Agate Basin Research Articles

Plains Paleoindian Projectile Point Penetration Potential

The iconic Paleoindian projectile points of the northern portion of the North American Great Plains—Clovis, Folsom, Agate Basin, Plainview (Goshen), Hell Gap, Alberta, Scottsbluff, and Eden—span nearly 4,000 radiocarbon years. Here, we apply recent findings from experimental archaeology to a database of 343 Paleoindian points to better understand how well these point types potentially functioned relative to each other in terms of penetration. Given that tip cross-sectional area (TCSA) and tip cross-sectional perimeter (TCSP) inversely correlate with penetration depth, we measured and analyzed these two attributes on each specimen in our database. Our results indicate significant differences in the Paleoindian point types’ tip cross-sectional geometries, suggesting that these points were not equally effective at penetration and that there is not a progressive trend in penetration effectiveness from Early to Late Paleoindian times. We conclude with a discussion of hypothetical Paleoindian point evolution and the reasons for the possible selection for or against penetration. The results speak to the assessment of archaeological and ethnographic technologies with full knowledge of their performance potential as gleaned from experimental archaeology. Such knowledge will help anthropologists propose more robust hypotheses involving the evolution of technology and culture, both past and present.

Can't we all just get along? Weaponry standardization and sharing at the Agate Basin site

This study explores weaponry design as it relates to the organization of technology at the Agate Basin site. Specifically, I explore potential sharing of weaponry elements during communal hunts, and the implications of such sharing as they pertain to overall technological organization of Agate Basin hunting groups. K-means cluster analysis is utilized to determine whether hafted-area morphologies on Agate Basin points are standardized and consistent with expectations we might have if sharing of weaponry elements was planned for in the preparation for a communal hunt. I argue that standardization and sharing of weapons was a reliable organizational technique potentially employed by Paleoindian hunters during seasonal aggregations that served to secure critical resources during a time when failure during a hunt would prove catastrophic.

A Fresh Look at the Age and Cultural Affiliation of the Sheaman Site

The Sheaman site in Wyoming was discovered in 1973 and excavated a few years later. It has since entered the archaeological literature as one of the few Clovis campsites in the American West. More importantly, the wealth of information from the site related to biface manufacture has served to establish the importance of overshot flaking in Clovis technology. Since only a single projectile point of ambiguous cultural affiliation was found, the chronology of the site's occupation relied explicitly on radiocarbon ages and on an ivory rod similar to known Clovis examples. This paper reviews newly available radiocarbon data and other lines of information, and questions the previously established Clovis attribution. Rather, it is argued that available evidence points to an Agate Basin connection. Ultimately, the proposed cultural affiliation brings into question the use of overshot flaking as a cultural marker of Clovis.

Geoarchaeology and paleoenvironmental context of the Beacon Island site, an Agate Basin (Paleoindian) bison kill in northwestern North Dakota, USA

A geoarchaeological investigation that included soil-stratigraphic and paleoecological analyses was conducted at Beacon Island, located in the flood pool of Lake Sakakawea in northwestern North Dakota. Beacon Island is a multi-component archaeological site that includes an Agate Basin (Paleoindian) component consisting of the butchered remains of at least 29 Bison antiquus, along with projectile point fragments and other artifacts. The bison bonebed is a product of a single kill at ca. 10,300 B.P. and is buried in a shallow kettle basin. The basin formed around 16,000–15,000 B.P. and initially trapped loess comprising the Mallard Island Member of the Oahe Formation; other members of the Oahe Formation subsequently filled the basin. Conditions probably were relatively dry when the Mallard Island Member aggraded, but by ca. 10,300 B.P. paludal deposits comprising the Aggie Brown Member began to accumulate in the basin, indicating a shift to wetter conditions. Based on phytolith and stable carbon isotope data, cool-season C3 prairie species dominated the site at the time of the bison kill, and the micromammal faunal assemblage suggests that this boreal grassland may have been punctuated by stands of shrubby vegetation. Slight warming and drying occurred soon after ca. 10,300 B.P., indicated by relatively higher δ13C values determined on soil organic matter and a significant increase in concentrations of microscopic particulate charcoal and drought-resistant Stipa-type phytoliths, but paludal deposits continued to aggrade, resulting in deep burial of the bonebed. Sedimentation was relatively slow in the basin, allowing soil development to keep up with deposition. This cumulization process resulted in the formation of an overthickened A horizon in the Aggie Brown Member, typical of the Leonard Paleosol. Aggradation of the Aggie Brown Member ceased by ca. 8000 B.P., and loess comprising the Pick City Member began accumulating soon after that time, likely marking the initiation of the warm, dry Altithermal climatic episode. Isotope and phytolith data also point to a warmer and probably drier climate after 8000 B.P., indicated by higher δ13C values and the appearance of warm-season C4 chloridoids at the site. Hence the Agate Basin occupation coincided with the coolest and perhaps the wettest climatic episode recorded in the sampled deposits. However, it is likely that the people associated with the Agate Basin culture at Beacon Island did not experience environmental conditions dramatically different from the modern conditions at the site.

