After Exercise Research Articles

Effects of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy on Inflammation, Oxidative/Antioxidant Balance, and Muscle Damage after Acute Exercise in Normobaric, Normoxic and Hypobaric, Hypoxic Environments: A Pilot Study

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) on inflammation, the oxidative/antioxidant balance, and muscle damage after acute exercise in normobaric, normoxic (NN) and hypobaric, hypoxic (HH) environments. Eighteen healthy males were selected and randomly assigned to three groups: exercise in NN conditions (NN group, n = 6), HBOT treatment after exercise in NN conditions (HNN group, n = 6), and HBOT treatment after exercise in HH conditions (HHH group, n = 6). All subjects performed treadmill running for 60 min at 75–80% maximum heart rate (HRmax) exercise intensity under each condition. The HBOT treatments consisted of breathing 100% oxygen at 2.5 atmosphere absolute (ATA) for 60 min. Blood samples were collected before exercise (BE), after exercise (AE), and after HBOT (AH) to examine inflammation (fibrinogen, interleukin-6 [IL-6], and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)), the oxidative/antioxidant balance (derivatives of reactive oxygen metabolites (d-ROMs) and the biological antioxidant potential (BAP)), and muscle damage (creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)). Plasma fibrinogen, serum IL-6, CK, and LDH levels were significantly increased AE compared to BE in all groups (p < 0.05). Plasma fibrinogen levels were significantly decreased AH compared to AE in all groups (p < 0.05), and the HNN group had a significantly lower AH compared to BE (p < 0.05). Serum IL-6 levels were significantly decreased AH compared to AE in the HNN and HHH groups (p < 0.05). Serum CK levels were significantly decreased AH compared to AE in the HHH group (p < 0.05). Serum LDH levels were significantly decreased AH compared to AE in the HNN and HHH groups (p < 0.05), and the NN and HNN groups had significantly higher AH serum LDH levels compared to BE (p < 0.05). These results suggest that acute exercise in both the NN and HH environments could induce temporary inflammatory responses and muscle damage, whereas HBOT treatment may be effective in alleviating exercise-induced inflammatory responses and muscle damage.

Soil properties, bacterial community composition, and metabolic diversity responses to soil salinization of a semiarid grassland in northeast China

High-intensity eccentric contractions induce performance decrements and delayed onset muscle soreness. The purpose of this investigation was to study the magnitude and time course of such decrements and their interrelationships in 26 young women of mean(s.d.) age 21.4(3.3) years. Subjects performed 70 maximal eccentric contractions of the elbow flexors on a pulley system, specially designed for the study. The non-exercised arm acted as the control. Measures of soreness, tenderness, swelling (SW), relaxed elbow joint angle (RANG) and isometric strength (STR) were taken before exercise, immediately after exercise (AE), analysis of variance and at 24-h intervals for 11 days. There were significant (P &lt; 0.01, analysis of variance) changes in all factors. Peak effects were observed between 24 and 96 h AE. With the exception of STR, which remained lower (P &lt; 0.01), all variables returned to baseline levels by day 11. A non-significant correlation between pain and STR indicated that pain was not a major factor in strength loss. Also, although no pain was evident, RANG was decreased immediately AE. There was no relationship between SW, RANG and pain. The prolonged nature of these symptoms indicates that repair to damaged soft tissue is a slow process. Strength loss is considered particularly important as it continues when protective pain and tenderness have disappeared. This has implications for the therapeutic management of patients with myopathologies and those receiving eccentric exercise for rehabilitation.

