Affect Risk Perception Research Articles

Living an Immersion Experience: Are First-Person Narratives Always Effective for Potential Travelers?

ABSTRACT Video blogs (or vlogs), which are gradually becoming the mainstream way for young people to record their travels during the COVID-19 pandemic, are convenient for introducing a travel destination through a selfie or a first-perspective long shot. This study investigates how narrative perspectives influence advertising effects, and explores the moderating effect of tourists’ affective risk perceptions. Two experimental studies were conducted to test the proposed hypotheses. Study 1 investigates the relationship between narrative perspectives, media types, and advertising effects. The results show that the media type acts as a moderating variable, affecting the advertising effects produced by different narrative perspectives. Study 2 indicates that affective risk perceptions have a mediating effect between narrative perspectives and advertising effects, and epidemic prevention measures have a moderating effect between narrative perspectives and affective risk perceptions. The research findings provide theoretical and managerial implications for online marketing of tourism in the context of the pandemic.

Machine Learning a Probabilistic Structural Equation Model to Explain the Impact of Climate Risk Perceptions on Policy Support

While a flurry of studies and Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs) have independently investigated the impacts of switching mitigation policies in response to different climate scenarios, little is understood about the feedback effect of how human risk perceptions of climate change could contribute to switching climate mitigation policies. This study presents a novel machine learning approach, utilizing a probabilistic structural equation model (PSEM), for understanding complex interactions among climate risk perceptions, beliefs about climate science, political ideology, demographic factors, and their combined effects on support for mitigation policies. We use machine learning-based PSEM to identify the latent variables and quantify their complex interaction effects on support for climate policy. As opposed to a priori clustering of manifest variables into latent variables that is implemented in traditional SEMs, the novel PSEM presented in this study uses unsupervised algorithms to identify data-driven clustering of manifest variables into latent variables. Further, information theoretic metrics are used to estimate both the structural relationships among latent variables and the optimal number of classes within each latent variable. The PSEM yields an R2 of 92.2% derived from the “Climate Change in the American Mind” dataset (2008–2018 [N = 22,416]), which is a substantial improvement over a traditional regression analysis-based study applied to the CCAM dataset that identified five manifest variables to account for 51% of the variance in policy support. The PSEM uncovers a previously unidentified class of “lukewarm supporters” (~59% of the US population), different from strong supporters (27%) and opposers (13%). These lukewarm supporters represent a wide swath of the US population, but their support may be capricious and sensitive to the details of the policy and how it is implemented. Individual survey items clustered into latent variables reveal that the public does not respond to “climate risk perceptions” as a single construct in their minds. Instead, PSEM path analysis supports dual processing theory: analytical and affective (emotional) risk perceptions are identified as separate, unique factors, which, along with climate beliefs, political ideology, and race, explain much of the variability in the American public’s support for climate policy. The machine learning approach demonstrates that complex interaction effects of belief states combined with analytical and affective risk perceptions; as well as political ideology, party, and race, will need to be considered for informing the design of feedback loops in IAMs that endogenously feedback the impacts of global climate change on the evolution of climate mitigation policies.

Adherence to preventive behaviors and perceived risk of Iranian medical students in response to the COVID-19 pandemic: Structural Equation Modeling

BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic resulted in a significant threat to people’s lives. Detection of adherence to preventive behaviors and risks perceived by people is essential for infection control. Medical students are future healthcare providers.ObjectiveThis study explored adherence to preventive behaviors and risk perception of the COVID-19 pandemic in Iran’s medical students.Material and methodsIn this cross-sectional study, Iranian medical students participated whose preventive behaviors and risk perceptions of COVID-19 were assessed by an online tool. Generalized Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with a beta-regression family was used for mediation analysis.ResultsA total of 654 medical students participated. The mean risk perception of COVID-19 on a 1 to 7 range scale was 3.53±1.7 for themselves and 3.66±1.7 for their family members. The risk perception for disease severity was 2.9±1.5. According to SEM, male sex, COVID-19 history, and living with parents were predictors of adherence directly and through the mediator pathway of risk perception (P <0.1). Briefly, the male sex reduced adherence directly and through risk perception reduction. The history of COVID-19 directly reduced adherence, but through the mediation pathway of risk perception, it increased adherence. However, the total effect was in favor of adherence reduction. Living with parents directly increased adherence but reduced adherence through the mediation pathway of risk perception. However, the total effect was in favor of adherence increase.ConclusionsAlthough conventionl statistical analaysis did not support the association of risk perception and adherence, the generalized SEM showed risk perception as a potential mediator with a small effect. The present study showed the roles of sex, COVID-19 history, and living with parents as the factors affecting risk perception and preventive behaviors on the basis of SEM results. Among the results, living with parrants was a modifiable factor to increase the adherence.

