‘amplification factor’ into the Eurocode 2. The Age-Adjusted Effective Modulus method was recommended for simple design calculations.

Theoretical analysis on long-term deflection of GFRP-concrete hybrid structures with partial interaction

The creep and shrinkage of concrete and the creep of glass-fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) may lead to the increase of long-term deflection of GFRP-concrete hybrid structures under service loading, due to the change of internal forces and stresses. This paper presents a calculation model to consider the influence of the aforementioned changes in analyzing the long-term deflection of GFRP-concrete hybrid structures with partial interaction under service loading, based on the age-adjusted effective modulus method (AEMM). The calculated results from the proposed calculation model agree well with the available experimental results. A further discussion is also made about the effects of the concrete creep and shrinkage and the GFRP creep, as well as the shear stiffness of shear connectors on long-term behavior of GFRP-concrete hybrid structures. Especially, the significant influence of concrete shrinkage on long-term interface slip, interface shear and long-term deflection is found. What’s more, the long-term deflection may increase with the augment of horizontal shear stiffness of shear connectors.

Experimental study on influence of post-pouring joint on long-term performance of steel-concrete composite beam

The long-term behaviour of steel-concrete composite beam with assembled concrete bridge decks should be different from that of composite beam with monolithic concrete bridge decks when the new-old concrete age difference is considered. Two simply supported T-shaped steel-concrete composite beams with post-pouring joints were designed and tested to evaluate the influence of concrete age difference between the precast slabs and the post-pouring joints on their long-term performance. Long-term performance tests of 223 days were performed on composite beams A and B subjected to uniformly distributed load and axial load, respectively. Shrinkage and creep tests were also conducted on concrete prisms made with the same batch for precast slabs and post-pouring joints of test beams. Moreover, an incremental differential model of creep and shrinkage considering the concrete age difference between the precast slabs and the post-pouring joints was developed by age-adjusted effective modulus method, and a long-term performance model of assembled composite beam based on the deformation coordination conditions was proposed in this paper. The experimental results were compared with the results predicted by the traditional method ignoring the age difference and the results calculated based on the proposed model considering the age difference. The comparison of results indicate that the results from the proposed model agree well with the test results, and the traditional method ignoring the age difference would severely underestimate the effect of creep and shrinkage of assembled concrete decks. The proposed model indicates the normal stress of concrete in post-pouring joints may develop from compressive stress to tensile stress with time. Moreover, the cracking phenomenon of post-pouring joints in assembled composite beam in engineering practice can be understood by the proposed model.

Time-Dependent Deformations of Eccentrically Loaded Reinforced Concrete Columns

If reinforced concrete columns and walls in high-rise buildings are subjected to axial load for a sustained duration, long-term lateral deformation (or curvature) as well as axial shortening increase over time due to the creep and shrinkage of concrete. In the present study, sustained load tests were performed to evaluate the time-dependent axial shortening and lateral displacement occurring in eccentrically loaded columns. A test set-up using post-tensioning steel rods was introduced for the sustained loading with or without eccentricity. The test results showed that the lateral displacement as well as the axial shortening increased over the sustained duration but the increasing rate of the long-term deformations rapidly decreased with increasing time. The time-dependent axial shortening and lateral displacement increasing with time were predicted by using the age-adjusted effective modulus method based on the creep and shrinkage models of ACI 209. The predictions agreed well with the test results.

Health monitoring and comparative analysis of time-dependent effect using different prediction models for self-anchored suspension bridge with extra-wide concrete girder

The structural health status of Hunan Road Bridge during its two-year service period from April 2015 to April 2017 was studied based on monitored data. The Hunan Road Bridge is the widest concrete self-anchored suspension bridge in China at present. Its structural changes and safety were evaluated using the health monitoring data, which included deformations, detailed stresses, and vibration characteristics. The influences of the single and dual effects comprising the ambient temperature changes and concrete shrinkage and creep (S&C) were analyzed based on the measured data. The ANSYS beam finite element model was established and validated by the measured bridge completion state. The comparative analyses of the prediction results of long-term concrete S&C effects were conducted using CEB-FIP 90 and B3 prediction models. The age-adjusted effective modulus method was adopted to simulate the aging behavior of concrete. Prestress relaxation was considered in the stepwise calculation. The results show that the transverse deviations of the towers are noteworthy. The spatial effect of the extra-wide girder is significant, as the compressive stress variations at the girder were uneven along the transverse direction. General increase and decrease in the girder compressive stresses were caused by seasonal ambient warming and cooling, respectively. The temperature gradient effects in the main girder were significant. Comparisons with the measured data showed that more accurate prediction results were obtained with the B3 prediction model, which can consider the concrete material parameters, than with the CEB-FIP 90 model. Significant deflection of the midspan girder in the middle region will be caused by the deviations of the cable anchoring positions at the girder ends and tower tops toward the midspan due to concrete S&C. The increase in the compressive stresses at the top plate and decrease in the stresses at the bottom plate at the middle midspan will be significant. The pre-deviations of the towers toward the sidespan and pre-lift of the midspan girder can reduce the adverse influences of concrete S&C on the structural health of the self-anchored suspension bridge with extra-wide concrete girder.