Black African Population Research Articles

Eccentric macular holes as a postoperative complication of macular surgery in black Africans.

The objective of this study is to report on the incidence and the characteristics of eccentric macular hole (EMH) as a complication of macular surgery with internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling in a black African population. This is a retrospective consecutive case series. Files of 125 patients that received macular surgery were reviewed and 14 eyes of 14 patients were included in this study. Intervention consisted of pars plana vitrectomy with ILM peeling for full-thickness macular hole or epiretinal membrane. The main outcome measures were the development of EMH, their characteristics (location, number) and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA). EMH developed in 14 eyes of 14 patients with a mean age of 64.5±9.4 years and a female predominance of 64%. The incidence of EMH was 11.2%. EMH developed on average 4.4±1.2 weeks following surgery. In 9 eyes (65%) location was temporal, in 3 eyes (21%) superotemporal and in 2 eyes (14%) inferotemporal. Multiple holes were observed in 12 eyes (86%), and 5 eyes (35%) had confluent holes. 9 eyes (64%) had only full-thickness holes, 4 eyes (29%) had both full-thickness and lamellar holes, and 1 eye (7%) had only lamellar holes. BCVA improved from 1.1±0.33logMAR to 0.89±0.26logMAR (p=0.017). EMH formation showed a very high incidence in our setting and represents a main complication for macular surgery. In all cases, EMH formed in the temporal macula and in the majority of cases they were multiple and full-thickness.

Prevalence of occipitalisation in a South African Black population: An original study of 1119 skulls with a review of the literature

BackgroundOccipitalisation is the most prevalent congenital abnormality at the craniovertebral junction; however, it is rare in the general population. There is a paucity of literature on osteological prevalence studies within the South African Black and broader African populations. This study aimed to establish baseline data for the prevalence of occipitalisation in the South African Black population group. MethodsOne thousand two hundred thirteen skulls from a South African Black population were initially sampled, and after exclusion criteria were applied, the sample was reduced to 1119 skulls (male 766; female 353). A morphological description of the skulls that exhibited occipitalisation was included in this study. ResultsOccipitalisation was observed in three skulls (3/1119; 0.27 %); two of the skulls were female (2/353; 0.57 %), and one was male (1/766; 0.13 %). The three occipitalised skulls exhibited fusion in three areas of the atlas: the anterior arch, lateral masses, and transverse processes. No skulls exhibited posterior arch fusion of the atlas. ConclusionThis study established a baseline prevalence of occipitalisation in the South African Black population at 0.27 % and found no significant association between sex and occipitalisation (p = 0.236). This study highlights the need for further studies in the other African population affinity groups.

O39 IMPACT OF UROMODULIN CONCENTRATION ON RENAL AND HAEMODYNAMIC PARAMETERS IN A BLACK AFRICAN COMMUNITY WITH A HIGH PREVALENCE OF HYPERTENSION

Background and Objective: The burden of hypertension (HTN) and related comorbidities disproportionately affects developing countries like South Africa, particularly in urban populations of African ancestry. This demographic exhibits a volume-dependent form of HTN that is resistant to antihypertensive drugs that target the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Renal fluid retention or abnormalities may cause HTN in this group, thus the need to investigate various nephron components for a better understanding. Uromodulin is a potential biomarker for renal function and tubular reserve. However, the relationship with renal function, haemodynamic parameters and HTN in a Black African population is unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the relationship between urinary uromodulin concentration and renal as well as haemodynamic parameters in a Black African community with a high prevalence of volume-dependent HTN. Methods: Systemic haemodynamics (central pressures [SphygmoCor] and echocardiographic aortic velocity and diameter measurements in the outflow tract), urinary uromodulin concentrations (ELISA assay) and renal function (creatinine clearance from 24-hour urine collections [n=370]) were determined in a Black African community (n=397). Results: No relationships between urinary uromodulin concentrations and age, body mass index, blood pressure or hypertension were noted. However, urinary uromodulin concentrations were higher in females than males, even after adjusting for several confounders (p=0.0007). Although urinary uromodulin concentrations were unrelated to renal function, an inverse relationship with stroke volume (SV) was observed (p=0.0023). The inverse relationship between SV and urinary uromodulin concentration was independent of confounders and present in hypertensives (p=0.007) but not normotensives (p=0.43). The hypertensives were noted to have a higher SV than the normotensives (p=0.047). Conclusion: In a Black African community sample with a high prevalence of volume-dependent primary hypertension, urinary uromodulin was inversely related to SV, particularly in participants with hypertension. These data suggest the need to investigate the mechanisms linking urinary uromodulin to haemodynamic parameters to identify novel pathways to target for better treatment strategies in hypertension.