Montana before History: 11,000 Years of Hunter-Gatherers in the Rockies and Great Plains by Douglas H. MacDonald (review)

Reviewed by: Montana before History: 11,000 Years of Hunter-Gatherers in the Rockies and Great Plains by Douglas H. MacDonald Mary Lou Larson Montana before History: 11,000 Years of Hunter-Gatherers in the Rockies and Great Plains. By Douglas H. MacDonald. Missoula mt: Mountain Press Publishing Co., 2012. vii + 194 pp. Tables, photographs, maps, illustrations, appendix, references, index. $20.00 paper. Montana has always needed coverage of its prehistory, and Douglas MacDonald has provided an introduction in his volume, although 60 of the 114 sites discussed are outside the state. The volume is written for students and the general public. Drawings by Erik Carlson are well done and include good likenesses of various archaeologists (George C. Frison, William Mulloy). MacDonald uses Frison’s chronological scheme (Paleoindian, Archaic, Late Prehistoric) rather than that preferred by many Montana and Canadian archaeologists (Early, Middle, and Late Prehistoric). This perspective enables easy comparison with the many northwestern Plains sites included in this volume, but a comparison of the two major chronologies used by Montana archaeologists would have been useful since so many Montana archaeologists use a chronology begun by Mulloy but perfected by B.O.K. Reeves and others. MacDonald relies on well- known reference books (e.g., Frison’s Prehistoric Hunters of the High Plains, 1991), contract reports, and other sources to describe sites. The volume opens with an introduction to the history of archaeological research in Montana, the Montana environment, animal hunting, stone and stone tools, and rock art. Five chapters on prehistory (Paleoindian, Early, Middle, Late Archaic, and Late Prehistoric) follow, while a concluding chapter offers questions for future archaeologists. The prehistory chapters present “key” sites for each time period and summaries of the original work there. Many of these sites are found in the Great Plains. Unfortunately, the volume suffers from a number of difficulties stemming from a lack of understanding of the scholarship on the region’s prehistory. MacDonald misses the mark on the Altithermal, ignoring variation in climate between mountains and Plains and through time. While he argues that bison were “at the core of the Montana hunter- gatherer diet for 11,000 years,” many scholars would have a much more nuanced perspective. Questionable identifications on several projectile point types are disconcerting. Among others, for example, a Foothill/Mountain Late Paleoindian point is identified as Middle Archaic (77), and a stemmed point is identified as a Cody Knife (53). Finally, the volume has some serious editorial oversights: figures are unnumbered; many projectile point photographs lack scales; sites are plotted in the wrong location on several maps (e.g., Casper, Hell Gap, Agate Basin, Dead Indian Creek); measurements are given as metric in some figures, English units in others. The virtual absence of cited references in the text (including some direct quotes) with no link to a reference section is frustrating. MacDonald writes that “while this book won’t exhaust you with details, I hope it will prepare you to dig deeper into the early human history of Montana.” In this the book succeeds, providing that taste of Montana archaeology one can hope will lead others (and Mac-Donald) to continue their research into what has only begun to be examined here. [End Page 106] Mary Lou Larson Department of Anthropology University of Wyoming Copyright © 2014 Center for Great Plains Studies

Refining the Chronology of the Agate Basin Complex: Radiocarbon Dating the Frazier Site, Northeastern Colorado

The Frazier site (5WL268) has been interpreted as a single component bison kill and processing site representative of the Paleoindian Agate Basin complex in northeastern Colorado. The site was excavated in the 1960s by H. Marie Wormington. An examination of six accelerator mass spectrometry 14C radiocarbon dates recently obtained on bison bone (amino acids) and charcoal collected during Wormington’s investigations suggest the Frazier site dates between 10,200 and 10,100 14C B.P. The traditionally established age range for the Agate Basin complex, uncalibrated 10,500–10,000 years B.P., was defined in the 1960s and 1970s primarily as a result of investigations at two multicomponent sites in Wyoming: the Agate Basin type site and the Hell Gap site. The Frazier site dates suggest the Agate Basin complex fits within the established age range and may be up to 200 radiocarbon years (ca. 400 calendar years) younger than the Beacon Island site in North Dakota, which radiometrically dates to uncalibrated ca. 10,300 years B.P.