Decoding derogation: The impact of environmental values and political ideology on the effect of persuasive message about recycle and reuse behaviors.

Although persuasive messages are designed to motivate individuals to engage in intended behaviors, they do not always work. Often, people follow previously established values and ideologies and dismiss persuasive messages. We examine how participants react to a persuasive message related to plastic pollution and how these reactions shape their willingness to recycle and reuse. Results indicate that environmental values and political ideology are associated with message derogation in distinct ways, which, in turn, affect risk perception, self-efficacy, and intention to recycle and reuse. Further, past behavior moderates the relationship between message derogation and perceived risk, but not the relationship between message derogation and self-efficacy. These results suggest that pre-existing values and ideologies play an important role in message derogation, a hitherto under-researched phenomenon that has key implications for self-reported behavioral change. Moreover, past behavior could serve as a powerful lever in steering risk perception and behavioral intent.

The role of the family’s ethnicity and correlates in social workers’ risk perceptions: Evidence from a vignette study in Hungary

Studies have shown that children from some ethnic minority families are disproportionately represented in the child protection system. Ethnic-based treatment is problematic because it challenges whether child protection decision-making is based on the principle of’the best interests of the child’. Roma children are also overrepresented in the child protection systems of many European countries, but little research has explored why this is so. The present study seeks to address this gap by examining child welfare workers’ perceptions of risk at the early stages of child protection decision-making. The main research question is whether they perceive higher levels of risk if the parents are Roma. Method: We use data from a vignette-based survey conducted among child welfare workers (N = 600) in Hungary in 2018. The factors influencing social workers’ risk perceptions are analysed using multilevel ordinal logistic regressions. The regression models of risk perception include case variables (harm to child, parents’ ethnicity, mother’s education, parents’ employment, housing conditions, living environment, parental alcoholism, mother’s willingness to cooperate), and the individual characteristics of the social worker. Ethnicity is examined individually as well as in interaction with other case characteristics. Results: Findings show that physical harm to the child, parental alcoholism, a messy living environment, and the non-cooperative behaviour of the mother increase the level of risk perceived by child welfare workers. There is no evidence of a statistical association between parental socioeconomic status and the social worker’s perception of risk. Family ethnicity also does not have a statistically significant impact on risk perception (main effect). However, some case characteristics affect risk perception differently when the family is of Roma origin (interaction effects). Physical abuse has a strong effect on the social worker’s perception of risk, but this effect is more modest when the family is of Roma origin. Likewise, the mother’s non-cooperative behaviour is a risk-increasing factor, but this effect disappears for Roma families. Conclusions: Although, no ethnic bias was found in social workers’ perception of risk, our findings indicate that the perception of risk for Roma families is less dependent on the circumstances of the case than for majority families. In some cases, this may lead to an unjustified overestimation of risk or, conversely, an underestimation when the family is Roma.

Understanding managers' motivation in adopting protective measures: Preventing supply chain disruptions from flood-related Natechs

Floods can cause damage and losses at chemical industrial installations and can trigger chemical accidents (so-called Natech accidents). The impact of Natech events can escalate throughout supply chains. To mitigate such impact, industry and business managers need to adopt protective measures in the chemical industry. Past research has shown that managers may not be on the same page in adopting protective behavior. This exploratory study aims to understand factors influencing managers' motivation for adopting protective measures to prevent chemical supply chain disruptions when dealing with flood-related Natech risk, through the lens of an enriched Protection Motivation Theory (PMT). It proposes an enriched version of the PMT, which is re-elaborated from three aspects: (1) updating the sub-components of threat appraisal with advanced risk perception formation; (2) considering perceived resource deficiency within the business when evaluating coping appraisal; and (3) incorporating the impact of cognitive biases. The model is validated through partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) analysis, with data collected through a questionnaire distributed to a sample of the chemical industry in Colombia. The results showed that the proposed model is a promising model for predicting managers' protection motivation although it does not effectively explain or predict the variance in the endogenous variables. Experiential risk perception, response efficacy, self-efficacy, and resource deficiency are strong drivers in predicting managers' protection motivation. Furthermore, normalcy bias lowers deliberative risk perception and indirectly affects protection motivation, whereas, short-termism increases perceived resource deficiency and indirectly affects protection motivation. Although not related to protection motivation, optimistic bias is found to lower affective risk perception. In addition, several key insights were obtained that may help enhance managers’ protection motivation and Natech risk management through more specific risk communication and policy interventions.

