Affect Bank Lending Research Articles

Arbitraging Covered Interest rate Parity Deviations and Bank Lending

I propose and test a new channel through which covered interest rate parity (CIP) deviations can affect bank lending in emerging economies. I argue that when CIP deviations exist, banks attempt to arbitrage them. To do so, banks must borrow in a particular currency. When this currency is scarce, bank lending in the currency required to arbitrage decreases, while they use this currency in their arbitrage activities. I test this channel by exploiting differences in the abilities of Peruvian banks to arbitrage CIP deviations. I find evidence that supports the proposed channel. (JEL F31, G01, G13, G21, O16)

The Impact of Central Bank Policy on Aspects of Bank Sharia Financial Behavior in the Money Market

Central bank policy has an important role in influencing the behavior of banks in the money market. This is important because banking movements can affect market stability and the economy as a whole. Therefore, analysis of the impact of central bank policy on bank behavior is very important to expand understanding of how monetary policy can influence the actions of banks participating in money markets. The research results show that central bank policies such as changes in interest rates, mandatory reserve policies, and market intervention have a significant impact on bank behavior. Interest rates set by the central bank can affect bank lending and investment interest, while mandatory reserve policies can affect banks' liquidity and their risk management strategies in the money market. This study also emphasizes the importance of transparency and communication from central banks in implementing policies. Clarity in policy can indirectly help in managing market expectations and help banks respond to changes in monetary policy. This research can be the basis for further research exploring how central bank policies can improve risk and liquidity management, as well as the stability of money markets and the economy. In conclusion, central bank policy has a significant impact on bank behavior in the money market, and policy communication and transparency are important factors in bank risk and liquidity management in order to maintain money market stability in the future.

Deciphering the black-box of monetary policy transmission in South Asia

Purpose ─ This study aims to identify the role of the bank capital channel by investigating how monetary policy affects bank lending through its influence on bank equity capital, in the transmission of monetary policy.Method ─ The study employs panel vector autoregression (pVAR) to investigate the complex relationship between monetary policy shocks, bank capital, and lending behavior. Results ─ The main findings are as follows: 1) The study finds evidence of both the bank lending and bank capital channels in South Asia. The analysis reveals a Granger causality between changes in bank capital position and policy rate adjustments, indicating a dynamic interplay between these variables. 2) The findings suggest, although direct effects of capital position changes on bank lending appear negligible, a nuanced examination uncovers the moderating influence of capital position changes on the impact of policy rate fluctuations on lending behavior. 3) The study suggests that healthier banking systems weaken the bank lending channel in South Asia.Implications/Significance ─ The study is significant because it sheds light on the mechanism involved in the interplay between monetary policy, bank capital, and lending, providing valuable insights for policymakers and future research directions.

Idle liquidity, CBDC and banking

We build models with an interest-bearing central bank digital currency (CBDC) to investigate whether the interest-bearing CBDC can lead to financial disintermediation. In the benchmark model with only CBDC, entrepreneurs can deposit their idle CBDC and banks can hold CBDC to satisfy the reserve requirement. CBDC and bank deposits become complements. A higher CBDC interest rate always promotes investment and may or may not reduce bank lending, because the higher return on CBDC encourages entrepreneurs to accumulate more CBDC and deposit more. More deposits could in turn lead to more bank lending. The interest rate on reserves and the reserve requirement ratio can be effective policy tools that affect bank lending and investment. We consider extensions where cash and interest-bearing CBDC can coexist. The coexistence may require the central bank to adjust the CBDC interest rate or the interest rate on reserves. Our results suggest that the relationship between CBDC and bank deposits are crucial for understanding the effects of CBDC on banking and the macroeconomy.

Do local differences in trust affect bank lending activities?

This study investigates the impact of local differences in trust on bank lending activities. Using a novel dataset of nearly 600 local Polish banks and their socioeconomic environments, we find that banks operating in regions with high-trust scores set lower loan interest rates and have lower labor-related costs compared to those operating in low-trust regions. Therefore, the empirical evidence suggests that local differences in trust influence not only bank-borrower relationships but also the human resources needed to gather and process credit information.