Ventilatory functions as an evaluation tool in the assessment of pulmonary system adaptability in marathon runners

Background: There are diverse opinions about the degree of adaptability of the respiratory system in delivering the physiological needs in case of severe exercise. Role of the normal respiratory system in delivering oxygen to meet the demands of various degrees of exercise has been a topic of considerable debate. One view holds that the respiratory system is not normally the most limiting factor in the delivery of oxygen, others hold the absence of structural adaptability to physical training cause of limitation of the pulmonary system. The role of ventilator functions in evaluating the respiratory functions in marathon runners has not been studied adequately in previous studies. Hence the need for this study. Materials and Methods: Pulmonary Function Tests were done before and after maximal exercise testing to assess dynamic lung functions in two groups' viz., athletes and nonathletes. The athletes were marathon runners. Results: On studying the differences in dynamic lung functions in two groups of nonathletes and athletes, there was no difference in forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in 1 s, before or after exercise (AE) testing in either. The other flow rates maximum mid-expiratory flow, peak expiratory flow rate, mid expiratory flow 25-75% were on the higher side in trained subjects that were consistently maintained AE testing. A higher adaptability of the respiratory system to the training stimulus in the form of a higher elastic recoil pressure of the lungs and a lower resistance of medium to small airways is suggested as the mechanism of adaptability in this study.

Commentaries on Viewpoint: Is the resting bradycardia in athletes the result of remodeling of the sinoatrial node rather than high vagal tone?

Commentaries on Viewpoint: Is the resting bradycardia in athletes the result of remodeling of the sinoatrial node rather than high vagal tone?

Interaction of physical trainings and coffee intakes in fuel utilization during exercise in rats

This study investigates the impact of exercises, coffee intakes, and physical trainings on fuel utilization in rats. Ninety-six rats were fed a control diet with either water (C) or coffee (CF; 0.12 g freeze-dried instant coffee/100 g body weight/d). Additionally, the animals go through physical training (TC and TCF) or no training (NTC and NTCF) for 4 weeks. For physical training, animals have to exercise on treadmills for 30 minutes (5 d per week, 15° incline, 0.5-0.8 km/h). At the end of week 4, the animals in each group were subdivided into three exercise groups: before exercise (BE), during exercise (DE), and after exercise (AE). The DE rats exercised on treadmills for 1 hour immediately before being sacrificed. Hemoglobin, hematocrit, glucose, glycogen, protein, triglyceride (TG), and free fatty acid (FFA) levels in the plasma, liver, and skeletal muscle of the rats were compared accordingly. Organ weights were also measured. Coffee-training interaction had a significant impact on heart weight, visceral fat, hemoglobin, hematocrit, liver glycogen in DE and AE, and liver triglyceride in DE and AE. Exercise (meaning exercised on a treadmill for 1 hour immediately before being sacrificed) training interaction was significant in liver glycogen, muscle glycogen in control diet and control diet with coffee, FFA and muscle TG levels at control diet with coffee group. Exercise-coffee interactions significantly influenced the FFA with no training groups. Exercise-coffee-training interaction significantly effects on FFA, Liver TG and Muscle TG. Coffee intakes can increase lipolysis during exercising but coffee consumptions delay the recovery of liver glycogen levels in trained rats after exercising. Coffee intakes can increase lipolysis during exercising but coffee consumptions delay the recovery of liver glycogen levels in trained rats after exercising. Coffee can be an effective ergogenic aid during exercise for physically trained rats.

Freeze-dried instant coffee can promote the activities of antioxidant enzymes and induce weight loss but also aggravate the plasma cholesterol profile in rats

