Affairs In France Research Articles

On a journey towards Education for Sustainable Development in the foreign language curriculum

Abstract With Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) gathering momentum in Irish universities and elsewhere, this paper provides insights into a language curriculum re-designed around the Sustainable Development Goals, thus responding to the urgency of the global challenges encapsulated in Agenda 2030 (UNESCO. 2016. Transforming our world: the 2030 agenda for sustainable development. https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N15/291/89/PDF/N1529189.pdf?OpenElement (accessed 13 March 2022); UNESCO. 2021. Reimagining our futures together: a new social contract for education. Report from the International Commission on the Futures of Education. https://reliefweb.int/report/world/reimagining-our-futures-together-new-social-contract-education (accessed 13 March 2022)). The revisited language curriculum that used ESD as a driving principle, is a final year undergraduate module entitled Current Affairs in France and francophone countries. The outcome of the review is a strong integration of content and assessments following the sustainability agenda, as well as a broader coverage, contextualization and understanding of the sustainability agenda for students of this module than before. The paper details some of the new content and assessment methods. It also reports on the lecturer’s observations and a small-scale student survey that shows an overwhelming support for the initiative. Overall, this paper aims to encourage practitioners to re-think their curriculum in light of the SDGs as a means of enhancing relevance and depth to students’ learning while also bringing new perspectives to lecturers’ practice.

The Diplomatic Service of Louis XVI: The Work of French Foreign Affairs Department in the 1780s

The article aims to examine the organization of work of the State Secretariat for Foreign Affairs of France in the last decades before the Revolution of 1789 when the department was headed by Charles Gravier, Comte de Vergennes. By this time, there had developed a practice of preferentially appointing as head of the foreign affairs department people who had the first-hand experience of diplomatic service at the helm of embassies. He managed to create an efficiently working ministry apparatus. The details of its work are known thanks to the primary source for the research presented in this article, namely a note drawn up by one of Vergennes’ subordinates, the head of the “northern” directorate of the State Secretariat Pierre-Michel Hennin. During the years of Vergennes’ ministry, the staff was increased and a topographic bureau was created, which was tasked with drawing up a general map of the clarified borders of the French kingdom. The directorates of the State Secretariat were headed by professional diplomats who had received a good education and had practical experience working in embassies. Within the department, a well-thought-out system of clerical work was established. The difficulty in the work of the department, not mentioned in Hennin’s note, was the impossibility of career growth for ordinary employees. They could count on a seniority salary increase, but not a promotion. Thus, by the end of the Ancien Régime, there were two types of professional careers in the State Secretariat for Foreign Affairs of the French king: diplomatic one for high and middle echelons and clerical for ordinary employees.

Ecclesiastical Household of Anna Yaroslavna, Queen of the Franks (1051–1075)

Introduction. The court of Anna Yaroslavna, the French queen of the 11th century, has not been specifically studied in historical literature. The author proposes to find out how the ecclesiastical environment of the Queen was formalized and structured in 1051–1075, who of the church persons formed her inner circle, and whether the royal ecclesiastical household had an influence on the formation of the church policy of the crown. Methods. The methodology is a combination of institutional and social history as part of the systemic approach that makes it possible to understand the evolution of the Queen’s household within the curial Capetian system. Analysis. The reviewed sources indicate that Anna Yaroslavnas staying in France and her relationships with the curial clerics were very close. The Royal acts attest to Anna’s high level of involvement in the ecclesiastical affairs of France, her regular support for the church persons of Curia regis, the Chancellor-Bishop and his servants, as well as the state of curial priests. Results. The ecclesiastical entourage of King Henri I and Queen Anna largely shaped the policy of the Capetians and strengthened dynastic authority. As a widow and queen mother, Anna Yaroslavna played in accordance with the policies of Henry I and his predecessors, contributing to the further strengthening of the church presence at the court, and in particular the bishops in Curia regis, as opposed to the feudal clans and influence of the pope. At the same time, all her actions were aimed at the interests of the crown in order to guarantee the safe preservation of the throne for her son Philip I.

Daniel Defoe and the affairs of France

Daniel Defoe was hired to write The Review by Robert Harley who needed a propagandist to convince Tory and country MPs to support England’s involvement in the War of the Spanish Succession, an involvement which both Harley and Defoe had previously opposed. In A Weekly Review of the Affairs of France, Defoe, writing anonymously, poses as arbiter of the partisan quarrels of the Whig and Tory press. He sets out to analyse the reasons for French greatness and the corresponding weakness of the confederate allies. Defoe’s initial outline plan is constantly modified in response to events in Europe and the reactions of his readers, some of whom accuse him of excessive admiration for France and even of being a Jacobite. Defoe refutes these accusations and claims to be trying to open his compatriots’ eyes to the dangers they face and the internal divisions which weaken the country. By giving priority to national unity, The Review sacrifices even Defoe’s cherished defence of the dissenters. It thereby fulfils Harley’s remit whilst also signalling a turning point in Defoe’s own thinking. Marlborough’s victory at Blenheim in August 1704 made both praise of French power and castigation of allied weaknesses redundant, but the Defoe who emerges from these early numbers of the Review is not quite the same as the one who commenced it six months earlier.