Does ESG Affect Bank Lending to Companies?

with the serious intensification of global warming in recent years, countries around the world are actively developing carbon neutrality, carbon peaking, and reducing carbon emissions to ensure a healthier operation of the earth. To cooperate with the low-carbon policies of various countries, companies have also begun to implement policies to reduce carbon emissions and save energy, so ESG has gradually become a hot topic. ESG indicators are also becoming increasingly important in the financial industry. This research is a review essay. The research direction is to explore whether ESG indicators will affect corporate credit in banks by studying the policies and various data on carbon emissions that have been released by countries and by reading published papers. Through research on government policies and current thesis research, it is shown that there are currently no clear policies or rules stipulating how ESG indicators will affect corporate credit in banks, but the current banking industry will indeed pay more attention to ESG performance of companies when leading to companies, good ESG indicators will lead to better bank credit and lower cost of banking credit.

Climate-change regulations: Bank lending and real effects

We analyze how capital requirements from environmental risk exposure affect bank lending to the corporate sector, and how these effects transmit to real economic activity and to greenhouse gas emissions. To do so, we exploit the introduction of a policy in Brazil that required banks to incorporate environmental risks in their capital assessments. Using comprehensive credit data, we find that the policy induces large banks to reallocate their lending away from exposed sectors. The credit contraction has no substantial impact on the real activity and greenhouse gas emissions of these sectors, as smaller banks expand their lending afterwards. However, the policy triggers a moderate labor reallocation from small firms (i.e., those with higher costs of switching lenders) and into large firms within environmentally exposed sectors.

On the relationship between corruption and bank lending activity: European evidence

PurposeThis paper aims to study the effect of country-level perceptions of corruption on commercial banks’ lending activity over the importance of loans and the quality of loan portfolios of banks in Europe.Design/methodology/approachThe paper uses country-level perceptions of corruption scores from Transparency International, individual bank-specific data from ORBIS and macroeconomic data from the World Bank. The sample is composed of 640 commercial banks in 42 European countries from 2013 to 2019. The authors estimate, by pooled OLS, the relationship between corruption and the importance of loans and the quality of the banks’ loan portfolios. In addition, several robustness tests reinforce the results.FindingsThe results show that corruption negatively impacts the importance of loans in bank assets and positively impacts the proportion of bad loans. In addition, trade openness increases the weight of loans and the weight of nonperforming loans. Bank size, capital and risk also affect bank lending activity. Finally, European Monetary Union (EMU) membership reinforces the negative (positive) effect on loans (bad loans).Research limitations/implicationsThe results highlight the importance of fighting corruption. Governments, regulators and banks benefit from pursuing transparency-oriented policies to decrease the perception of corruption and foster economic development.Originality/valueThe literature on the impact of corruption on bank lending activity focuses mainly on high-corruption countries. This paper studies the European case, scarcely investigated in the literature, in the aftermath of two international financial crises and when significant regulatory transformations in banking supervision were instituted in the EMU countries.

The number of bank relationships and bank lending to informationally opaque SMEs

This paper examines how the number of bank relationships affects bank lending to informationally opaque firms using a unique firm-level dataset of 996 small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). We find that an increase in the number of bank relationships can increase bank lending to informationally opaque SMEs. We also find that this increase is prominently observed in long-term loans. Furthermore, these loans can gradually increase with the number of bank relationships. These findings suggest that such a number can serve as a quality sign of informationally opaque SMEs and increase bank lending to them.

Access to public capital markets and bank lending

AbstractWe examine how the cost of issuing equity affects bank lending. Using the SEC rule change that allowed exchange‐listed firms with public float less than $75 million to raise equity via shelf registrations as a quasi‐natural experiment, we show that the affected banks increase mortgage lending relative to control banks. Furthermore, the affected banks reduce demand for precautionary capital and become less likely to sell mortgages to third parties.