ObjectiveThis study investigated the effect of instant coffee on antioxidant enzyme activity and plasma cholesterol profile during exercise in rats. MethodsForty eight rats were fed a control diet with water (C) or a control diet with a coffee solution (CF). At the end of week 4, animals in each dietary group were subdivided into three exercise groups: before exercise (BE), during exercise (DE), and after exercise (AE). DE groups were exercised on a treadmill for 1 h immediately before being sacrificed. Animals in the AE groups were allowed to take a rest for 1 h after exercise. Antioxidant enzyme activities of the C and CF groups were evaluated with activities of catalase in plasma and superoxide dismutase, the ratio of reduced glutathione to oxidized glutathione, and the level of malondialdehyde in the liver. Plasma concentrations of triacylglycerol, total cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were also compared. ResultsFinal body weights and food intakes of the CF group were significantly lower than those of the C group. Catalase activities of the CF group were higher than those of the C group BE and AE. Reduced glutathione/oxidized glutathione of the CF group was significantly higher than that of the C group BE and DE. Superoxide dismutase activities of the CF group were higher than those of the C group regardless of exercise. Compared with the C group, there was an increase of total cholesterol and a decrease of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in the CF group. Malondialdehyde levels in the CF group were higher than those in the C group BE and AE. ConclusionIt is suggested that freeze-dried instant coffee can promote activities of antioxidant enzymes and induce weight loss but also aggravate the plasma cholesterol profile in rats.

Coffee intake can promote activity of antioxidant enzymes with increasing MDA level and decreasing HDL-cholesterol in physically trained rats

This study investigated the effect of coffee intake and exercise on the antioxidative activity and plasma cholesterol profile of physically trained rats while they were exercising. Forty eight rats were under either the control diet with water (C) or control diet with coffee (CF) and at the same time they were given physical training for 4 weeks. In terms of physical training, the rats were exercised on a treadmill for 30 minutes everyday. At the end of 4 weeks, animals in each dietary group were subdivided into 3 groups: before-exercise (BE); during-exercise (DE); after-exercise (AE). Animals in the DE group were exercised on a treadmill for one hour, immediately before being sacrificed. Animals in the AE group were allowed to take a rest for one hour after exercise. TG levels were significantly high in coffee intake group than in control group. Also TG level of AE group was significantly higher than that of BE group. Exercise and coffee-exercise interaction effects were significant in total cholesterol (P = 0.0004, 0.0170). The AE of coffee intake group showed highest total cholesterol levels. HDL-cholesterol was significantly lower in coffee intake group than in control group. Coffee, exercise, and coffee-exercise interaction effects were significant in SOD (P = 0.0001, 0.0001, and 0.0001). The AE and BE of coffee intake group showed higher SOD levels than the other four groups. Catalase activities were significantly higher in coffee intake group than control group. No significant main effect was found in GSH/GSSG. Coffee, exercise, and coffee-exercise interaction effects were significant in MDA levels (P = 0.0464, 0.0016, and 0.0353). The DE and AE of coffee intake group and the DE of control group showed higher MDA levels than the BE of control group. Therefore, coffee intake can promote activities of antioxidant enzyme but it also increases MDA and decreases HDL-cholesterol in physically trained rats.

Vitamin B6 Deficiency can Reduce Fuel Storage and Utilization in Physically Trained Rats

This study investigated the effect of vitamin B6 deficiency on the utilization and recuperation of stored fuel in physically trained rats. 48 rats were given either vitamin B6-deficient (B6-) diet or control (B6) diet for 4 weeks and were trained on treadmill for 30 minutes daily. All animals were then subdivided into 3 groups: before-exercise (BE); during-exercise (DE); after-exercise (AE). The DE group was exercised on treadmill for 1 hour just before being sacrificed. Animals in the AE group were allowed to take a rest for 2 hours after being exercised like the DE group. Glucose and free fatty acids were compared in plasma. Glycogen and triglyceride were compared in liver and skeletal muscle. Protein levels were compared in plasma, liver, and skeletal muscle. Compared with the B6+ group, plasma glucose levels of the B6- group were significantly lower before and after exercise. Muscle glycogen levels of the B6- group were significantly lower than those of the B6+ group regardless of exercise. The liver glycogen level of the B6- group was also significantly lower than that of B6+ group during and after exercise. Before exercise, plasma free fatty acid levels were not significantly different between the B6+ and B6- groups, and plasma free fatty acid levels of the B6- group were significantly lower during and after exercise. The muscle triglyceride level of the B6- group was significantly lower than that of the B6+ group before exercise, and there were no differences between B6+ and B6- groups during and after exercise. Liver triglyceride levels were not significantly different between B6+ and B6- groups. Plasma protein levels of the B6- group were lower than those of B6+ before and after exercise. Muscle protein levels of the B6- group were not significantly different from those of the B6 group. Liver protein levels of the B6- group were significantly lower than that of the B6+ group after exercise. Liver protein levels of both B6+ and B6- groups were not significantly changed, regardless of exercise. Thus, it is suggested that vitamin B6 deficiency may reduce fuel storage and utilization with exercise in physically trained rats.