Ethnic differences in the manifestation of early-onset type 2 diabetes

IntroductionWe undertook phenotypic characterization of early-onset and late-onset type 2 diabetes (T2D) in adult black African and white European populations with recently diagnosed T2D to explore ethnic differences in the...

Insights into dental age estimation: introducing multiple regression data from a Black South African population on modified gustafson's criteria.

Dental Age Estimation (DAE) is an effective instrument of the rule of law for verifying dubious age claims in living individuals. Once tooth development is complete, only degenerative dental characteristics can be used for this purpose. The influence of ethnicity on these degenerative dental characteristics has not been clarified.Degenerative changes were examined using modified Gustafson's criteria including secondary dentin formation, cementum apposition, periodontal recession and attrition using the Olze et al. (2012) staging scales. Orthopantomograms of 1882 black South Africans, consisting of 934 females and 948 males, from 12.00 to 40.96 years of chronological age were utilized. Two independent examiners performed the evaluations, with one of the two evaluating all radiographs twice.The relationship between individual characteristics and chronological age was analyzed using multiple regression analysis with chronological age as the dependent variable. The resulting R2 values ranged from 0.22 to 0.35, and the standard error of estimate were between 6.6 and 7.3 years. The correlation with age was consistently lower for females compared to males. The characteristic of cementum apposition emerged as critical in this population, due to a particularly low correlation with age and observer agreements partly in the "slight" range. The formula's values for the correlation with age were in general below the literature values for other populations. Overall, the limited precision of the age estimation by the formulae presented, especially for females, must be emphasized. The question of whether ethnicity per se exerts an influence on the characteristics in question, or whether the different socio-economic status, which encompasses factors such as nutrition and healthcare, is the determining factor, needs to be assessed in future studies.

Morphology and morphometry of the patella in a select Black South African sample

BackgroundFor many years, sex determination has been achieved through analysis of skeletal remains in forensic medicine. The patella can be utilized for sex determination in the absence (or damage) of the cranium, upper and lower limbs, and pelvic bones. Additionally, understanding the patella's morphology and morphometry is essential for diagnosing and treating injuries and disorders of the knee joint, as well as knee arthroplasty and patella ligament grafting (Medeiros et al., 2001). This study reviewed the morphology and morphometry of the patella in a Black African population of KwaZulu-Natal and determined if a correlation between the parameters of the patellae and sex exists. Materials and methods154 dry patellae belonging to a South African black population group were utilized to review their morphology and morphometry. The classifications of Wiberg (1941) and Borges et al. (2016) were adapted for the morphology. The seven morphometric measurements were adapted from Dayal and Bidmos (2005) and Borges et al. (2016). A p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. ResultsAccording to the Wiberg classification: Type 1 patellae were least prevalent (1.9 %), while Type 2 were most common with an incidence of 59.7 %. No statistical difference was recorded with sex (p-value = 0.517). According to Borges et al. (2016) classification: Type 1 (triangular-shaped) patellae were most prevalent in males and females (72.7 %) and Type 3 (irregular shape) patellae were least common in this study. A statistically significant difference between Borges et al. (2016) classification scheme (shape of the patella) and sexes was recorded (p-value = 0.003). A statistically significant relationship between morphometric parameters of the patella and sex was also recorded (p-value <0.001). Patella measurements were greater in males than in females. ConclusionIn this study, the patella displayed sexually dimorphic morphological and morphometric characteristics, which indicated that the patella may be used for sex determination in forensic cases with the KwaZulu-Natal population of South Africa, in addition to clinical applications such as knee arthroplasty, patellar ligament grafting, prosthesis synthesis, and patellar implants.

