Aforesaid Methods Research Articles

Hydrogeological Resolution Using Composite Geophysical Methods: A Case Study of Inland Salinity in Part of Agra, Uttar Pradesh India

ABSTRACT This manuscript is an attempt at utilizing a combination of varied Geophysical methods (n = 4) – Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES), Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT), Time Domain Electromagnetic (TEM), and Borehole logging for finer resolution of potential fresh groundwater and saline groundwater aquifer zones in marginal alluvial plains of Agra district, Uttar Pradesh state. A conceptual model of sub-surface aquifer disposition displaying zones of fresh and saline groundwater zones was prepared using an interpreted and processed multi-parameter dataset. A positive correlation was found between TEM (44.6 m), Well log data (43.0 m), VES data (47.2), and ERT data (45.0 m) demarcating the boundary up to which fresh groundwater potential lies from the ground surface. Conventional methods rely on resistivity values to identify groundwater potential zones, and a rough estimation of salinity can be carried out. Instead of the conventional VES method, the combination of aforesaid methods results in finer resolution and easier demarcation of fresh groundwater zones from those of saline zones. This method can be successfully reproduced to demarcate the extent of saline water ingress in coastal areas and finding freshwater lenses within inland saline aquifers.

Comparing g-computation, propensity score-based weighting, and targeted maximum likelihood estimation for analyzing externally controlled trials with both measured and unmeasured confounders: a simulation study

ObjectivesTo have confidence in one's interpretation of treatment effects assessed by comparing trial results to external controls, minimizing bias is a critical step. We sought to investigate different methods for causal inference in simulated data sets with measured and unmeasured confounders.MethodsThe simulated data included three types of outcomes (continuous, binary, and time-to-event), treatment assignment, two measured baseline confounders, and one unmeasured confounding factor. Three scenarios were set to create different intensities of confounding effect (e.g., small and blocked confounding paths, medium and blocked confounding paths, and one large unblocked confounding path for scenario 1 to 3, respectively) caused by the unmeasured confounder. The methods of g-computation (GC), inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW), overlap weighting (OW), standardized mortality/morbidity ratio (SMR), and targeted maximum likelihood estimation (TMLE) were used to estimate average treatment effects and reduce potential biases.ResultsThe results with the greatest extent of biases were from the raw model that ignored all the potential confounders. In scenario 2, the unmeasured factor indirectly influenced the treatment assignment through a measured controlling factor and led to medium confounding. The methods of GC, IPTW, OW, SMR, and TMLE removed most of bias observed in average treatment effects for all three types of outcomes from the raw model. Similar results were found in scenario 1, but the results tended to be biased in scenario 3. GC had the best performance followed by OW.ConclusionsThe aforesaid methods can be used for causal inference in externally controlled studies when there is no large, unblockable confounding path for an unmeasured confounder. GC and OW are the preferable approaches.

Molecular Solid Tumor Algorithm – Simplified Patient-Centric/Cost-Effective Approach by Pathologists

Abstract Introduction/Objective The process from the time the patient is diagnosed with cancer and receives their first treatment is complex and time-consuming. It requires adherence to national comprehensive cancer network (NCCN) guidelines; is challenged with limited tissue, how and when to order tests, and reimbursement timelines with pre- authorizations. We evaluated the role of the pathologists, who are an integral part of patient care, along with oncologists and surgeons. Methods/Case Report 254 cases from various types of solid tumors (paraffin-embedded blocks) were collected from several pathology departments. Tests (two panels NGS-DNA/RNA expression, FISH, PD-L1, and IHC) were ordered as early as on the day of diagnosis to as late as 18 months following the diagnosis. Cancer cases reviewed were Colo-Rectal (72), Lung (48), Breast (24), Gastric (10), CNS (8), Melanoma (4), Head/Neck (20), GU (16), Sarcomas (8), Thyroid (6), Hepatic (8), Female Genital Tract (7) and Unknown Primary (23). Results (if a Case Study enter NA) We evaluated pathology reports, identified blocks, reviewed H&E slides, utilized NCCN guidelines in collaboration with oncologists. Tests were ordered using established billing criteria. Following tests were performed: PD-L1 (190 - 75%), FISH (50 - 20%), and NGS – two simple panel approach (215 - 85%). Using the aforesaid methods, our NGS results were successful in >95%. We were able to identify actionable and prognostic mutations in >80% of tumors. Conclusion Our algorithm has been designed considering NCCN guidelines and are updated frequently with new therapeutic targets and actionable mutations. The emphasis is to conserve diagnostic tissue and ensure timely ordering of tests as medically necessary. This can be adopted by pathologists in conjunction with clinical information, pathology reports, and be used as a part of diagnostic workups to reduce delays in treatment, avoid tissue loss, utilize current billing (inpatient/outpatient) practices, pre-authorization and eventually improving patient care as well as reduce overall healthcare costs.