The effects of physical training on antioxidative status under exercise-induced oxidative stress

This study investigated the effect of physical training and oxidative stress on the antioxidative activity and on plasma lipid profile. Forty eight rats were given either a physical training or no training for 4 weeks and were then subdivided into 3 groups: before-exercise (BE); during-exercise (DE); after-exercise (AE). The antioxidative activity was evaluated with the activities of catalase in plasma and superoxide dismutase (SOD), the ratio of reduced glutathione/oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) and the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in liver. The plasma concentrations of triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C)) were also compared. Compared to those of non-training group, catalase activities of training group were lower before exercise but higher during and after exercise. SOD activities were higher regardless of exercise. GSH/GSSG ratio was higher before exercise but was not significantly different during exercise and even lower after exercise. There were no differences between non-training group and training group in MDA levels regardless of exercise. Compared to those of non-training group, atherosclerotic index of training group was lower after exercise and there were no significant differences before and during exercise. There were no differences between non-training group and training group in HDL-C regardless of exercise. These results suggest that moderate physical training can activate antioxidant defenses and decrease the atherosclerotic index and this beneficial effect is evident under exercise-induced oxidative stress.

Effect of vitamin B6 deficiency on the utilization of fuel with exercise in rats

Forty eight rats were fed either a control diet (+B6) or vitamin B6 deficient diet (-B6) diet for 4 weeks and were subdivided into 3 groups: before exercise (BE); during exercise (DE); after exercise (AE). DE group were exercised on treadmill for 1 hours just before sacrifice at the end of 4th week of respective diet and AE group were recuperated 1 hour after exercised like DE group. The levels of glucose (GLU), glycogen (GLY), protein (PRO), free fatty acid (FFA) and triglyceride (TG) were compared in plasma, liver and skeletal muscle. There were no differences between +B6 and -B6 in muscle and liver GLY before and during exercise but liver GLY was not recovered and 40% lower after exercise in –B6 group. Muscle TG was decreased with exercise in +B6 group(15% in DE, 28% in AE) but was not changed with exercise in –B6 group. Liver TG was decreased with exercise in -B6 group(26% in AE) but was not changed with exercise in +B6 group. Plasma FFA was increased with exercise in +B6 group(18% in DE, 16% in AE) while was decreased with exercise in –B6 group(35% in DE, 38% in AE). There were no changes in plasma, liver and muscle PRO of both +B6 and –B6 group with exercise. These results suggest that vitamin B6 deficiency may influence the utilization of fuel stores.

Allium Vegetable Diet Can Reduce the Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress but Does Not Alter Plasma Cholesterol Profile in Rats