A system dynamics model based on ISM for risk perception in emergency by employees in chemical industrial parks

Risk perception is one of the factors that guide human behavior in the workplace. In accident prevention and emergency response, the risk perception of employees affects the safety behaviour and efficiency of emergency disposal. Besides, risk perception is a complicated process restricted by many influencing factors. The study aims to identify the most important factors affecting risk perception. This study had three phases. In the first, factors affecting the risk perception were extracted based on the questionnaire survey and the expert scoring. Then, the Interpretive Structure Model (ISM) was used to stratify the 14 influencing factors of risk perception and obtain a hierarchical structure chart. Finally, by analyzing the influence paths in the ISM, the system dynamics feedback loop diagram was constructed. The model took the state variable “risk perception→ risk response→ risk identification→ risk communication→ risk perception” as the main circular loop, and was supplemented and perfected by multiple feeder loop circuits. Research indicates risk experience is the most fundamental factor affecting risk perception. In the aspect of sensitivity analysis, the study shows that the risk perception of employees is related to the distance of the risk source. Its effectiveness in quantifying qualitative data, identifying influential factors, and establishing cause-effect relationships make it a valuable tool for enhancing risk perception in chemical industry park.

Factors Affecting Stock Investment by Individual Investors on the Indonesia Stock Exchange

This study aims to examine the factors that influence individual investors in investing in stocks on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The factors studied and suspected of influencing individual investor decisions are financial literacy, risk perception and herding behavior. The study also examines the effect of financial literacy on risk perception. The population in this study were college students in Yogyakarta who had invested in the Indonesia Stock Exchange. Respondents were focused on students of the Islamic University of Indonesia with a total of 115 students taken using convenience sampling and snowball sampling techniques. To test the hypothesis, the researcher used a structural equation model analysis tool with the Smart PLS program. The results of the study indicate that financial literacy, risk perception have a positive effect on investment decisions. However, herding behavior does not affect investment decisions, while financial literacy also affects risk perception.

Medical Maximizing Orientation and the Desire for Low-Value Screening: An Examination of Mediating Mechanisms.

Medical maximizing orientation is a stable, traitlike inclination to actively use health care, often associated with pursuing low-value care. Despite attempts to reduce the overuse of low-value care by targeting this orientation directly, such interventions have not always been effective. To design effective interventions to reduce the overuse of low-value care, it is critical to understand the underlying mechanisms that govern the impact of medical maximizing orientation. To examine whether risk perception (deliberative, affective, and experiential) and knowledge of the benefits and harms of low-value screening mediate the potential impact of medical maximizing orientation on attitudes toward screening uptake and screening decisions. A secondary analysis was conducted on data from a Web-based experiment examining various communication tactics in an information booklet regarding low-value thyroid ultrasonography among South Korean women (N = 492). Multiple linear, zero-inflated negative binomial and multinomial logistic regressions were used to examine the relationships between medical maximizing orientation and other study variables. A mediation analysis was performed to test mediating mechanisms. Medical maximizing orientation was associated with an increased positive attitude toward screening uptake and a lower likelihood of deciding not to get screened or being uncertain regarding screening decisions (relative to deciding to get screened). Knowledge and affective risk perception partially mediated the relationship between medical maximizing orientation and positive attitudes. Knowledge, deliberative, and affective risk perceptions partially mediated the relationship between medical maximizing orientation and the screening decision. Interventions should prioritize targeting more amenable factors arising from medical maximizing orientation, such as inflated risk perceptions, particularly affective risk perception, and limited comprehension or acceptance of information about the benefits and risks associated with low-value care. This study demonstrated that people's medical maximizing orientation can increase their positive attitudes toward the uptake of low-value screening and make them more likely to undergo it. This can happen both directly and indirectly by decreasing their understanding of the benefits and risks of screening and increasing their perception of disease risk.The study suggests that to effectively mitigate the excessive utilization of low-value care through patient-centered interventions, it is crucial to tackle 2 key issues associated with a medical maximizing mindset: inflated risk perceptions (specifically affective risk perception) and limited comprehension or acceptance of information about the benefits and risks of low-value care.This study contributes to developing a theoretical framework for interventions to improve evidence-based medical decision making by uncovering one mechanism by which medical maximizing orientation may affect the propensity to seek low-value care.

