African Immigrant Communities Research Articles

Perceptions of Dementia and Dementia Care Among African Immigrants in Minnesota: Insights From Community Conversations.

This qualitative descriptive study explored the perceptions of dementia, dementia care, and caregiving within the African immigrant community. Six community conversations (focus groups) were held with 24 participants. Three conversations were led by project advisory board members and utilized a 12-question conversation guide. The recorded conversations were transcribed and analyzed using thematic analysis. Of the 24 African immigrants who participated, 52% were 55-75 years old, 67% identified as female, and 39% were married or cohabitating. Twenty percent were currently providing care to a relative with dementia and 40% had provided care to a relative with dementia in the past. Four themes were identified. These included (1) attitudes toward mental health, illnesses, and poor health, (2) community attitudes toward dementia, and dementia caregiving, (3) barriers to dementia care and caregiving, and (4) current dementia care resources in the African immigrant community. The findings show that African immigrant cultural beliefs significantly shape dementia care and caregiving attitudes, preferences, and behavioral practices. African immigrants' cultural backgrounds influence (or have the potential to influence) timely access and engagement in dementia care. And, depending on how deeply held these cultural beliefs are, they could affect dementia care and caregiving both positively and negatively. With the rapidly growing immigrant older adult population, there is a need for systemic strategies to facilitate affordable and culturally responsive dementia care for African immigrants and other minoritized older adults.

Female genital mutilation of minors in Italy: is a harmless and symbolic alternative justified?

In 2004, Omar Abdulcadir - a gynecologist of the Centre for the prevention and therapy of female genital mutilation (FMG) at the Careggi Hospital (Florence) - proposed a “harmless and symbolic” alternative to FMG, which consists in the puncture of the clitoris under local anesthesia, in order to allow the outflow of some drops of blood (1). The intention behind the symbolic alternative is to avoid more severe forms of FGM while respecting cultural heritage. The proposal of this alternative procedure, which was sustained by the leaders of 10 local African immigrant communities, has encountered ample criticism (1). However, the question is: is the puncture of the clitoris prohibited by the Italian Law n. 7/2006? If it is not, could it be considered a method of reducing health risks caused by the more invasive forms of FGM (2)? Or could it culturally legitimize FGM, causing a greater difficulty in the attempts to prevent and eradicate FGM in Italy?

Need for Culturally Competent and Responsive Cancer Education for African Immigrant Families and Youth Living in the United States.

Cancer prevalence data for Black Americans is monolithic and fails to consider the diverse cultures and backgrounds within that community. For instance, African immigrants constitute a meaningful proportion of the foreign-born Black immigrants in the United States (42%), but the prevalence of cancer in the African immigrant community itself is unknown. Therefore, without accurate cancer prevalence data, it is impossible to identify trends and other key factors that are needed to support the health of African immigrants and their children. Moreover, it is impossible to understand how the culture and language of subgroups influence their cancer-related health behavior. While research in this area is limited, the existing literature articulates the need for culturally responsive and culturally tailored cancer education for African immigrants and their adolescent children, which is what we advocate for in this viewpoint paper. Existing projects demonstrate the feasibility of culturally responsive programming for adults; however, few projects include or focus on adolescents or children born to African immigrants. To best meet the needs of this understudied community, researchers must use culturally competent interventions alongside familiar, usable media. For adolescents, technology is ubiquitous thus, the creation of a culturally tailored digital intervention has immense potential to improve cancer awareness and prevention for youth and their community. More research is needed to address many of the existing research gaps and develop a rich understanding of the unique experience of cancer among African immigrant families that can be used to inform intervention development. Through this viewpoint, we review the current state of cancer-related research among African immigrant families in the United States. In this paper, we acknowledge the current knowledge gaps and issues surrounding measurement and then discuss the factors relevant to designing an educational intervention targeted at African immigrants and the role of African immigrant youth.