Optical solitons to the Kundu–Mukherjee–Naskar equation in (2+1)-dimensional form via two analytical techniques

The current research is about the optical solitons of the Kundu–Mukherjee–Naskar (KMN) equation that are obtained by implementing the two proficient approaches named: the extended Jacobi’s elliptic expansion function method and the expa function method. The aforesaid methods are used for the first time in the KMN equation to obtain novel soliton solutions in terms of Jacobi’s elliptic function solutions, which turn into dark, bright, and periodic solutions later. Also, the rational function solutions of the above-mentioned equation are obtained. The obtained solutions are also graphed and verified with the use of symbolic soft computations. The obtained results may be applied to illustrate the substantial concept of the studious structures as well as other related nonlinear physical structures.

A study of dielectrics generated by electro-less electrochemical method for semiconductor devices

The aim of this work is to the basic concepts of the varies chemical and electrochemical procedures used m the fabrication of semiconductor devices seems to be useful to provide a suitable background for the present work, a brief review of the same as also the results obtained by earlier workers has been undertaken at the outset. A careful scrutiny of the results obtained by different workers reveals that although the aforesaid methods have a few limitations, they may be satisfice borily used as an alternative to sputter and evaporation techniques for device fabrication. The author carried out experimental investigations on the formation and properties of ohmic contact to silicon using two electroless plating baths - one operated at room temperature and the other at 95°C. In particular, the variation of contact resistance of ohmic contacts formed by electroless Ni-P process on silicon was studied as a function of sintering temperatures with operating point temperatures and pH of the baths as parameters. ^rom these studies it has been shown that both the baths yielded an adherent and dense deposit of nickel-phosphorous alloy on n-Si, which when sintered at very high temperatures give a less value of contact resistance due to the formation of metal-n -n contact. The phosphorous component of the Ni-P deposit diffuses into n-Si during heat treatment and forms the metal-n+ --n contact which behaves as an ohmic contact. As expected, the value of contact resistance was found to decrease with the increase of phosphorous materials in the deposit. The most favourable temperature range of heat treatment was found to be between 600°-700°C. Heats studying above 700°C slightly less increase the contact resistance probably due to the out diffusion of phosphorous from the Ni-P deposit. The barrier height and ideality factor are two important parameters for m-s contacts. The values of these two parameters of electrochemically fabricated Schottky diodes as obtained from the capacitance and current voltage characteristics were found to be in fairly close agreement with those of vacuumevaporated diodes. It is therefore, concluded that the electrochemical method of metal deposition is a valid and convenient technique for the fabrication and study of metalsemiconductor contacts

Design and application of improved sparrow search algorithm based on sine cosine and firefly perturbation.

Swarm intelligence algorithms are relatively simple and highly applicable algorithms, especially for solving optimization problems with high reentrancy, high stochasticity, large scale, multi-objective and multi-constraint characteristics. The sparrow search algorithm (SSA) is a kind of swarm intelligence algorithm with strong search capability, but SSA has the drawback of easily falling into local optimum in the iterative process. Therefore, a sine cosine and firefly perturbed sparrow search algorithm (SFSSA) is proposed for addressing this deficiency. Firstly, the Tent chaos mapping is invoked in the initialization population stage to improve the population diversity; secondly, the positive cosine algorithm incorporating random inertia weights is introduced in the discoverer position update, so as to improve the probability of the algorithm jumping out of the local optimum and speed up the convergence; finally, the firefly perturbation is used to firefly perturb the sparrows, and all sparrows are updated with the optimal sparrows using the firefly perturbation method to improve their search-ability. Thirteen benchmark test functions were chosen to evaluate SFSSA, and the results were compared to those computed by existing swarm intelligence algorithms, as well as the proposed method was submitted to the Wilcoxon rank sum test. Furthermore, the aforesaid methods were evaluated in the CEC 2017 test functions to further validate the optimization efficiency of the algorithm when the optimal solution is not zero. The findings show that SFSSA is more favorable in terms of algorithm performance, and the method's searchability is boosted. Finally, the suggested algorithm is used to the locating problem of emergency material distribution centers to further validate the feasibility and efficacy of SFSSA.