Association Between COVID-19 Risk Perceptions and Economic Expectations During the Pandemic in South Korea

Risk perceptions of the COVID-19 pandemic changed economic expectations and shaped individuals’ consumption and investment choices, thereby worsening its economic and social damage. This study investigated the associations between COVID-19 risk perceptions and economic expectations using a South Korean dataset collected during the pandemic. The results of a logistic regression conducted on 1,001 participants revealed that greater pandemic risk perceptions were significantly associated with negative economic expectations at both the national and the household levels. Affective risk perception had a large and significant negative association with all four types of economic expectations, whereas cognitive risk perception had a significant negative association only with households’ economic expectations. The association was greater for the perception that the economy would “get better” than for “get worse” or “remain the same,” indicating COVID-19 may have reduced individuals’ optimistic economic expectations. COVID-19’s economic damage may last beyond the pandemic, as individuals adjust their economic expectations.

How individuals cope with anger- and sadness-induced narrative misinformation on social media: roles of transportation and correction

Abstract Purpose The spread of health conspiracies and misinformation online threatens public health as most Americans choose to acquire health information online. This study examines how discrete emotions like anger and sadness influence individuals’ responses to narrative-based health misinformation, proposing a theoretical model of narrative misinformation coping and exploring the mechanisms through which these emotions affect risk perception and misinformation coping. Design/methodology/approach Through a 2 (Misinformation type: narrative vs. non-narrative) × 2 (Issue: climate change vs. fentanyl overdose) × 2 (Correction: present vs. absent) online experiment (N = 401), our results underscore the importance of both risk coping and misinformation coping in individuals’ responses to emotional narrative misinformation, along with the role of narrative transportation in intensifying felt emotions and facilitating both types of coping. Findings Our results elucidate how individuals cope with anger- and sadness-induced narrative misinformation. Specifically, sadness decreases susceptibility to narrative misinformation’s negative effects, and anger prompts intuitive actions. Narrative transportation deepened felt emotions and both coping processes, and corrections reduced the perceived truthfulness of misinformation. Practical implications Our findings offer practical strategies for mitigating misinformation by disrupting narrative transportation, particularly for anger-induced stories. Social implications Our findings can contribute to the development of targeted policies aimed at mitigating online misinformation dissemination and provide a roadmap to executing effective correction measures. Originality/value This study proposes and tests a theoretical model of people’s responses to narrative misinformation addressing both misinformation coping and risk coping through cognitive and behavioral routes. The model also explains how transportation, along with different appraisal tendencies, can intensify both coping processes.

What predicts hurricane evacuation decisions? The importance of efficacy beliefs, risk perceptions, and other factors

Risk theories and empirical research indicate that a variety of factors can influence people’s protective decisions for natural hazards. Using data from an online survey that presented coastal U.S. residents with a hypothetical hurricane scenario, this study investigates the relative importance of cognitive risk perceptions, negative affect, efficacy beliefs, and other factors in explaining people’s anticipated evacuation decisions. The analysis finds that multiple factors, including individual and household characteristics, previous experiences, cognitive and affective risk perceptions, and efficacy beliefs, can help predict hurricane evacuation intentions. However, the largest amount of variance in survey participants’ evacuation intentions is explained by their evacuation-related response efficacy (coping appraisals) and their perceived likelihood of getting hurt if they stay home during the storm. Additional analysis explores how risk perceptions and efficacy beliefs interact to influence people’s responses to risk information. Although further investigation in additional situations is needed, these results suggest that persuading people at high risk that evacuating is likely to reduce harm can serve as an important risk communication lever for motivating hurricane evacuation.

Driving towards sustainability: exploring risk perceptions of fossil fuels, e-fuels, and electric drives in individual transport

The transportation sector is a significant contributor to CO2 emissions, necessitating the adoption of alternative drive technologies to achieve decarbonization. This study investigates public perceptions of fossil fuels, e-fuels, and electric drives, with the aim of identifying factors influencing risk perceptions, perceived efficacy in combating climate change, and readiness to use or purchase cars with these technologies. Therefore, a quantitative study using a questionnaire (N = 141) was conducted. The results indicate that e-fuels and electric drives are perceived more positively than fossil fuels. E-fuels were found to have the lowest risk perceptions. Differences in cognitive and affective risk perceptions, as well as in financial, environmental, and health-related risks, were observed across drive types. Car affinity was found to correlate positively with risk perceptions of e-fuels and fossil fuels, but negatively with electric drives. The risk perception of global warming showed an inverse relationship. Regarding the prediction of readiness, differences were found between e-fuels and electric drives in terms of the influencing factors on readiness. The study contributes to the understanding of public perceptions by providing a comparison between different drive technologies and offers valuable insights for developing targeted communication strategies.