Conducting Community-Based Research in An African Immigrant Population: Lessons Learned

Background Although small, the African immigrant population is one of the fastest growing immigrant populations in the United States. Emerging research indicates a high prevalence of noncommunicable preventable chronic conditions in this population. Like other African Americans, African immigrants are mistrustful of the health care system, hampering efforts for prevention and intervention research. Purpose To describe our experiences conducting 2 studies in an African immigrant community, discuss the lessons learned, and provide advice to researchers interested in conducting research in similar populations. Design The 2 published studies for which we derive lessons learned for this paper were a cross-sectional study and a qualitative study using focus group interviews. Participants included Zimbabwean immigrants in the Eastern United States recruited at religious festivals and community events. The 2 studies enrolled a total of 135 participants. Results Of our recruitment goal of 120 in the first study, we enrolled only 98 despite numerous efforts. However, after strategically partnering with a community advisory board (CAB), in the second study, we met our recruitment goal within 4 months. With the CAB, we recruited a larger proportion of men (38% versus 24%). Without the CAB, 350 individuals agreed to participate, but only 98 (28%) returned the questionnaire, whereas with the CAB, 40 agreed to participate, and 37 (93%) successfully completed the study. Conclusion Conducting health-related research in immigrants requires strategic partnerships with the community to build strong relationships between the research team and the target community. By nurturing these relationships, research teams can effectively access this hard-to-reach population and achieve high participation.

Kontinuitas tradisi breast ironing dalam komunitas imigran Kamerun di Inggris

The practice of breast ironing is one of many traditions in the world whose practice is based on the mindset that women's sexuality is something that must be controlled. This paper is intended to answer the question that is central to the author's research, namely: "Why do African immigrant communities in the UK continue the tradition of breast ironing when it is so risky?" To understand the context underlying the beliefs and practices of African immigrant women in the UK, the author adopts the ideas of Black African Feminism (BAF) by A La Awa Thiam. BAF argues that the history of colonialism has influenced the reinforcement of patriarchal ideologies and gender dynamics in Africa. BAF seeks to raise issues related to family life such as domestic violence, FGM, early marriage, polygamy, women's reproductive rights, women's inheritance rights, and HIV/AIDS. The continuity of the breast ironing tradition in the Cameroonian immigrant community in the UK is influenced by the socio-cultural context embedded in the community and the unsuccessful cultural adaptation that occurs between the minority community (Cameroonian immigrants) and the dominant community (local community). The efforts that can be made to stop this tradition are to build awareness within the community itself, in this case, the role of civil society organizations and NGOs is crucial.

THE MAKING OF AFRICAN MADE: MEMORY AND DEMENTIA EDUCATION BY AND FOR THE AFRICAN IMMIGRANT COMMUNITY

Abstract African immigrants are a fast-growing segment of the U.S. Black population but dementia literacy and care needs of this population are not fully understood. A dementia care assessment in the community highlighted dementia education as a high priority need in the African immigrant community in Minnesota. This presentation will describe the collaborative process between the research team and a community project advisory board (PAB) to develop a culturally tailored dementia education program and booklet. Following several meetings and reviews, the PAB approved an interview guide that was used to conduct 10 key informant interviews (with leaders including priest, executive directors etc.) and three community conversations (30 participants). This data was used to identify important cultural dimensions for incorporation into the education program. Themes identified were need for respect, attitudes, beliefs and challenges related to dementia care. Identification and debunking of dementia and dementia care myths were also highlighted. The resulting educational content has been presented at 3 community events/organizations with many more scheduled in spring 2023. The African community in Minnesota is very receptive of the education program with many individuals noting that it truly captures African immigrant cultural norms and values. The collaborative process between the research team and the advisory board could serve as a model for creating culturally tailored dementia education programs in other communities. Additionally, successful implementation of this education program has implications for improving dementia care among African immigrants and reducing health disparities in this population.

Identifying Frequently Endorsed Benefits and Barriers to Breast Cancer Screening for African-Born Women in the NYC Metropolitan Area: a Pilot Study.