Nonlinear effects of bank regulation stringency on bank lending in selected sub-Saharan African countries

PurposeThis paper aims to investigate the nonlinear effects of bank regulation stringency on bank lending in 23 sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries over the period 1997–2017.Design/methodology/approachThis study employs the dynamic panel threshold regression (PTR) model, which addresses endogeneity and heterogeneity problems within a nonlinear framework. It also uses indices of entry barriers, mixing of banking and commerce restrictions, activity restrictions and capital regulatory requirements from the updated databases of the World Bank's Bank Regulation and Supervision Surveys as measures of bank regulation.FindingsThe linearity test results support the existence of nonlinear effects in the relationship between bank lending and entry barriers or capital regulations in the selected SSA economies. The dynamic PTR estimation results reveal that bank lending responds positively when the stringency of entry barriers is below the threshold of 62.8%. However, once the stringency of entry barriers exceeds that threshold level, bank credit reacts negatively and significantly. By contrast, changes in capital regulation stringency do not affect bank lending, either below or above the obtained threshold value of 76.5%.Practical implicationsThese results can help policymakers design bank regulatory measures that will promote the resilience and safety of the banking system but at the same time not bring unintended effects to bank lending.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to examine the nonlinear effects of bank regulatory measures on bank lending using the dynamic PTR model and SSA context.

Distance, information and bank lending in China

This study aims to examine whether branch-firm distance, branch-headquarter distance and local bank competition affect bank lending in China. By incorporating loan transactions and geographic information of banks and firms, this study applies a three-way regression analysis among listed firms in China. Both branch-firm and branch-headquarter distances are found significantly decreasing loan amount, by increasing information cost and cutting off soft information. The demand for soft information reduces loan credit, which is more salient among samples of Big 4 banks. The above pattern is also found more apparent for inter-province loans, where branch is collecting information at a relatively higher cost and lack of soft information. Additionally, distant loans are also found vulnerable to credit reduction of banks. This study also finds that the bank branch facing greater local competition would issue greater amount of loans to borrowing firms. The major academic contribution of this paper is the innovative measure of soft information demand as the distance between bank branch and its headquarter, which highlights the study on soft information and helps clarify issues on bank loans in China.

Does monetary policy affect bank lending to households and firms differently?

Are the bank lending channel effects of monetary policy different on bank loans to households and firms? This question has an implication for the financial stability consideration of monetary policy but is not answered in previous literature. We examine Korean banks’ monthly financial statements from 2010 to 2019 based on the identification strategy that compares banks with different balance sheet liquidities. We find that the bank lending channel is significant in business loans but not in household loans. The difference in policy effects is related to the different maturity structures. Monetary policy changes take effect in bank loans primarily through new/refinanced loans. The share of these new loans is larger in business loans than in household loans because loan maturities are shorter for firms. We provide supporting evidence by examining the data on loan maturity and new mortgage loans.

Growing Like Germany: Local Public Debt, Local Banks, Low Private Investment

Using a firm-bank panel of more than 1m German firms over 2010-2016, we document that local public bank lending to municipalities crowds out private investment. Our results show how crowding-out can happen in a developed economy characterized by low interest rates and fiscal austerity. Our mechanism relies on two structural features of Germany’s banking landscape: First, the geographical segmentation of credit markets for small and medium firms (SME) which are dominated by local banks. Secondly, a special statutory mandate requiring local public banks to lend to municipalities. With yields on local government debt declining to all-time lows, local public banks tried to alleviate stress on their balance sheets by using their local market power to charge higher rates on their SME customers. This crowded out firm investment. Perversely, fiscal consolidation at the state and federal levels contributed to this effect by putting pressure on the budgets of municipal governments which increasingly borrowed from local public banks. Crowding-out lowered aggregate private investment by around 30-40 bio euros per year (or 1 percent of GDP). Thus, we identify a novel channel through which low interest rates can adversely affect bank lending and firm performance. Our results also illustrate how segmented credit markets can amplify negative multiplier effects from fiscal austerity.