Do COVID-19 related primary emotions affect risk perceptions, efficacy beliefs, and information seeking and behavior? Examining emotions as audience segments

IntroductionPrimary emotions among the populace during global health crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, provide valuable insights. Guided by appraisal theories of emotions, this study explores emotional segmentation by mapping primary emotions related to COVID-19 and investigating their impact on cognitive and behavioral outcomes, including risk perceptions, efficacy beliefs, behavioral intentions, prevention behaviors, and information seeking/avoidance.MethodsStudy 1 surveyed young adults (N = 1,368) to investigate their emotions about COVID-19 and examine the effect of these emotions on risk perceptions, efficacy beliefs, and behavioral intentions regarding mask-wearing and physical distancing. Study 2 replicated Study 1 with a quota-based national sample of U.S. adults (N = 8,454) and further tested the effect of primary emotions on preventive behaviors and information seeking/avoidance.ResultsResults indicated that most people experienced negative emotions, such as sadness, anger, and anxiety. These emotions were associated with varying levels of risk perceptions, efficacy beliefs, behavioral intentions, actual behaviors, and information seeking/avoidance. Notably, across both studies, anxious individuals demonstrated more favorable health-related perceptions and behavioral outcomes compared to those experiencing anger.DiscussionThese findings offer insights into the emotional experiences of individuals during the COVID-19 pandemic and highlight the significant impact of these emotions on risk perceptions and health-related behaviors. Understanding these emotional responses can inform public health strategies and communication efforts during health crises.

Virtual resonance: analyzing IPA usage intensity under COVID-19's isolating canopy

The widespread adoption of smartphones coupled with advancements in artificial intelligence has significantly propelled the use of intelligent personal assistants (IPAs). These digital assistants have become indispensable for many users, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic. Employing coviance-based structural equation modeling (CB-SEM) and analyzing data from 260 participants, this study explores the key factors influencing IPA usage intensity. Contrary to expectations, affective risk perception showed no significant impact on either IPA usage or parasocial interaction during the pandemic. In stark contrast, cabin fever syndrome significantly influenced both IPA usage and parasocial interaction, underscoring the role of environmental and psychological stressors in shaping technology use. Furthermore, loneliness was found to significantly enhance parasocial interaction with IPAs, though it did not affect usage intensity. The findings highlight a substantial connection between parasocial interaction and IPA usage intensity, suggesting that users who engage in human-like interactions with IPAs tend to use them more extensively. These insights not only deepen our understanding of how IPAs are utilized during health crises but also point to potential directions for developing IPAs that are more responsive to users' emotional and social needs.

Risk perception in long-term evacuees of Futaba town, Fukushima: a cross-sectional study reveals greater concerns outside the prefecture, 12years after the accident.

For over 12years since the 2011 East Japan Earthquake, the decontamination of radioactive materials is still incomplete. Although evacuation orders had been lifted in ~15% of Futaba town, the site of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant, by August 2022, anxiety regarding the effects of nuclear radiation persists among evacuees, and their intention to return (ITR) remains low. As of August 2023, only 90 residents lived there. As the only town with government functions relocated outside Fukushima Prefecture, Futaba has more residents who evacuated outside the prefecture. Although numerous factors affect risk perception and ITR to the place of previous residence, the impact of evacuation destination on risk perception remains unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the impact of evacuation destination on radiation risk perception. In 2022, a survey was conducted on 404 evacuees aged >18years. The responses were compared between groups outside and inside Fukushima using the chi-square test and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Significant relationships were found between the evacuation destination and risk perception of genetic effects in the next generation (odds ratio [OR] = 1.92, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.15-3.20) and of the health effects of radiation (OR = 1.76, 95%CI: 1.10-2.84), which were both higher in those who had evacuated outside Fukushima. These findings stress the importance of evacuation destination choice and information access for evacuees' risk perception. Enhanced education and support efforts are necessary to help evacuees not only in Fukushima but also throughout Japan.