Distal Femur MRI Rotational Anatomy in a Black African Population: A Pilot Study

Distal Femur MRI Rotational Anatomy in a Black African Population: A Pilot Study

Influence of religio-cultural beliefs on whole-body donation: A quantitative analysis of a predominantly South African Pedi Community

BackgroundBody donation is a predominant mode of body sourcing in many countries including South Africa; however, it continues to be limited among the different ethnic groups in the Black African population of South Africa which have been observed to be largely unwilling to provide consent to donate their bodies. Religious and cultural beliefs have been suggested to influence willingness to donate one’s body to science, with most religions regarded as accepting of body donation globally. In contrast, cultural beliefs and practices in the African continent impede body donation. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the factors that influence willingness to participate in body donation among the various ethnic groups of the Black African population of South Africa, particularly the Pedi ethnic group. PurposeThis study sought to investigate factors that determine the disposition to participate in body donation and the influence of religious and cultural beliefs on willingness to consent to donate one’s body among a predominantly Pedi community of the Black African population of South Africa in the Limpopo province. MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, 300 four-page questionnaires were distributed to conveniently sampled individuals from the GaMaphale (Pipa) village of the Limpopo province of South Africa. Descriptive statistics (frequency tables and Pearson’s chi-square test for independence) followed by a stepwise backward regression were conducted to obtain key factors determining willingness to donate one’s body, the influence of religious and cultural beliefs, and also the likelihood of willingness to participate in body donation in this community. A p-value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. ResultsA total of 190 (63 %) responses were obtained. The level of awareness about body donation was 30 % (n= 57/190), and 41 % (n= 78/190) of respondents were willing to donate their bodies. Age (p = 0.001), educational level (p = 0.037), belief in a higher entity (p = 0.007), ancestral (p < 0.001), and religious (p < 0.001) beliefs allowing for body donation were statistically associated with willingness to donate one’s body. The elderly respondents were less likely to agree to donate their bodies compared to younger adults. Respondents who understood that religion allowed them to self-donate were 50 times more likely to agree to donate their bodies than those who did not. Discussion and conclusionFindings reflect that a high percentage of respondents were unaware of body donation while a considerable number of respondents were willing to donate their bodies to science based on their religious and cultural beliefs allowing them to do so. Potential body donors from this community will likely be younger and belong to religions that allow body donation. The need to increase awareness about body donation programs through awareness campaigns, especially among religious organizations that may allow for body donation, is warranted in this community.This work was supported by the National Research Foundation (TTK220214660416).

Early human migration determines the risk of being attacked by wolves: ethnic gene diversity on the development of systemic lupus erythematosus.

The prevalence of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) varies significantly based on ethnicity rather than geographic distribution; thus, the prevalence is higher in Asian, Hispanic, and Black African populations than in European populations. The risk of developing lupus nephritis (LN) is the highest among Asian populations. Therefore, we hypothesize that human genetic diversity between races has occurred through the early human migration and human genetic adaptation to various environments, with a particular focus on pathogens. Additionally, we compile the currently available evidence on the ethnic gene diversity of SLE and how it relates to disease severity. The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) locus is well established as associated with susceptibility to SLE; specific allele distributions have been observed across diverse populations. Notably, specific amino acid residues within these HLA loci demonstrate significant associations with SLE risk. The non-HLA genetic loci associated with SLE risk also varies across diverse ancestries, implicating distinct immunological pathways, such as the type-I interferon and janus kinase-signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK-STAT) pathways in Asians, the type-II interferon signaling pathway in Europeans, and B cell activation pathway in Africans. Furthermore, assessing individual genetic susceptibility using genetic risk scores (GRS) for SLE helps to reveal the diverse prevalence, age of onset, and clinical phenotypes across different ethnicities. A higher GRS increases the risk of LN and the severity of SLE. Therefore, understanding ethnic gene diversity is crucial for elucidating disease mechanisms and SLE severity, which could enable the development of novel drugs specific to each race.

Variations in the Branching of the Coronary Artery among Black African Population: A cadaveric study in western Kenya

Variations in the Branching of the Coronary Artery among Black African Population: A cadaveric study in western Kenya

Alterations in methylation and SNPs of OPRM1 gene show lack of association with heroin (nyaope) consumption in South African males of African ancestry