Aims and Methods: This study investigated the effect of Allium vegetable intake on the antioxidative activity and on the plasma cholesterol profile during exercise in rats. Ninety rats were fed either a control diet or a diet with added Allium sativum (AS), Allium cepa (AC), Allium fistulosum (AF), or Allium tuberosum (AT) for 4 weeks and were then subdivided into three groups: before exercise (BE), during exercise (DE), and after exercise (AE). The DE group was exercised on a treadmill for 1 h immediately before being sacrificed. Animals in the AE group were allowed to take a rest for 2 h after having been exercised like the DE group. The antioxidative activity of the Allium vegetables was evaluated with the activities of catalase in plasma and superoxide dismutase (SOD), the ratio of reduced glutathione/oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) and the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in liver. The plasma concentrations of triglyceride, total cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were also compared. Results: In AS, AC, AF and AT animals, the ratios of GSH/GSSG were significantly higher than those of the control animals in BE and AE. The level of liver MDA was lower than that of control animals in AE. Compared to control animals, catalase activity of AS animals was higher in BE but was lower in AE while SOD activity of AS animals was lower in both BE and AE. Catalase activity of AC animals was higher in BE and DE while SOD activity of AC animals was higher in DE. There were no differences between AF and control in catalase activities regardless of exercise. There were no differences between control animals and AT animals in SOD activities regardless of exercise. Plasma cholesterol profiles were not significantly different in rats fed different Allium vegetable diets. Conclusion: It is suggested that Allium vegetable diets have antioxidative activities and can reduce the oxidative stress that results from exercise in rats but do not alter the plasma cholesterol profile.

Effects of Allium Vegetables on Energy Stores and Utilization in Exercising Rats

This study investigated the effect of allium vegetable intake on the storage and utilization of energy substrates before, during, and after exercise in tissues of rats. Ninety rats were fed either a control diet or a diet with added Allium sativum (AS, garlic), Allium cepa (AC, onion), Allium fistulosum (AF, spring onion), or Allium tuberosum (AT, Chinese chives) for 4 weeks and were then subdivided into 3 groups: before-exercise (BE); during-exercise (DE); after-exercise (AE). The DE group was exercised on treadmill for 1 hour just before being sacrificed at the end of 4th week of the dietary treatment rats in the AE group were allowed to recuperate for 2 hours after being exercised like the DE group. The levels of glycogen (GLY), triglyceride (TG) and protein (PRO) were compared in liver and skeletal muscle. In the AS diet animals, the level of liver GLY was significantly higher than those of control animals in the BE, DE and AE groups. The level of muscle TG also tended to be higher in BE, but lower in AE than in control animals. In AC animals, the level of muscle GLY was significantly lower than those of control animals in BE, DE and AE. The level of muscle TG also tended to be higher than those of control animals in BE and DE but tended to be lower in AE. In AF animals, the level of muscle GLY was significantly lower than those of control animals in BE, DE and AE. The level of muscle TG was also significantly lower than those of control animals in BE, DE and AE groups. In AT animals, the level of muscle GLY was significantly lower than those of control animals in BE, DE and AE. These results suggest that Allium sativum diets enhance the capacity to store fuel before as well as during exercise and increases the potential to utilize the stored fuel during exercise.

Modifications induced by training and diet in some exercise-related blood parameters in young trotters

One consequence of muscular activity is an increase in circulating lactic acid; the interval it takes to return to baseline is an index of the capability for recovery and for the utilization of this catabolyte as oxidable substrate. For the energy demand to be met the diet must provide sufficient energy; its main source for muscle activity sustaining the initial anaerobic contraction is glycogen. However, the considerable activity of aerobic muscle fibers observed in training for endurance as well as trotting races is also sustained by lipids. Their utilization is enhanced by Carnitine, which acts on the transport of fatty acids at mitochondrial level. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of L-Carnitine administration on ten 18-month long yearling (body weight 350–400kg) in pre-qualification training. Three constituted the control group; four received 9g/head/daily of L-Carnitine and three received 12g/head/daily of L-Carnitine. The diet consisted for all subjects in 6 kg hay offered, concentrate (4kg/head/day) and soybean oil (300g/head/day) that provided 98 MJ/d of digestible energy. After one month with the new diet, they were periodically subjected to distance and speed tests. The training workload ranged from 1,600 m to 3,000 m at 650 m/min. Blood samples were collected at rest (AR), immediately after exercise (AE), 20′ (AE1) and 60′ (AE2) afterwards. On plasma the profiles relating to effort (lactic acid, ammonia, CK and AST) was determined. For each subject and test lactic acid production (AE-AR), and the recovery curve of lactic acid were also calculated. On the basis of a Diet*Test factorial scheme, there were no significant differences attributable to diet, while differences influenced by training were significant for lactic acid, ammonia, CK and AST. Of particular interest was the recovery curve of lactic acid when subjects were compared singly on the basis of distance run and time. Decadence time was lowest in horses receiving the higher Carnitine dose and in the more advanced stage of training; more evidently with heavier exercise (3,000 vs 2,000 m). In conclusion, Carnitine administration could have a favorable effect on subjects who have achieved a certain fitness condition and on the occasion of intense and prolonged effort.