Most cancer screening data report on Black participants without distinguishing nativity, limiting our understanding of the needs of distinct groups within the African diaspora. The purpose of this pilot study was to assess demographic characteristics and perceptions of the benefits of and barriers to mammography among African immigrant women in New York City (NYC). Forty-two women who were 40years or older, born in Africa, and English and/or French-speaking were recruited from African immigrant communities in NYC to complete a survey. Eighty percent of our sample aged 50 to 73 was adherent to the 2016 USPSTF mammography screening guideline. The most frequently endorsed benefits were that mammography will help find breast cancer early, could help find a breast lump before it is big enough to feel, and that if found early, breast cancer could be successfully treated. The most endorsed barriers were that having a mammogram is painful and that lack of insurance or being treated rudely at the mammogram center would keep participants from having a mammogram. Chi-square analyses assessed relationships between demographic characteristics and perceptions about mammography and revealed that endorsement of barriers to screening (e.g., health issues, transportation problems, pain, and time associated with mammography) varied by educational attainment. Findings suggest that future interventions should be multi-level and (1) support patients in accessing screening via resource sharing, (2) address other commonly cited barriers such as fear of pain during the procedure, and (3) support anti-racist healthcare environments especially in terms of treatment by providers.

Abstract A052: Perspectives of African immigrants on community health needs and clinical trials

Abstract INTRODUCTION In the past decade, Jacksonville, Florida has seen an increase in African immigrants. However, little is known about their health needs and perspectives related to community health and clinical trials. The Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center (MCCCC) Community Outreach and Engagement (COE) Office and Programs partnered with multiple community-based organizations as part of the FL Community Engagement Alliance Against COVID-19 to hold a series of focus groups with African immigrants to better understand their perspectives surroudning these determinants. METHODS This was a qualitative study with African immigrants residing in Jacksonville, Florida. Data was collected by community partner, Jocelyn Turner Consulting, who has led multiple community-based studies in Florida. Recruitment was in partnership with African businesses and churches. Using a guide developed by MCCCC COE, three focus groups were held to explore African immigrants’ 1) general experiences, 2) access to social services, 3) perspective of community health and diseases, 4) access and use of healthcare services, 5) knowledge and participation in clinical trials, and 6) appropriate strategies for providing community education and enhancing participation in research studies. RESULTS 24 participants participated in the focus groups. 83% had recently immigrated from Africa (Democratic of the Congo, Benin, Ghana, Sudan, Mali, Nigeria, Ethiopia, and Nigeria). The remaining 17% recently immigrated from Haiti or came to the US as a baby. Participants reported suprise to the proliferation of chronic diseases, such as increased cancer diagnoses of those who immigrated to the United States. Most participants associated this with the Western sedentary lifestyle, dietary habits, and lack of access to fresh food. Participants connected to refugee organizations reported knowledge of the ability to access health education resources and mental/physical care services, but those not connected with similar organizations expressed limited knowledge about access. Similarly, participants with no connection to refugee organizations reported not knowing where to access healthcare services and not seeking services until home remedies had failed. Only 33% of participants reported knowledge of clinical trials and all reported mistrust of research. Many of the participants expressed a need for health-related information upon arrival in the United States. CONCLUSION There is currently little infrastructure in place to support African immigrants in Jacksonville, Florida, which can contribute to cancer health disparities in this population. Strong community engagement is needed to partner with African immigrant communities to address culturally specific needs identified of this underrepresented population. The needs expressed by participants include information on physical activity, nutrition, and healthcare/clinical trials. A strong partnership with African immigrant communities has the potential to address cancer disparities and increase both trust and participation in clinical trials. Citation Format: Jocelyn Turner, Laureen Husband, Jessica Otero, Opeyemi Bolajoko, Parisa Fathi, Jennifer Crook, Folakemi Odedina. Perspectives of African immigrants on community health needs and clinical trials [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 16th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2023 Sep 29-Oct 2;Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2023;32(12 Suppl):Abstract nr A052.