Nyaope is a highly addictive heroin derivative that elicits its effects via the -opioid receptor. Gene mutations and (cytosine-phospho-guanosine) CpG methylation, alter the function of the -opioid receptor gene (OPRM1) and protein. The single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs1799971 (118 A&gt;G) and intronic rs3778150 (T&gt;C) in the OPRM1 have previously been associated with heroin use. The SNP rs1799971 can influence methylation levels of OPRM1 and alter mRNA and protein expression. This study compared the degree of OPRM1 methylation and allele frequency of SNPs rs1799971 and rs3778150 in black South African male nyaope users (n=200) to age-and gender-matched controls (n=55).DNA was extracted from whole blood samples, and analysed by methylation-specific PCR and sequencing to determine methylation frequencies across 29 CpGs within the OPRM1promoter gene region. SNPsrs1799971 (118 A&gt;G) and rs3778150 (T&gt;C) were assessed using SNP genotyping Taqman assays.Using a positive methylation assignment method, most CpGs were significantly more unmethylated in nyaope users than in controls. Using a partial methylation assignment method, most CpGs displayed significantly higher percentages of partial methylation in nyaope users than in controls. The AG genotype frequency for SNP (118 A&gt;G), was higher in controls than in nyaope users while other genotypes (AA &amp; GG) for SNP rs1799971 and (TT, CT, CC) SNP rs3778150 were broadly similar in both groups. There was no correlation observed between nyaope consumption and the presence of SNP rs1799971 and/or rs3778150 in the study populations.This study provided evidence that methylation may not be associated with the intake of nyaope and that SNPs rs1799971 and rs3778150 did not alter the methylation status of the OPRM1 promoter gene or contribute to nyaope addiction in a black South African male population.

Exploring the Impact of Efavirenz on Aflatoxin B1 Metabolism: Insights from a Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model and a Human Liver Microsome Study.

Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models were utilized to investigate potential interactions between aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and efavirenz (EFV), a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor drug and inducer of several CYP enzymes, including CYP3A4. PBPK simulations were conducted in a North European Caucasian and Black South African population, considering different dosing scenarios. The simulations predicted the impact of EFV on AFB1 metabolism via CYP3A4 and CYP1A2. In vitro experiments using human liver microsomes (HLM) were performed to verify the PBPK predictions for both single- and multiple-dose exposures to EFV. Results showed no significant difference in the formation of AFB1 metabolites when combined with EFV (0.15 µM) compared to AFB1 alone. However, exposure to 5 µM of EFV, mimicking chronic exposure, resulted in increased CYP3A4 activity, affecting metabolite formation. While co-incubation with EFV reduced the formation of certain AFB1 metabolites, other outcomes varied and could not be fully attributed to CYP3A4 induction. Overall, this study provides evidence that EFV, and potentially other CYP1A2/CYP3A4 perpetrators, can impact AFB1 metabolism, leading to altered exposure to toxic metabolites. The results emphasize the importance of considering drug interactions when assessing the risks associated with mycotoxin exposure in individuals undergoing HIV therapy in a European and African context.

Variations in pelvic floor thickness in relation to bony dimensions in South African women: using computed tomography scans

Pelvic floor disorders (PFDs) are a common reason for urogynaecological consultation around the world, especially in elderly women. These disorders have been associated with disruption to the structural integrity of the pelvic floor. This study explored whether there are variations in pelvic floor muscle (PFM) thickness in relation to parity, population group and age. Additionally, the study explored whether there were any correlations between PFM thickness and the bony pelvic parameters measured. This was a quantitative retrospective analysis of computerised tomography (CT) scans. A total of 125 CT scans of women belonging to black and white South African population groups were sampled from a tertiary hospital in Pretoria, South Africa. Statistical analyses were performed using Paleontological Statistics (PAST). A thicker pelvic floor was noted in black compared to white women. Pelvic floor thickness decreased with parity and age in both population groups. The intertuberous diameter, as well as the surface areas of the urogenital triangle and the perineum, were statistically significantly larger in white than in black women. Correlations between PFM thickness and bony dimensions were statistically significant for anteroposterior (AP) pelvic outlet diameter, where a greater AP outlet was associated with thinner PFMs in black women. Bony correlations with parity showed that the interspinous diameter in black women increased significantly with parity. The variations in bony pelvic dimensions and pelvic floor muscle thicknesses noted between population groups, in addition to the co-factors of parity and aging, will contribute to a better understanding of the anatomical reasons for incontinence.