EMERGING NETWORKS TO FOSTER AGROECOLOGY IN TROPICAL HORTICULTURE

Reduction of pesticide use is one of the main objectives in tropical fruit and vegetable production. To meet this objective, CIRAD proposed solutions based on the agroecological approach. The hypothesis is that increasing biodiversity in the agro-horticultural system will allow reduction of pesticide use by favoring ecological regulation mechanisms. To organize the research, CIRAD has set up different networks in the tropics. The first initiative, ATP OMEGA 3, has developed activities on okra in Africa, tomato in the Caribbean, and cucurbits in the Indian Ocean, focused on insect trap cropping control and soil borne disease service plant-based sanitation. In 2009, an initiative emerged from West African institutions and universities in 5 countries. This network, DIVECOSYS, aims to develop research and education programs in Sub-Saharan Africa and France on bio-aggressor managements on cropping systems from savanna area. Fruit flies on mango, Plutella xylostella on cabbage, weeds in rice-vegetables systems and Helicoverpa armigera on cotton are the biological models studied in view of pest control. In 2009, DEVAG, a regional project funded by European Commission, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of France with institutions from Cuba, Haiti and French West Indies has begun with the general objective to improve the agroecological horticultural systems in the cases of tropical islands. In 2011, the ECOHORT project was launched. This platformprogram proposes innovative horticultural systems based on ecological intensification. It brings together universities and research institutions from Europe and developing countries to promote the system approach in designing ecologically intensified systems in higher education and research. Some results from these networks are presented. (Resume d'auteur)

Jewish Identity Politics and the Scarf Affairs in France

Much has been written about the scarf affairs in France and the subsequent legislation banning large religious symbols from the classroom. Less has been written about the major religious leaderships' responses from 1989 when the first affair took place until the debates surrounding the Stasi Commission in 2003. This article traces the evolution of their thinking with special emphasis on the splits within the Jewish leadership within the context of a rise of anti-Semitic acts.

A Review of the Affairs of France. Vol. 1: 1704–1705 by Daniel Defoe

A Review of the Affairs of France. Vol. 1: 1704–1705 by Daniel Defoe

Accounting for taste: the triumph of French cuisine

French cuisine is such a staple in our understanding of fine food that we forget the of history that led to its creation. Accounting for Taste brings these accidents to the surface, illuminating the magic of French cuisine and the mystery behind its historical development. Priscilla Parkhurst Ferguson explains how the food of France became French cuisine. This momentous culinary journey begins with Ancien Regime cookbooks and ends with twenty-first-century cooking programs. It takes us from Careme, the inventor of modern French cuisine in the early nineteenth century, to top chefs today, such as Daniel Boulud and Jacques Pepin. Not a history of French cuisine, Accounting for Taste focuses instead on the people, places, and institutions that have made this cuisine what it is today: a privileged vehicle for national identity, a model of cultural ascendancy, and a pivotal site where practice and performance intersect. With sources as various as the novels of Balzac and Proust, interviews with contemporary chefs such as David Bouley and Charlie Trotter, and the film Babette's Feast, Ferguson maps the cultural field that structures culinary affairs in France and then exports its crucial ingredients. What's more, well beyond food, the intricate connections between cuisine and country, between local practice and national identity, illuminate the concept of culture itself. To Brillat-Savarin's famous dictum - Animals fill themselves, people eat, intelligent people alone know how to - Priscilla Ferguson adds, and Accounting for Taste shows, how the truly intelligent also know why they eat the way they do.

Liberation: the view from France1

Liberation: the view from France1

The Playwright in the French Theatre — A Reply to Keith Gore

Keith Gore's article ‘The Playwright in an institutionalized theatre’ (TRI, vol. 15, no. 2, Summer 1990) paints a dismal picture of the state of affairs in France at the end of the 1980s. Gore claims that the French playwright is an endangered species, the victim of predatory directors whose uncontrolled lust for power has weakened and impoverished the whole institution. Gore is able to support his claims with an impressive array of statistics and his article must be welcomed for making these available to English readers and for raising what is an important subject for debate. He was greatly helped by the publication, in 1987, of a meticulously researched and far-reaching report on the playwright in the French theatre by Michel Vinaver. Gore's fundamental suspicion of the director finds many echoes among practitioners of French theatre to-day. It has become fashionable to demonize the director and to accuse him (or occasionally her) of stifling new talent. But although the record of French theatre in the decade since the Socialists came to power is, to some extent, disappointing, it is not as bleak as Gore suggests, nor is it helpful to suggest that all its ills can be traced to a single source in the director. The director, too, is a product of the same political and cultural forces that have been at work gradually changing the shape of the theatrical map in France.