The impact of information provision on public willingness to use recycled water for flushing from the perspective of risk perception

To solve the current urban water shortage, increasing the willingness of urban residents to use recycled water for flushing is one proposed approach. This study developed a risk perception measurement model of recycled water for toilet flushing to explore which risk triggered people’s risk perception of recycled water, and then analyzed the interaction among information provision, trust, risk perception, and willingness to use recycled water. The main results were as follows. First, the risk perception of recycled water for flushing mainly come from four types of risks, which were performance risk, health risk, service risk and financial risk in order of importance. Second, reducing the perceived risk can improve public willingness to use recycled water for flushing, and greater trust in the water authorities and recycled water enterprises reduces the public’s perception of the risk of recycled water. A higher level of initial trust is related to higher willingness to use recycled water. Third, information provision can enhance the risk perception of recycled water and enhance trust in the water authorities and recycled water enterprises, but information provision does not directly affect the willingness to use recycled water. This indicates that reducing performance risk and health risk of recycled water, will be the key to controlling the overall risk perception of recycled water and promoting willingness to use. Effective risk communication strategies combine information provision and trust in information providers, which together affect risk perception and thus the willingness to use recycled water.

Factors that influenced preferences regarding use of public and private tornado shelters during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020

This study examines factors shaping individuals' preferences for use of tornado shelters in public and private facilities during the COVID-19 pandemic, utilizing over 6000 surveys collected in Spring and Summer 2020 across the central and eastern United States. We employed Random Forest (RF) ensemble modeling to assess respondents' inclination to use storm shelters in group settings, including a scenario where face masks were mandated at public shelters to reduce COVID-19 exposure. Key findings suggest that both generalized infectious disease risk perception and COVID-19 risk perception consistently ranked as the most influential factors affecting respondents' preferences regarding group tornado sheltering during the pandemic, reflecting the impact of infectious disease concerns. Previous experience with using public tornado shelters was a better predictor of sheltering preferences than cognitive and affective tornado risk perceptions. Tornado risk perception and housing type were less important than the COVID-19 and infectious disease variables. When a hypothetical mask requirement was introduced, individuals with greater COVID-19-related fears showed a heightened inclination to use public storm shelters, suggesting masks influenced sheltering decisions while partially mitigating concerns about enclosed spaces. Residents of mobile homes exhibited stronger preferences for using storm shelters in group settings, underscoring their perceptions of vulnerability to tornadoes. This research emphasizes the substantial role of COVID-19 risk perception in shaping public tornado shelter preferences during the early stages of the pandemic. It also highlights the importance of considering infectious disease risk perception in understanding sheltering behaviors, even outside of a pandemic context.

Affective risk perception index as a screening tool for construction workers

Affective risk perception has been receiving attention from occupational safety researchers. This study proposes the Affective Risk Perception Index (ARPI) to serve as a screening tool and provides a guideline to researchers and safety practitioners for the use of the ARPI. 536 construction workers participated in a questionnaire survey. ARPI scores were analysed using the 15th percentile, median and 85th percentile to create four categories of ARPI, namely ‘poor’ (0–20 points), ‘moderate’ (21–41 points), ‘good’ (42–55 points) and ‘excellent’ (56–60 points). Hierarchical multiple regression was used to examine the predictive value of the ARPI for the self-reported risk-taking behaviour of construction workers and compare the four categories of the ARPI in predicting such behaviour. Compared to personal factors (including perceived behavioural control, attitude towards risk-taking behaviour and outcome expectancy), the ARPI made the relatively smaller contribution to explaining the variance of the self-reported risk-taking behaviour of construction workers. Results showed that construction workers who were classified as good or excellent in the ARPI engaged significantly less in risk-taking behaviour than those who had a poor or moderate level of affective risk perception. Furthermore, no statistically significant differences were observed between poor and moderate levels of affective risk perception and between good and excellent levels of affective risk perception in predicting the self-reported risk-taking behaviour of construction workers. Therefore, the cut-off score of the ARPI is 42 and the ARPI serves as a practical screening tool for predicting the risk-taking behaviour of construction workers.

Exploring the Spanish Tourists’ Intentions to Travel to Zones That Have a Low-Impact of COVID-19 by Taking into Account Their Cognitive and Affective Risk Perceptions About the Pandemic

In the current context in which tourism is beginning to recover, this study examines the worldwide trend of tourists traveling to destinations with a low impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in a country such as Spain, which is highly dependent on tourism activity. By employing the SEM methodology and an extended theory of planned behavior (TPB), which includes the cognitive and affective dimensions of perceived risk about the pandemic and past behavior, the results show the positive effect that past behavior and the core variables of the TPB have on the behavioral intentions of Spanish tourists, despite the negative impact that their cognitive risk perception has on these core variables. The study’s findings have useful practical implications for tourism authorities and stakeholders in Spain and other countries that are also highly dependent on tourism.