Abstract A070: The influence of cultural factors on health-seeking behaviors regarding prostate cancer among African immigrant men in the United States

Abstract Background: The increasing number of African immigrants in the United States has contributed to the diversity of the country's Black population. However, there is limited research on the impact of immigration, particularly regarding chronic diseases like cancer, within the sub-Saharan African immigrant (SSAI) community. To address this gap, this study aimed to explore cultural factors among SSAIs to better understand the drivers of health disparities in prostate cancer outcomes. Methods: A qualitative approach using grounded theory was employed for this study. Participants were purposefully recruited to reflect the cultural diversity among SSAIs. Recruitment occurred at health fairs, community events and by snowball approach. In-depth interviews were conducted with 16 participants, including prostate cancer survivors. Nine participants have lived in the US for at least 10 years. The average age of participants was 51 years. Country of birth for study participants include, Nigeria, Ghana, Cameroon, Kenya, and Ethiopia. Interviews were transcribed, verified, and de-identified then imported into NVivo 12 software. Four research team members, three of them African immigrants, performed open and axial coding, with consensus on the emerging findings. Results: This study identified several key cultural factors influencing SSAI men’s health behaviors. These factors include the perception of cancer in their country of birth, the low priority given to preventative care in their country of origin, and reluctance to embrace a Westernized diet, the perception of cancer in their country of origin as a death sentence, viewing cancer as a spiritual/religious attack, and associating cancer with affluence. In addition, these cultural factors made participants hesitant to discuss cancer, relying on religion for healing instead of medical care, and seeking healthcare only for cure. Conclusion: This study illuminates key cultural factors among SSAI men that influence their health-seeking behaviors. These findings highlight the need for culturally tailored behavioral interventions to address these factors and improve health outcomes within this understudied population. Citation Format: Ernest Kaninjing, Motolani Ogunsanya, Kaitlin Van Voorhis, Gladys Asiedu, Assata Kokayi, Rae Walker Brennan, Mary Ellen Young, Folake Odedina. The influence of cultural factors on health-seeking behaviors regarding prostate cancer among African immigrant men in the United States [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 16th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2023 Sep 29-Oct 2;Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2023;32(12 Suppl):Abstract nr A070.

The Conundrum of Ethnic Discrimination and Identity Crisis in Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's Americanah

The issue of Racial discrimination has emerged as a pressing concern worldwide in general and in the United States in particular in recent times, posing a significant challenge to human rights. Racial discrimination constitutes a grave violation of human rights, which encompasses a broad spectrum of human rights violations, including the adoption of discriminatory practices, the marginalization of domestic issues, and the unjust targeting of ethnic or religious minorities, refugees, and immigrants, often branding them as criminals, either intentionally or inadvertently (Smith & Johnson, n.d.). In this context, the present study aims to examine the facet of ethnic and racial discrimination that is meted out against the African immigrant community in Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie’s Americanah. This study tries to investigate the instances of racial discrimination that are orchestrated on the protagonist Ifemelu and her deep longing for ethnic identity after she migrated from Nigeria to America. This research paper also examines the myriad forms of racial politics and myths of sexism and racism prevalent in the American discourses in the light of Intersectionality theory.

Enhancing community resilience to climate change disasters: Learning experience within and from sub‐Saharan black immigrant communities in western Canada

AbstractEnhancing community capacity towards resilience is key to reducing climate disaster risk, especially in Black immigrant communities in Canada. While there are many extreme climate change events occurring, such as hailstorms, floods, snowstorms, forest fires, droughts, and heat waves in western Canada, there is no known study that has explored resilience within sub‐Saharan African immigrant communities to climate disaster risks in western Canada. All these extreme climate change events have devastated Black populations threatening their ability to cope with disaster risks. Following a decolonial phenomenology methodological framework research approach; our study explores sub‐Saharan African immigrant communities' adaptation strategies to address climate disaster risk in western Canada. In this research, our main purpose was to investigate whether community resilience strategies implemented by the two provinces (Saskatchewan and Alberta) meet the unique needs of sub‐Saharan African Immigrants. By exploring local communities' perspectives on climate change, we highlighted the relevance of inclusivity in climate capacity building to reduce disaster risk and cope with climate change‐related disasters in the localities. Our findings revealed that personal experiences with climate change risks significantly influenced communities' strength and resilience and contributed to their resilience strategies. We view this paper as a first step in developing a community‐led climate change resilience research agenda that will have a practical application for the community in the face of climate change in Canada.