Comparing the incidence of Bladder Neck Stenosis post monopolar Transurethral Resection of the Prostate; small prostates versus larger prostates in the black African population

Monopolar Transurethral Resection of the Prostate (TURP) is the commonly done procedure for surgical removal of the prostate after open prostatectomy in our subregion. It is still a novel procedure in our subregion, as very few centers offer this procedure. It is generally believed that the size of the prostate may influence the development of complications of bladder neck stenosis. This is a dreaded complication, which requires further surgical procedure to correct in a resource-poor environment. We decided to compare the incidence of Bladder Neck Stenosis (BNS) in small vs larger prostates following monopolar TURP in our black African subregion. We prospectively studied 194 patients who underwent TURP in our facility from 2015 to 2022 that satisfied the inclusion criteria. Eighty-five participants (43.81%) had a small prostate (Transrectal Ultrasound, TRUS, weight &lt;30 g), and 109 participants (56.19%) had a large prostate (TRUS weight &gt;30 g). Overall, ten participants (5.15%) had postoperative BNS. Participants with smaller prostates had more incidence of bladder neck contracture than those with larger prostates, although this did not reach statistical significance, Fisher’s Exact test p=0.338. Multifactorial reasons and not prostate size alone may be responsible for BNS. There may be a need for larger-scale standardized studies on prostate size effect on BNS.

The Quadrangular Cartilage in Rhinoplasty: A Surgically Focused CT Dimensional Analysis of Black African and Caucasian Populations.

The apparent lack of quadrangular cartilage in Black African noses is commonly observed both from a radiological and clinical point of view. To the best of our knowledge, only a few research papers have been conducted on the facial proportions and structural anatomy of black people of Southern and Eastern Africa. The aim of this retrospective comparative study is a radiological assessment of the total amount of septal quadrangular cartilage by measuring its area in sagittal CT views, in two selected Black South African and Caucasian (CA) samples and the comparison with the literature in our hands. Statistical analysis was conducted, categorical variables are shown as frequencies and percentages, while continuous variables as means and standard deviations. Normal distribution of variables was verified using the Shapiro-Wilk test or by means of skewness and kurtosis values. Differences among unpaired groups were evaluated using the independent Student's t-test for normally distributed data (complemented by the Cohen's d to show the effect size with the following cutoff: d = 0.2, "small" effect size; d = 0.5, "medium" effect size; d = 0.8, "large" effect size) and Mann-Whitney U test in case of non-normal distribution. Statistical significance was defined as p < 0.05 setting the α-error probability at 5%. This study shows that, on average, there is 30% more cartilage available in CA compared with Black African noses and confirms the apparent lack of quadrangular cartilage and in Black African noses which is commonly observed in surgery. The need for an adequate amount of autologous septal cartilage makes cartilage availability a major concern before surgery and being able to preoperative accurately measure the amount of septal cartilage that is available to be harvested for other grafts in the surgery is essential.

Neighborhood Context as a Barrier to Sport Participation for Girls: Evidence From a Sport Diversity Index.

Evidence suggests neighborhood contexts play a vital role in shaping the availability and diversity of youth sport and participation rates, especially for African American or Black girls. Currently, no index captures interscholastic sport opportunities (eg, sport diversity) within and across school districts and specifically applied to African American or Black girls. To visualize the inequalities present in interscholastic sport opportunities for girls across school districts using a novel index in a selected study area of St Louis City and County, Missouri, and discuss the implications for African American or Black girls. Cross-sectional study. Database secondary analysis. Data for 47 public high schools in the 23 St Louis City and County school districts. We gathered data from the 2014-2018 American Community Survey and Missouri State High School Activities Association. We assessed sport diversity for girls by constructing a sport diversity index (SDI) that uses an entropy index as its foundation. Census-tract data were used to examine the association with neighborhood demographics and contributors to school district income and sport diversity. Descriptive spatial statistics were calculated to evaluate distributions in St Louis City and County, with the bivariate local indicator of spatial autocorrelation used to determine any correlations between variables of interest. The St Louis City school district, which has areas with high rates of renter-occupied housing and poverty and high percentages of non-Hispanic African American or Black students, had the lowest SDI for girls, contrasted with the school districts in St Louis County, which showed an inverse pattern on average. The SDI for girls was correlated with the percentages of renter-occupied housing and poverty. The SDI for girls was also correlated with race: an increasing presence of the non-Hispanic African American or Black population was associated with decreased sport diversity for girls. The SDI for girls demonstrated a spatial association with neighborhood-level determinants of sport-opportunity availability for non-Hispanic African American or Black girls in St Louis. The role of social and political determinants of health in shaping community context and resultant health in athletic training research, policy, and practice should be considered.

Association between RS7903146, RS17817499, RS17782313, RS229616, RS1297034, RS699 and RS4646994 and cardiometabolic diseases in a black South African population

Association between RS7903146, RS17817499, RS17782313, RS229616, RS1297034, RS699 and RS4646994 and cardiometabolic diseases in a black South African population

Corneal endothelial cell density and associated factors among adults at a regional referral hospital in Uganda: a cross-sectional study.