Enormous Articular Hemorrhage Following Arthroscopy, Total Joint Replacement and other Surgical Operations in Hemophilic Patients due to Arterial Pseudoaneurysms: Diagnosis and Treatment.

Pseudoaneurysms in hemophilic patients are unusual. We must have a suspicion when the patient has suffered an arterial trauma (following arthroscopy, total joint replacement and other surgical operations). Pseudoaneurysms may take place in any anatomical zone where there has been trauma. The diagnosis must be verified by duplex ultrasonography (US), standard angiogram, computed tomography angiogram or magnetic resonance angiography. There are diverse alternatives for the management of arterial pseudoaneurysms. Small pseudoaneurysms can be solved with conservative noninterventional management. It includes outside pressing, US probe pressing or US-guided thrombin injections. In larger pseudoaneurysms, endovascular methods, such as coil embolization, are now preferred. If the aforesaid methods are unsuccessful, standard surgical management with simple ligation or arterial reconstruction must be carried out. We must suspect a pseudoaneurysm when, following an arterial trauma, there is severe bleeding that does not stop with appropriate management with intravenous injection of the insufficient coagulation factor. The diagnosis has to be verified by imaging. Endovascular methods, such as coil embolization, are now preferred by the majority of physicians. The diagnosis and managment of an arterial pseudoaneurysm must be carried promptly to avert adverse events.

Construction of traveling wave solutions of the (2+1)-dimensional Heisenberg ferromagnetic spin chain equation

The present paper applies the exp (−φ(ξ))-expansion and the extended tanh-function methods to the (2+1)-dimensional Heisenberg Ferromagnetic Spin Chain (HFSC) equation. The applied methods acquire some new exact traveling wave solutions to the HFSC equation, which are representing the hyperbolic, trigonometric, exponential and rational function solutions. All solutions exhibit distinct physical configurations, such as the periodic, dark and singular soliton solutions. Three dimensional (3D) and two dimensional (2D) cross sectional graphics of some obtained solutions are confirmed the periodic, dark and singular behaviors. Furthermore, the conformable derivative is also considered and discussed for aforesaid methods to the HFSC equation. As outcomes, some new optical solutions are also attained in terms of fractionality. Obtained new solutions ensured that aforesaid methods are the reliable treatment for seeking nonlinear phenomena to HFSC equation as well as any NLEEs arising in mathematical physics and fiber optics.

On Some Modified Methods on Fractional Delay and Nonlinear Integro-Differential Equation

The fundamental objective of this work is to construct a comparative study of some modified methods with Sumudu transform on fractional delay integro-differential equation. The existed solution of the equation is very accurately computed. The aforesaid methods are presented with an illustrative example.

Deterioration of the Mechanical Properties of FFF 3D-Printed PLA Structures

Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is a biodegradable polymer material used for the fabrication of objects by fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3D printing. FFF 3D printing technology has been quickly spreading over the past few years. An FFF-3D-printed object is formed from melted polymer extruded from a nozzle layer-by-layer. The mechanical properties of the object, and the changes in those properties as the object degrades, differ from the properties and changes observed in bulk objects. In this study we evaluated FFF-3D-printed objects by uniaxial tensile tests and four-point flexural tests to characterize the changes of three mechanical properties, namely, the maximum stress, elastic modulus, and breaking energy. Eight types of test pieces printed directly by an FFF 3D printer using two scan patterns and two interior fill percentages (IFPs) were tested by the aforesaid methods. The test pieces were immersed in saline and kept in an incubator at 37 °C for 30, 60, or 90 days before the mechanical testing. The changes in the mechanical properties differed largely between the test piece types. In some of the test pieces, transient increases in strength were observed before the immersion degraded the strength. Several of the test piece types were found to have superior specific strength in the tests. The results obtained in this research will be helpful for the design of PLA structures fabricated by FFF 3D printing.

Evaluation of different statistical techniques for developing cost correlations of micro hydro power plants

The ministry of India has proposed the SHP (Small Hydro Power) scheme to achieve a cumulative capacity of 6000 MW from small and micro hydro projects (MHPs) till 2022. Initial stage investigation of these projects require accurate investment cost estimates to carry out the feasibility studies. Although many previous research studies developed various cost estimation models for SHPs, they can’t be directly employed for cost estimation of micro hydropower as well without their comprehensive evaluation. Therefore, this paper focuses on estimation of cost correlations for MHPs using different statistical methods to test the viability of these methods and to present a distinctive approach for more accurate cost estimates. This study meticulously analyzes a total of three methods; the former two methods utilize the existing approaches to evaluate each cost component individually in order to derive the respective cost expressions. And, the third method explores the effects of employing multivariate polynomial regression model for the development of cost correlations, which is validated further on the basis of MAPE (mean absolute percentage error). The proposed method yields an MAPE of less than 5% for total project cost of MHPs while it is found more than 20% using aforesaid methods.