Changes in Students’ Attitudes Toward Service Learning and Immigrants/Refugees in the U.S.: Insights from Comparing First Year Learning Communities

This study analyzes attitudes that first year students from three different learning communities (LCs) had about service learning in general and their actual placement with a West African refugee and immigrant community in particular. Similar to other studies, we found that students who spent more hours engaging with West African refugees and/or immigrants were more likely to support including service learning in the curriculum. Importantly, this research adds to the pedagogical discourse around service learning by revealing that the LC, and by extension, the professor(s),were even more important than the number of completed hours. Students in onlyone LC overwhelmingly agreed that the service learning hours made them more aware of their own biases, helped them develop problem-solving skills, and made them see how the subject matter of their LC is relevant to real life. Our analysis shows that this statistically significant difference is explained by how well service learning hours were integrated in the LCs (e.g., percentage of the grade assigned to the experiential hours, number and type of reflective assignments) and the degree professors were (not) part of the actual experiential hours. Hence, this study makes explicit that service learning courses are most likely to have the intended outcome when experiential hours are an integral and important part of the class; moreover, this study demonstrates the crucial role of the instructor(s) in this process.@font-face{font-family:"Cambria Math";panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;mso-font-charset:0;mso-generic-font-family:roman;mso-font-pitch:variable;mso-font-signature:-536870145 1107305727 0 0 415 0;}@font-face{font-family:Calibri;panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;mso-font-charset:0;mso-generic-font-family:swiss;mso-font-pitch:variable;mso-font-signature:-536870145 1073786111 1 0 415 0;}@font-face{font-family:Cambria;panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;mso-font-charset:0;mso-generic-font-family:roman;mso-font-pitch:variable;mso-font-signature:-536870145 1073743103 0 0 415 0;}p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal{mso-style-unhide:no;mso-style-qformat:yes;mso-style-parent:"";margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:.5in;line-height:200%;mso-pagination:widow-orphan;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Cambria",serif;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}.MsoChpDefault{mso-style-type:export-only;mso-default-props:yes;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}div.WordSection1{page:WordSection1;}

WhatsApp-propriate? Exploring "WhatsApp" as a Tool for Research Among Ghanaian Immigrants in the United States.

African immigrants remain underrepresented in research due to challenges in recruitment. Mobile instant messaging applications, such as WhatsApp, present novel, and cost-effective opportunities for conducting health research across geographic and temporal distances, potentially mitigating the challenges of maintaining contact and engagement in research with migrant populations. Moreover, WhatsApp has been found to be commonly used by African immigrant communities. However, little is known about the acceptability and use of WhatsApp as a tool for health research among African immigrants in the US. In this study, we examine the acceptability and feasibility of WhatsApp as a tool for research among Ghanaian immigrants- a subset of the African immigrant population group. We used WhatsApp to recruit 40 participants for a qualitative interview about their use of the mobile messaging application. Three distinct themes related to the acceptability and feasibility of WhatsApp emerged from the interviews: (1) preference for using WhatsApp as a medium of communication; (2) positive perception of WhatsApp; and (3) preference for using WhatsApp for research. The findings indicate that for African immigrants in the US, WhatsApp is a preferred method for recruiting and collecting data. It remains a promising strategy to utilize in future research involving this population.