A Cumberland Preform: Implications for Paleoindian Lithic Technology

Use of isolated striking platforms in biface manufacture—one hallmark of Paleoindian technology—appears in Clovis (11,500-10,900 B.P.) and Folsom (10,900-10,200 B.P.) fluting and in Agate Basin (10,500-10,200 B.P.) preform lateral thinning. We document a new observation: Cumberland or Southeastern Clovis (10,800-10,500 B.P.) artisans used isolated striking platforms for both. We also note that Cumberland points exhibit Folsom-type fluting and Agate Basin stiletto shape (i.e., an elongate blade thick in proportion to narrow width). From these observations, we speculate on technological, cultural, and chronological implications for Clovis, Folsom, Cumberland, and Agate Basin.

The Jim Pitts Site: A Stratified Paleoindian Site in the Black Hills of South Dakota

The Jim Pitts site is a multicomponent Paleoindian locality in the Black Hills of South Dakota, with a rare Goshen residential occupation. All Paleoindian components were comprised in the Leonard paleosol. The deepest component at the site is a Goshen level dated to 10,185 ± 25 B.P. It correlates with a late fall-early winter camp site. Over the course of its use parts of at least five bison were procured and introduced to the site. Above this level an array of point styles, including Goshen, Folsom, Agate Basin, several Fishtail points, James Allen, Cody, and Alberta, have also been found. The following study provides a typological and technological description of the point assemblage and weighs the implications of the chrono-cultural stratigraphy for reconstructing the Paleoindian cultural landscape. It questions the validity of some types, particularly Goshen, as cultural and chronological markers. Ultimately, the evidence presented here reinforces a model in which multiple Paleoindian point types occur simultaneously on the central and northern Great Plains. This in turn challenges a unilineal view of Paleoindian culture history.

Geoarchaeology and late glacial landscapes in the western lake superior region, Central North America

AbstractThe transition from full glacial to interglacial conditions along the southern margin of the Laurentide ice sheet resulted in dramatic changes in landscapes and biotic habitats. Strata and landforms resulting from the Wisconsin Episode of glaciation in the area directly west of Lake Superior indicate a context for late Pleistocene biota (including human populations) connected to ice margins, proglacial lakes, and postglacial drainage systems. Late Glacial landscape features that have the potential for revealing the presence of Paleoindian artifacts include abandoned shorelines of proglacial lakes in the Superior and Agassiz basins and interior drainages on deglaciated terrains. The linkage between Late Pleistocene human populations and Rancholabrean fauna has yet to be demonstrated in the western Lake Superior region, although isolated remains of mammoth ( Mammuthus) have been documented, as well as fluted points assigned to Clovis, Folsom, and Holcombe‐like artifact forms. Agate Basin and Hell Gap (Plano‐type) artifacts also imply the presence of human groups in Late Glacial landscapes associated with the Agassiz and Superior basins. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Beyond the point: projectile manufacture and behavioral inference

This paper is an attempt to model forager organization as it relates to aspects of weaponry production in the Main Folsom component at the Agate Basin site, Wyoming. Central to the argument presented here is the quantification of projectile point manufacture based on the reconstruction of nodules. This methodology takes advantage of the archaeological visibility of Folsom point manufacture and offers an estimate of the number of points manufactured, even though these points might have been removed from the site by the prehistoric occupants. Results indicate that a minimum of 38 points was successfully manufactured at the site, while only three points were discarded there. This case exemplifies a gearing up situation in which weaponry is produced to anticipate needs, and demonstrates that Folsom technological organization integrates future-oriented decisions. Ultimately, the study illustrates how hunter–gatherer regional organization and long-term planning can be inferred from an individual locality through the identification of site-specific behavior and its integration into a broader perspective of human organization.