Does Climate Change Affect Bank Lending Behavior?

Does Climate Change Affect Bank Lending Behavior?

The effect of warnings published in a financial stability report on loan-to-value ratios

This paper shows how central bank communications can play a role in macroprudential supervision. We document how specific warnings about real estate markets, published in the Central Bank of Chile's Financial Stability Reports of 2012, affected bank lending policies. We provide empirical evidence of a rebalancing in the characteristics of mortgage loans granted, which led to a reduction in the number of mortgage loans with high loan-to-value ratio.

Bank Lending and Corporate Innovation: Evidence from SFAS 166/167*

ABSTRACTUnderstanding the role of bank lending in corporate innovation is important to policymakers, practitioners, and academics. We provide new evidence on such a role by exploiting the implementation of SFAS 166/167, which removed the off‐balance sheet status of certain securitized assets of banks. The regulation affects bank lending and thus represents a credit supply shock to borrowing firms. We find that affected banks raise spreads and cut loan amounts after the regulation. Firms that borrow from affected banks reduce R&D investment and the number and quality of the patents they generate. The reduction is concentrated among firms whose banks experience more downward pressure on capital ratios and greater market discipline, and firms that are more dependent on external financing. Additional analyses reveal that information asymmetry between incumbent banks and outsiders with respect to borrowing firms prevent them from switching. The overall findings suggest that bank lending promotes borrowing firms' innovation activities. Policies that restrict bank lending are likely to hurt innovation of borrowers.

Politics and banking: A survey of the recent literature

This survey aims at briefly summarising key findings of the recent literature dealing with politics and banking. The interplay between banks and politics has received increasing interest in recent years following Dinc (2005) on the influence of elections on bank lending. It focusses on two questions: the influence of elections on bank behaviour, and the interconnections between democracy and banking. Two key findings emerge from the literature. First, elections exert an influence on the banking industry. They affect bank lending and bank failures, with electoral cycles leading to economic costs. Second, democracy has a beneficial impact on the credit conditions of firms. This work provides a roadmap for future research to investigate the political interference in private banks’ behaviour and in developed countries.

Forward Guidance and Corporate Lending

Abstract We suggest that forward guidance, via publicly committing the central bank to future actions and creating associated expectations, fundamentally affects bank lending decisions independently of other forms of monetary policy. To test this hypothesis, we build a forward guidance measure based on the language used in the Federal Open Market Committee meetings and match this measure with syndicated loans. Our results show that expansionary forward guidance decreases corporate loan spreads and that this effect is stronger for well-capitalized banks lending to riskier firms. Forward guidance also affects nonprice lending terms, such as covenants, performance pricing provisions, and the loan syndicate structure. Additionally, banks tend to initiate new lending relationships with lower spreads after forward guidance issuance.

Internal Factors Affecting Commercial Bank Lending: Symmetric and Asymmetric Effects of Macro-Level Data Evidence

The purpose of this study is to estimate the symmetric and asymmetric effects of internal factors on bank lending measured by loan to deposit ratio (LDR). The analysis model applies the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) and nonlinear ARDL models. The data analyzed are monthly time series and cover the period of 2012M01 – 2020M06. The contribution of this research is the provision of empirical evidence of the asymmetric effect of internal bank performance on bank lending at the macro-level data. The results show that the non-performing loan (NPL) is a consistent and robust variable that has a negative effect on bank lending both in the short and long run, both symmetrically and asymmetrically. The capital adequacy ratio (CAR) positively affects bank lending when it decreases in the long run. Operating expense to operating income (OEOI) has a negative effect only in the short run, assuming symmetric and asymmetric effects. The liquid assets ratio (LAR) has a negative effect on bank lending when it increases both in the short and long run. The banking supervisory agency needs to consistently supervise and enforce regulations effectively related to bank soundness, especially those concerning increasing performing loans, strengthening the capital structure, and improving efficiency.DOI: 10.26905/jkdp.v25i3.5760