Spatio-temporal trends and variability of rainfall in Maharashtra, India: Analysis of 118 years

This study examined the spatio-temporal trends and variability of seasonal and annual rainfall for 36 districts of Maharashtra, India. For this purpose, 118 years (1901 to 2018) gridded rainfall data of India Meteorological Department (IMD) were analyzed using Mann-Kendall (MK), modified Mann-Kendall (MMK), Sen’s slope (SS), Spearman’s rank correlation (SRC), simple linear regression (SLR), and innovative trend analysis (ITA). Auto-correlation coefficient was calculated at lag-1 and tested at 5% level of significance. Rainfall variability was examined using the coefficient of variation (CV). The analysis revealed significantly decreasing trends for winter and pre-monsoon rainfall in districts of Maharashtra. Monsoon, post-monsoon, and annual rainfall had both increasing and decreasing trends. Out of 185 time series analyzed, ITA detected trends in 168 (90.8%) time series. All the trends detected by MK/MMK, SRC, and SLR were captured by ITA, along with trends in additional 103 (55.6%) time series which were not captured by any of the aforesaid methods. Rainfall variability was very high in all the districts for winter, pre-monsoon, and post-monsoon seasons. The trends and variability analysis of rainfall in the state along with their maps would be useful for the local stakeholders for planning efficient use of water resources.

Detection of Pesticide Residues in Soil, Water, and Food

Pesticide is widely used in modern agriculture for increasing crop production. However, pesticides can contaminate the environment, including water, soil, and food, and cause damage to ecosystems and organism health. Analysis of pesticide residues in soil, water, and food samples aims at detecting presence of pesticides in these environmental samples and providing knowledge for further research and decision making. Common methods used in such analysis serve varying ends. Sample preparation methods like solid phase extraction and microextraction cleans the sample and enriches the analytes of interest. Chromatography, including gas chromatography and liquid chromatography, separates the analytes based on their chemical nature. Detectors like ultraviolet-visible spectra detectors and mass spectrometers analyze the compounds separated by chromatographs. They provide critical information on the analytes and allow for both identification and quantification of the pesticide residues in the sample. The article aims at providing a brief overview of the aforesaid methods in context of pesticide residue analysis. Their basic principles are demonstrated, and their strengths and weaknesses are briefly discussed. Applications of the methods are also presented through a number of published researches using such methods in pesticide analysis.

Numerical solutions of nonlinear fractional model arising in the appearance of the strip patterns in two-dimensional systems

The main aim of this paper is to present a comparative study of modified analytical technique based on auxiliary parameters and residual power series method (RPSM) for Newell–Whitehead–Segel (NWS) equations of arbitrary order. The NWS equation is well defined and a famous nonlinear physical model, which is characterized by the presence of the strip patterns in two-dimensional systems and application in many areas such as mechanics, chemistry, and bioengineering. In this paper, we implement a modified analytical method based on auxiliary parameters and residual power series techniques to obtain quick and accurate solutions of the time-fractional NWS equations. Comparison of the obtained solutions with the present solutions reveal that both powerful analytical techniques are productive, fruitful, and adequate in solving any kind of nonlinear partial differential equations arising in several physical phenomena. We addressed L_{2} and L_{infty } norms in both cases. Through error analysis and numerical simulation, we have compared approximate solutions obtained by two present aforesaid methods and noted excellent agreement. In this study, we use the fractional operators in Caputo sense.

On fixed point theory in partially ordered sets and an application to asymptotic complexity of algorithms

The celebrated Kleene fixed point theorem is crucial in the mathematical modelling of recursive specifications in Denotational Semantics. In this paper we discuss whether the hypothesis of the aforementioned result can be weakened. An affirmative answer to the aforesaid inquiry is provided so that a characterization of those properties that a self-mapping must satisfy in order to guarantee that its set of fixed points is non-empty when no notion of completeness are assumed to be satisfied by the partially ordered set. Moreover, the case in which the partially ordered set is coming from a quasi-metric space is treated in depth. Finally, an application of the exposed theory is obtained. Concretely, a mathematical method to discuss the asymptotic complexity of those algorithms whose running time of computing fulfills a recurrence equation is presented. Moreover, the aforesaid method retrieves the fixed point based methods that appear in the literature for asymptotic complexity analysis of algorithms. However, our new method improves the aforesaid methods because it imposes fewer requirements than those that have been assumed in the literature and, in addition, it allows to state simultaneously upper and lower asymptotic bounds for the running time computing.