Beyond the point: projectile manufacture and behavioral inference

This paper is an attempt to model forager organization as it relates to aspects of weaponry production in the Main Folsom component at the Agate Basin site, Wyoming. Central to the argument presented here is the quantification of projectile point manufacture based on the reconstruction of nodules. This methodology takes advantage of the archaeological visibility of Folsom point manufacture and offers an estimate of the number of points manufactured, even though these points might have been removed from the site by the prehistoric occupants. Results indicate that a minimum of 38 points was successfully manufactured at the site, while only three points were discarded there. This case exemplifies a gearing up situation in which weaponry is produced to anticipate needs, and demonstrates that Folsom technological organization integrates future-oriented decisions. Ultimately, the study illustrates how hunter–gatherer regional organization and long-term planning can be inferred from an individual locality through the identification of site-specific behavior and its integration into a broader perspective of human organization.

Late Quaternary stratigraphy and geochronology of the western Killpecker Dunes, Wyoming, USA

New stratigraphic and geochronologic data from the Killpecker Dunes in southwestern Wyoming facilitate a more precise understanding of the dune field’s history. Prior investigations suggested that evidence for late Pleistocene eolian activity in the dune field was lacking. However, luminescence ages from eolian sand of ∼15,000 yr, as well as Folsom (12,950–11,950 cal yr B.P.) and Agate Basin (12,600–10,700 cal yr) artifacts overlying eolian sand, indicate the dune field existed at least during the latest Pleistocene, with initial eolian sedimentation probably occurring under a dry periglacial climate. The period between ∼13,000 and 8900 cal yr B.P. was characterized by relatively slow eolian sedimentation concomitant with soil formation. Erosion occurred between ∼8182 and 6600 cal yr B.P. on the upwind region of the dune field, followed by relative stability and soil formation between ∼5900 and 2700 cal yr B.P. The first of at least two latest Holocene episodes of eolian sedimentation occurred between ∼2000 and 1500 yr, followed by a brief (∼500 yr) episode of soil formation; a second episode of sedimentation, occurring by at least ∼700 yr, may coincide with a hypothesized Medieval warm period. Recent stabilization of the western Killpecker Dunes likely occurred during the Little Ice Age (∼350–100 yr B.P.). The eolian chronology of the western Killpecker Dunes correlates reasonably well with those of other major dune fields in the Wyoming Basin, suggesting that dune field reactivation resulted primarily due to departures toward aridity during the late Quaternary. Similar to dune fields on the central Great Plains, dune fields in the Wyoming Basin have been active under a periglacial climate during the late Pleistocene, as well as under near-modern conditions during the latest Holocene.

The Kriesel Cache: A Late Paleoindian Biface Cache From Western Wisconsin

The Kriesel Cache originally consisted of 74 lanceolate-shaped silicified sandstone bifaces from western Wisconsin. These are interpreted as preforms relating to the Agate Basin complex. Analysis of metric attributes from the 73 bifaces remaining in the collection since its recovery in 1968 are contrasted to the complete projectile points reported from the Agate Basin type site and highlight the effects of reworking on Agate Basin points. This paper also examines the functional role of the Kriesel Cache, and its contribution to the discussion concerning Late Paleoindian caching behavior in the western Great Lakes region.

Paleoindian Fat-Seeking Behavior: Evidence from the Hell Gap Site, Localtiy II Agate Basin Faunal Assemblage

Analysis of the Agate Basin component faunal remains from the Hell Gap Site (48G0305) Locality II suggests that the assemblage results from a multi-dimensional formational history. Comparisons of skeletal element frequencies with models of density-mediated attrition, bison settling velocities, and several nutritional utility indices indicate that both fluvial action and the transport of high marrow value elements from kill sites to the residential base in the Hell Gap Valley may have contributed to assemblage composition. Observations of impact related conchoidal flake scars document the intensive secondary processing of long bone elements. Although skeletal part frequencies likely document several taphonomic processes, when viewed together with bone modifications they suggest that the Agate Basin Paleoindians responsible for the Locality II deposits may have practiced a fat-seeking feeding strategy stressing the transport of high bulk protein/skeletal fat utility bison parts from kill sites to the residential base at Locality II.