To assess the prevalence of low corneal endothelial cell density and correlates of corneal endothelial cell density among adults attending Mbarara University and Referral Hospital Eye Centre in Uganda. In this hospital-based cross-sectional study, participants 18 years and older, were enrolled. We obtained informed consent, and basic demographic data. We also conducted visual acuity, a detailed slit lamp examination, intra-ocular pressure, corneal diameter, tear-film break-up time, keratometry, A-scan, and pachymetry on all participants. A confocal microscope Heidelberg HRT3 was used to examine the central cornea and to obtain the mean cell density (cells/mm2). To calculate the proportion of low endothelial cell density, descriptive statistics were used, whereas correlates of endothelial cell density were assessed, using linear regression analyses. We evaluated a total of 798 eyes of 404 participants aged between 18 and 90 years (males = 187, females = 217). The average endothelial cell density was 2763.6 cells/mm2, and there was a decrease in endothelial cell density with increasing age, irrespective of gender. There was no significant difference in endothelial cell density between males and females. Increasing age (adjusted coefficient - 10.1, p < 0.001), history of smoking (adjusted coefficient - 439.6, p = 0.004), history of ocular surgery (adjusted coefficient - 168.0, p = 0.023), having dry eye (adjusted coefficient - 136.0, p = 0.051), and having arcus senilis (adjusted coefficient - 132.0, p = 0.08), were correlated with lower endothelial cell density. However, increasing corneal diameter (adjusted coefficient 134.0, p = 0.006), increasing central corneal thickness (adjusted coefficient 1.2, p = 0.058), and increasing axial length (adjusted coefficient 65.8, p = 0.026), were correlated with higher endothelial cell density. We found five eyes (0.63%) from different participants with a low endothelial cell density (< 1000cells/mm2). Our study established baseline normal ranges of ECD in a predominantly black African population, and found that low ECD is rare in our population. The elderly, smokers, and those with past ocular surgery are the most vulnerable. The low prevalence could be due to a lack of reference values for the black African population.

Variation in origin and course of brachial artery among black African population: Cadaveric study in Western Kenya

Variation in origin and course of brachial artery among black African population: Cadaveric study in Western Kenya

Antibodies against high-risk human papillomavirus proteins as markers for noncervical HPV-related cancers in a Black South African population, according to HIV status.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) proteins may elicit antibody responses in the process toward HPV-related malignancy. However, HPV seroepidemiology in noncervical HPV-related cancers remains poorly understood, particularly in populations with a high prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Using a glutathione S-transferase-based multiplex serology assay, antibodies against E6, E7 and L1 proteins of HPV16 and HPV18 were measured in sera of 535 cases of noncervical HPV-related cancers (anal (n = 104), vulval (n = 211), vaginal (n = 49), penile (n = 37) and oropharyngeal (n = 134)) and 6651 non-infection-related cancer controls, from the Johannesburg Cancer Study that recruited Black South African with newly diagnosed cancer between 1995 and 2016. Logistic and Poisson regression models were used to calculate adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and prevalence ratios (aPR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) in cases versus controls. HPV16 E6 was more strongly associated with noncervical HPV-related cancers than HPV16 L1 or E7, or HPV18 proteins: anal (females (HPV16 E6 aOR = 11.50;95%CI:6.0-22.2), males (aOR = 10.12;95%CI:4.9-20.8), vulval (aOR = 11.69;95%CI:7.9-17.2), vaginal (aOR = 10.26;95%CI:5.0-21), penile (aOR = 18.95;95%CI:8.9-40), and oropharyngeal (females (aOR = 8.95;95%CI:2.9-27.5), males (aOR = 3.49;95%CI:1.8-7.0)) cancers. HPV16-E6 seropositivity ranged from 24.0% to 35.1% in anal, vulval, vaginal and penile cancer but was significantly lower (11.2%) in oropharyngeal cancer. After adjustment for HIV, prevalence of which increased from 22.2% in 1995-2005 to 54.1% in 2010-2016, HPV16 E6 seropositivity increased by period of diagnosis (aPR for 2010-2016 vs. 1995-2006 = 1.84;95%CI:1.1-3.0). Assuming HPV16 E6 seroprevalence reflects HPV attributable fraction, the proportion of certain noncervical-HPV-related cancers caused by HPV is increasing over time in South Africa. This is expected to be driven by the increasing influence of HIV.