Interbirth Intervals of Immigrant and Refugee Women in the United States: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Despite guidelines recommending an interval of at least 18-24 months between a live birth and the conception of the next pregnancy, nearly one-third of pregnancies in the United States are conceived within 18 months of a previous live birth. The purpose of this study was to examine the associations between multiple immigration-related variables and interbirth intervals among reproductive-aged immigrant and refugee women living in the United States. This was a cross-sectional, quantitative study on the sexual and reproductive health (SRH) of reproductive-aged immigrant and refugee women in the United States. The data were collected via an online survey administered by Lucid LLC. We included data on women who had complete information on nativity and birth history in the descriptive analysis (n = 653). The exposure variables were immigration pathway, length of time since immigration, and country/region of birth. The outcome variable was interbirth interval (≤18, 19-35, or ≥36 months). We used multivariable ordinal logistic regression, adjusted for confounders, to determine the factors associated with having a longer interbirth interval among women with second- or higher-order births (n = 245). Approximately 37.4% of study participants had a short interbirth interval. Women who immigrated to the United States for educational (aOR = 4.57; 95% CI, 1.57-9.58) or employment opportunities (aOR = 2.27; 95% CI, 1.07-5.31) had higher odds of reporting a longer interbirth interval (19-35 or ≥36 months) than women born in the United States. Women born in an African country had 0.79 times the odds (aOR = 0.79; 95% CI, 0.02-0.98) of being in a higher category of interbirth interval. Although all birthing women should be counseled on optimal birth spacing through the use of postpartum contraception, immigrant and refugee women would benefit from further research and policy and program interventions to help them in achieving optimal birth spacing. SRH research in African immigrant and refugee communities is especially important for identifying ameliorable factors for improving birth spacing.

Body mass index mediates the direct association of subjective social status and hypertension in a fulani west African immigrant sample.

The inverse association between social status and hypertension (HTN) often observed in native-born populations may not hold among immigrants from regions where larger bodies are markers of success. Qualitative evidence suggests that many African immigrant groups view larger body size as a marker of social status. The present study examined the relationships between subjective social status, body mass index (BMI), and HTN in a cross-sectional, community snowball sample of 218 West African Fulani immigrants living in New York City. Over a third of the sample met criteria for HTN. Higher subjective social status within the Fulani community was directly associated with higher likelihood of HTN. BMI fully mediated this association. Member checking revealed a community narrative in which being heavy indicated higher status. These findings provide the first quantitative evidence that aesthetic markers of status within African immigrant communities may comprise risks to cardiovascular health. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

PERCEPTIONS OF DEMENTIA CARE AMONG AFRICAN IMMIGRANTS IN MINNESOTA: INSIGHTS FROM COMMUNITY CONVERSATIONS

Abstract Immigrants and persons from diverse racial and ethnic backgrounds have a higher prevalence of dementia compared with their U.S.-born counterparts, yet the estimates of dementia prevalence, perceptions, and needs among African immigrants are not fully understood. This qualitative study examined African immigrants’ perceptions of dementia and dementia care. Specifically, it explored the community’s attitudes, care practices, and barriers toward dementia care. Community conversations (focus groups) were conducted with 24 African immigrants residing in the Northwest Minneapolis suburbs. Conversation transcripts were analyzed using thematic analysis in Nvivo. The majority of participants were women, 79% from Liberia, 43% were over the age of 65 years, and 65% held a bachelor’s degree or higher. Three themes were identified: 1) Perceptions of and attitudes toward mental health and dementia, which indicated that cultural issues limit awareness of dementia, but 2) Family care of a person living with dementia, meaning care happens in the home, and receiving care in a facility is the last resort; 3) Facilitators and barriers to dementia care, including distrust of health systems, immigrant status, and limited finances. This project offers unique insights on the dementia care and caregiving beliefs and attitudes among African immigrants that can inform policy and intervention efforts aimed at decreasing dementia care barriers in the African immigrant community.

The Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic and Mental Health of African Immigrants in the United States.