The evolution of Paleoindian geochronology and typology on the Great Plains

The Great Plains contain many of the best-known Paleoindian sites in North America, and a number of these localities were key to determining the chronology of Paleoindian occupations in the years before, during, and since the development of radiocarbon and other chronometric dating methods. Initial attempts at dating were based on correlation with extinct fauna, the “geologic-climatic” dating method, and stratigraphic relationships of artifacts within sites. By the time radiocarbon dating was developed (1950), the basic Paleoindian sequence (oldest to youngest) was: Clovis-Folsom-unfluted lanceolates (such as Plainview, Eden, and Scottsbluff). Initial applications of radiocarbon dating in the 1950s did little to further resolve age relationships. In the 1960s, however, largely through the efforts of C. V. Haynes, a numerical geochronology of Paleoindian occupations on the Great Plains began to emerge On the Southern Great Plains the radiocarbon-dated artifact chronology is: Clovis (11,600–11,000 yr B.P.); Folsom and Midland (10,900–10,100 yr B.P.); Plainview, Milnesand, and Lubbock (10,200–9800 yr B.P.); Firstview (9400–8200 yr B.P.); St. Mary's Hall, Golondrina, and Texas Angostura (9200–8000 yr B.P.). The chronology for the Northern Great Plains is: Clovis (11,200–10,900 yr B.P.); Goshen (ca. 11,000 yr B.P.); Folsom (10,900–10,200 yr B.P.); Agate Basin (10,500–10,000 yr B.P.); Hell Gap (10,500–9500 yr B.P.); Alberta, Alberta-Cody (10,200–9400 yr B.P.); Cody (Eden-Scottsbluff) (9400–8800 yr B.P.); Angostura, Jimmy Allen, Frederick, and other parallel-oblique types (9400–7800 yr B.P.). Fifty years after the development of radiocarbon dating, the basic typological sequence has not changed significantly except for the realization that there probably was significant temporal overlap of some point types, and that the old unilinear sequence does not account for all the known typological variation. The chronology has been continually refined with the determination of hundreds of radiocarbon ages in recent decades. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

The evolution of Paleoindian geochronology and typology on the Great Plains

The Great Plains contain many of the best-known Paleoindian sites in North America, and a number of these localities were key to determining the chronology of Paleoindian occupations in the years before, during, and since the development of radiocarbon and other chronometric dating methods. Initial attempts at dating were based on correlation with extinct fauna, the “geologic-climatic” dating method, and stratigraphic relationships of artifacts within sites. By the time radiocarbon dating was developed (1950), the basic Paleoindian sequence (oldest to youngest) was: Clovis-Folsom-unfluted lanceolates (such as Plainview, Eden, and Scottsbluff). Initial applications of radiocarbon dating in the 1950s did little to further resolve age relationships. In the 1960s, however, largely through the efforts of C. V. Haynes, a numerical geochronology of Paleoindian occupations on the Great Plains began to emerge On the Southern Great Plains the radiocarbon-dated artifact chronology is: Clovis (11,600–11,000 yr B.P.); Folsom and Midland (10,900–10,100 yr B.P.); Plainview, Milnesand, and Lubbock (10,200–9800 yr B.P.); Firstview (9400–8200 yr B.P.); St. Mary's Hall, Golondrina, and Texas Angostura (9200–8000 yr B.P.). The chronology for the Northern Great Plains is: Clovis (11,200–10,900 yr B.P.); Goshen (ca. 11,000 yr B.P.); Folsom (10,900–10,200 yr B.P.); Agate Basin (10,500–10,000 yr B.P.); Hell Gap (10,500–9500 yr B.P.); Alberta, Alberta-Cody (10,200–9400 yr B.P.); Cody (Eden-Scottsbluff) (9400–8800 yr B.P.); Angostura, Jimmy Allen, Frederick, and other parallel-oblique types (9400–7800 yr B.P.). Fifty years after the development of radiocarbon dating, the basic typological sequence has not changed significantly except for the realization that there probably was significant temporal overlap of some point types, and that the old unilinear sequence does not account for all the known typological variation. The chronology has been continually refined with the determination of hundreds of radiocarbon ages in recent decades. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