自発運動の直後に多食する食物摂取パターンにより持久的運動時の肝臓グリーコーゲン消費は節約される

We investigated the effects of feeding a large meal to female rats (n = 66) just before or just after voluntary wheel running on energy metabolism during a final endurance exercise test. The rats were divided into three groups ; one fed a large meal just before exercise (BE), one fed a large meal just after exercise (AE), and one fed ad libitum (AD) . The rats were allowed to run voluntarily from 20 : 00 to 07 : 00 h. The BE group were given a large meal (more than 12 g) between 19 : 00 and 20: 00 h and a small meal (3 g) between 07 : 00 and 08 : 00 h. The AE group were given a large meal (more than 12 g) between 07 : 00 and 08 : 00 h and a small meal (3 g) between 19 : 00 and 20 : 00 h. After 4 weeks, 6 rats in each group were sacrificed at 22 : 00 h, and 12 rats in each group were sacrificed after 30 min starting from 22 : 00 h at 15 m/min (n=6) or 35 m/min (n=6) on a rodent treadmill (0° grade) . Four rats in each group were sacrificed after 30 min starting from 22 : 00 h at rest on the treadmill as a control. The plasma free fatty acid (FFA) and glycerol concentrations increased significantly during low-speed exercise in the AD group, and during higher-speed exercise in all groups. The liver glycogen concentration was significantly greater in the AE group than in the other groups at rest, and decreased significantly during exercise at both speeds in the AD group, but not in the BE and AE groups. The gastrocnemius muscle glycogen concentration was decreased significantly during exercise at both speeds in the AD group, and at high speed in the BE and AE groups.These results indicate that intake of a large meal just after exercise can store a high level of liver glycogen at the beginning of exercise than ad libitum feeding or large meal intake just before exercise, and expend plasma FFA in muscle during exercise compared with ad libitum feeding. This suggests that large meal intake just after exercise contributes to improvement of metabolic capacity in endurance exercise with enhanced liver glycogen sparing.

Muscle soreness, swelling, stiffness and strength loss after intense eccentric exercise.

High-intensity eccentric contractions induce performance decrements and delayed onset muscle soreness. The purpose of this investigation was to study the magnitude and time course of such decrements and their interrelationships in 26 young women of mean(s.d.) age 21.4(3.3) years. Subjects performed 70 maximal eccentric contractions of the elbow flexors on a pulley system, specially designed for the study. The non-exercised arm acted as the control. Measures of soreness, tenderness, swelling (SW), relaxed elbow joint angle (RANG) and isometric strength (STR) were taken before exercise, immediately after exercise (AE), analysis of variance and at 24-h intervals for 11 days. There were significant (P < 0.01, analysis of variance) changes in all factors. Peak effects were observed between 24 and 96 h AE. With the exception of STR, which remained lower (P < 0.01), all variables returned to baseline levels by day 11. A non-significant correlation between pain and STR indicated that pain was not a major factor in strength loss. Also, although no pain was evident, RANG was decreased immediately AE. There was no relationship between SW, RANG and pain. The prolonged nature of these symptoms indicates that repair to damaged soft tissue is a slow process. Strength loss is considered particularly important as it continues when protective pain and tenderness have disappeared. This has implications for the therapeutic management of patients with myopathologies and those receiving eccentric exercise for rehabilitation.

What electrocardiographic leads to take after exercise?

What electrocardiographic leads to take after exercise?