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on immigrants in the United States is understudied. We investigated the effect of the pandemic on the mental health of African immigrants in the United States and if subjective religiosity was a protective factor. We analyzed primary data collected using an online survey (n = 260). The study’s outcome variable was incident mental health disorder associated with the pandemic, and the primary independent variable was religiosity. Chi-squared and Mann–Whitney U tests were used to compare the distribution of variables by incident mental health disorders. Logistic regression models were used to quantify the association between predictors and the outcome. There were 39 (15.0%) new cases of mental health disorders related to the pandemic. The median scores in the three domains of religiosity of those who developed a mental health disorder and those who did not were not significantly different. Significant predictors of this outcome included having a strong religious support network and loss of household employment income. African immigrants experienced an increased rate of mental health disorders during the pandemic. Implementing community-based strategies to provide social support during a disaster may be essential in promoting mental health in the African immigrant community.

Utilizing Community Partnerships to Devise a Framework for Cultural Adaptations to Evidence-Based Mental Health Practice in Diverse Communities

Mental health disparities for diverse communities (particularly immigrants and people of color) in terms of access to evidence-based treatments, lack of education/awareness about mental health symptoms and treatment options, and lack of culturally responsive treatments have been frequently documented. Hence, diversity considerations in the diagnosis, assessment, and treatment of psychological disorders remain vital and imperative in clinical practice. There is also substantial work indicating that cultural values likely play an essential role in shaping how individuals conceptualize and experience mental or emotional health. Therefore, the present study was developed for community-engaged clinicians and researchers to outline the process by which to create a culturally responsive, evidence-based treatment framework for community mental health interventions in close partnership with communities of color. This study was conceptualized and designed collaboratively with community leaders across five different communities of color: African American/Black, Latino/a, Native American, Pacific Islander, and African immigrant communities in a major U.S. city. This paper describes the mixed methods for such a community-engaged collaboration, highlighting critical elements for ongoing culturally engaged clinical work/research, and providing recommendations for culturally adapted interventions for mental health based on specific process observations made in the current example.

Intimate Partner Violence in the Sub-Saharan African Immigrant Community in Chicago: A Changing Landscape.

The challenges of conducting research on intimate partner violence (IPV) in immigrant communities means little is known about the occurrence of various forms of IPV, making it difficult to address in these populations. This research draws on data gathered in Chicago's large and varied African immigrant communities. This research used a mixed methods approach: collection of quantitative survey data on occurrence, followed by qualitative interviews to explain the results. Missing quantitative data and contradicting qualitative responses made it difficult to draw definite conclusions on physical IPV; however, verbal abuse and controlling behaviours appear to be relatively widespread and normalised, and not always viewed as violence. Particularly with the probability of future pandemics and natural disasters, which are known to increase prevalence, it is important to raise awareness of less visible controlling behaviours and verbal abuse as forms of violence, and to implement appropriate prevention programs to minimise a concomitant rise in IPV within African immigrant communities.

Mobilizing communities and families for child mental health promotion in Canada: Views of African immigrants

Available evidence in Canada suggests mental health disparities between immigrant and non-immigrant children. Children born to immigrants face a greater risk of poor mental health outcomes. However, these comparisons often mask important ethno-racial differences in mental health risks and outcomes among immigrant populations. Recent evidence suggests African immigrant children have some of the poorest social and mental health outcomes in Canada. Despite this awareness, research has yet to identify community-based strategies for addressing the stressors underpinning such outcomes. This study used data obtained from focus groups with African immigrant parents in Alberta, Canada, to identify child mental health stressors and child mental health promotion strategies in the African immigrant community. These strategies, thematically partitioned into family-, community-, and structural-level interventions, include building supportive parent–child relationships, strengthening resilience in childhood, economic empowerment of families, destigmatizing mental illness, influencing institutional policies and practices, supporting labour integration, and enhancing access to mental health supports. Ways in which policymakers and service providers can support child mental health promotion efforts in the African immigrant community are also discussed.