The 10,000-Year-Oid Lubbock Artifact Assemblage

Five lanceolate flaked stone tools, two with fitted or matching debitage flakes, and three flake tools were recovered from feature FA5-17, a Bison antiquus ki lllbutchering activi (Y area, in substratum 2s at the Lubbock Lake Landmark (4JLUJ), Texas. These artifacts are identified as the Lubbock assemblage, with contracting-stemmed Lubbock points named as a mnemonic rather than a (Ype. A radiocarbon determination of 9950±120 BP is associated The Lubbock artifacts reflect a bifacial reduction technology applied to a variery of lithic materials (e.g., Jemez Mountain obsidian, Pedemal chert, Alibates agatized dolomite, Edwards Formation chert, chalcedony), with final parallel-collateral facial flaking of the s(Ylized tool. Most appear to have been resharpened but not recycled The (Ypicallanceolate form has a converging proximal end and a narrow, straight-edged base, as if made to be socketed into a foreshaft of prescribed width. Several if not all of the lanceolate points were used as knives, and two exhibit heavy battering as if used as adze bits. Various combinations of the Lubbock assemblage’s attributes are found in the Agate Basin, Bonfire, Carter/Kerr McGee, Clovis, Hell Gap, Jones-Miller, Packard, Plainview, or Ryan site assemblages. The presently available chronological framework suggests that parallel-collateral flaking is not itself a temporally diagnostic attribute on the NorthAmerican Great Plains during the Pleistocene-Holocene transition. Haft detail combined with facial flaking may be temporally and geographically more sensitive.

Geochronology of paleoenvironmental change, clovis type site, Blackwater draw, New Mexico

AbstractGeoarchaeological investigations at the Clovis type site, Blackwater Locality No. 1, in 1983 and 1984 included core drilling, archaeological test excavations, stratigraphic profiling, sedimentary analyses, and radiocarbon dating. Six lines of core holes transverse to the outlet channel clearly defined the subsurface configuration and stratigraphy of the prehistoric spring run. Pieces of large animal bone from units B, C, D, and E that elsewhere in the site contain Paleoindian artifacts suggest occurrences of additional buried sites along the ancient spring run. Four Paleoindian projectile points recovered during archaeological testing confirm these prospects. The Clovis type site, located in an abandoned gravel pit, is in a natural depression initially occupied by a late Pleistocene lake. After breaching of the depression by overflow or sapping, it became a springhead and was enlarged by slumping and slopewash. Detailed stratigraphic profiling of the south wall of the abandoned gravel pit provided precise stratigraphic control for sediment sampling and radiocarbon dating, and revealed more complex microstratigraphy and facies relationships than heretofore known for the site. The interfingering of dune facies around the depression with lacustrine and spring‐laid facies within it aid paleoclimatic interpretation. Deflational contacts within the depression appear to correlate with adjacent wedges of dune sand reflecting relatively arid intervals. Between these arid episodes occur intervals of increased ground water level attended initially by deposition of spring‐laid sands of unit B during the late Pleistocene (13,000–11,500 yr B.P.). As the water table rose following a period of severe deflation, slumping and gravity flow deposited clayey sand, Unit C, on the floor of the blowout between 11,500 and 11,000 yr B.P. During this time Clovis people first appeared at the site. After another brief period of deflation, a lake rose causing sand of Unit D0 to be washed in from shore followed by deposition of diatomities, units D1 and D2. These were separated by a brief influx of eolian sand, unit D2z. Between 10,800 and 10,000 yr B.P. outflow from the lake was reduced by accumulation of eolian sand in the outlet while Folsom people and later Agate Basin people arrived to hunt bison during this time. Cody complex people appeared during and after a brief erosional episode that preceded deposition of eolian silt and sand of units E and F from 10,000 to 8000 yr B.P. Eolian deposition during post‐Folsom time converted the pond to a wet meadow and eventually, during Cody time, to a grassy swale. Some of these deposits were blown out during the Altithermal arid period (ca. 8000‐5000 yr B.P.), a time when prehistoric Archaic peoples excavated wells in the floor of the depression. Subsequent eolian activity has resulted in deflation and dune migration during the late Holocene. The best prospects for Paleoindian finds are along the buried outlet south of the south wall and in early Holocene dune sands on the uplands around the depression. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

The Agate Basin Site: A Record of the Paleoindian Occupation of the Northwestern High Plains. George C. Frison and Dennis J. Stanford. Academic Press, New York, 1982. xix + 403 pp., illus., biblio., index. 75.00 (cloth).

The Agate Basin Site: A Record of the Paleoindian Occupation of the Northwestern High Plains. George C. Frison and Dennis J. Stanford. Academic Press, New York, 1982. xix + 403 pp., illus., biblio., index. 75.00 (cloth). - Volume 50 Issue 1

Paleoindian Assemblages: The Agate Basin Site.

Paleoindian Assemblages: The Agate Basin Site.