Application of the Caputo‐Fabrizio and Atangana‐Baleanu fractional derivatives to mathematical model of cancer chemotherapy effect

In this paper, we obtain approximate‐analytical solutions of a cancer chemotherapy effect model involving fractional derivatives with exponential kernel and with general Mittag‐Leffler function. Laplace homotopy perturbation method and the modified homotopy analysis transform method were applied. The first method is based on a combination of the Laplace transform and homotopy methods, while the second method is an analytical technique based on homotopy polynomial. The cancer chemotherapy effect equations are solved numerically and analytically using the aforesaid methods. Illustrative examples are included to demonstrate the validity and applicability of the presented technique with new fractional‐order derivatives with exponential decay law and with general Mittag‐Leffler law.

Side-lobe reduction in pulse compression having a better range resolution

This paper shall portray a technique for the reduction of side-lobe levels in the pulse compression (PC) for a radar system. PC is used in radar systems to improve the range resolution of the targets specifically in high resolution radar systems in which the system has to distinguish between two nearby targets as distinct. The proposed PC technique has been carried out by shifting input P4 code and by multiplying it with reference signal in frequency domain. Thereafter, side-lobe behavior is analyzed in time domain. P4 code belongs to the class of polyphase codes which is more Doppler tolerant. Ambiguity function (AF) of the proposed waveform is mathematically derived and its capability for range resolution and clutter suppression is observed by simulations. Results indicate that the proposed method produces less side-lobe levels and better range resolution than linear frequency modulated (LFM) and other polyphase codes. All of the aforesaid methods are carried out with the aid of mathematical equations and its effectiveness has been tested by using simulation verifications

Methodology for Path Planning and Optimization of Mobile Robots: A Review

Mobile robotics research is an emerging area since last three decades. The present research on mobile robotics addresses the problems which are mainly on path planning algorithm and optimization in static as well as dynamic environments. A detailed review has been made in the broad field of mobile robotic research especially focussing on the path planning strategy in various cluttered environments, their advantages and disadvantages of each of these strategies/methods have been highlighted. The path planning strategy of mobile robots can be categorised as Classical Methods and Heuristic Methods. Further subcategorized as (i) Analytical Methods, (ii) Enumerative Methods, (iii) Evolutionary Methods and (iv) Meta-Heuristic Methods. Each of these aforesaid methods has its own advantages and disadvantages. However, the main weakness arises from the fact that, analytical methods are too complex for intangible applications, whereas the enumerative methods are anxious by the extent of the search space. On the other hand, when search space is too large in path planning strategy, many evolutionary methods have been shown to be ineffective. To overcome these drawbacks, meta-heuristic methods have been fascinating considerably in this broad field of research. Many techniques are developed in path planning for mobile robot worldwide, however, the most commonly used techniques are presented here for further study.

Modal Analysis of Two-Dimensional Beams Using Parallel Finite Element Method

Modal analysis is the process of determination of the natural frequencies and mode shapes of structures. In practical problems, modal analysis may be repeated many times, which results in a huge amount of computations. Although parallel processing technique can reduce the analysis time, it is rarely implemented by civil engineers because it requires more programming skills as well as designing parallel algorithms. In the present paper, the Davidson algorithm is adapted for parallel modal analysis of two-dimensional beams. More precisely, the parallel version of the Davidson algorithm is implemented from scratch. A new proposed method, which is called Modified Checkered Method (MCM), is introduced, and four versions of the algorithm, are implemented. Two out of four versions use Row-wise and MCM in combination with Compressed Sparse Row algorithm, while the others utilize the aforesaid methods without matrix compression. It is shown that the speedup increases when the main matrix of the standard form of eigenvalue problem is not compressed. Moreover, the speedup will increase in comparison to the Row-wise division method when MCM is used. It is notable that the implemented Parallel Finite Element source code is capable of being used in companion with a wide variety of finite elements.

RAYTRACING IN THE METHOD OF SEISMIC EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY

Many remote methods of multi-channel data processing require calculation of extremely great number of signal propagation rays. A description is given of highly efficient approximate routing methods for gradient and plane-layered high-speed medium models, as well as models with complex geometry of interfaces. The results of experimental research with the use of the aforesaid raytracing methods and emission tomography for seismic and magnetosonic waves are presented.