Montaigne's Cure: Stones and Roman Ruins

remaining letters of his correspondence, nor even in the record of the trip, the Journal de voyage en Italie par la Suisse et l'Allemagne.1 Various explanations can be gleaned from Montaigne's general remarks on travel in the Essais, namely in De la vanite (III, ix), but even so, the trip is one whose specific motives remain unexplained. So we are left to conjecture: Montaigne's poor health and his desire to seek treatment at various spas; the unstable state of affairs in France; a desire to leave the everyday cares and problems of family and estate; an undying curiosity; the desire to experience the new-all these seem to have had a hand in his decision to

The Nationalization of War Industries in France, 1936-1937: A Case Study

The nationalization of the French war industries by the Popular Front government in 1936 and 1937 has seldom been examined outside its immediate political context. At the time, conservative spokesmen condemned the measure as just one more step down the road to state socialism. Others, including its major supporter, the French Socialist party, saw the legislation as a major blow against war profiteering and the international trade in arms.' But such one-dimensional judgments obscure another aspect of the nationalization program: its close relationship with the existing pattern of military-industrial affairs in France. Since the beginning of World War I, military technology had become increasingly complex and, at least in the more advanced industrial states, nearly inseparable from the larger national economy. These changes quickly produced serious conflicts between military bureaucrats and civilian businessmen. Important questions included the extent of the state's control over the economy in the name of national defense and the division of labor between the private sector and the government arsenals. These matters were fundamental to the creation and implementation of any nationalization program. Based on research in the archives of the Renault automobile company, the following study offers a glimpse into this process and its place in the unique historical architecture of interwar France.2 Prior to 1914, the production of arms, munitions, and other military equipment had generally been confided to a small number of state arsenals, many dating back to the age of Louis XIV and

De Gaulle and the Parties

De Gaulle's contempt for political parties is well known. He despises them for dividing the nation, for neglecting the affairs of France while they played their complex game of politics, for being shortsighted and small-minded as they preoccupied themselves with contemporary problems. He blames them for France's unpreparedness for war in 1939 and for going along with the Vichy government. To overcome this fractiousness de Gaulle considers that the state needs authority and continuity an observation that is both obvious and appropriate on the one hand, and consistent with his monarchist upbringing and early Maurrassian ideas, on the other. However, it is not enough to condemn the parties. They were numerous and unwilling to compromise and co-operate because the nation was similarly divided. And for democratic governments to function in a modern state political parties are obviously necessary. What then is de Gaulle's remedy for this seemingly insoluble situation? He gave his answer in his famous Bayeux speech of June 1947:

Political and Economic Affairs in France, 1959–64

Political and Economic Affairs in France, 1959–64

Southeast Asia Treaty Organization

The Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) Council held its eighth meeting in Paris from April 8 to 10, 1963, under the chairmanship of Mr. Maurice Couve de Murville, Minister of Foreign Affairs of France. According to the communiqué released at the close of the meeting, the Council discussed the situation in Vietnam, Laos, and Thailand. Ministers noted that considerable progress had been achieved in the fight against subversion in Vietnam and that one might expect a new improvement in the situation thanks to the efforts made by the Vietnamese government. It was hoped that South Vietnam, with the support given to it, would be in a position to maintain its advance toward internal stability and international security. The Council reiterated its support for a neutral and independent Laos and took note of the deployment of troops from some member countries in Thailand in May 1962.

Planning and Economic Progress in France

FRANCE, it is said these days, is the “sick man of Europe,” a dubious honor once bestowed on the crumbling Ottoman Empire. To the outside observer it seems as if crisis following crisis is the “normal” state of affairs in France. Within France, the illusion that the post-Liberation social order would somehow be fundamentally different from that of the prewar regime is no more; politically, economically, and socially France today seems distressingly similar to the France of yesterday.Plus ça change, plus c'est la même chose.

1. Communiqué Issued by the Council of Foreign Ministers, June 20, 1949

The sixth session of the Council of Foreign Ministers attended by the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of France, M. Robert Schuman; of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, Mr. A. Y. Vishinsky; of the United Kingdom, the Right Honorable Ernest Bevin, and the United States of America, Mr. Dean Acheson, took place in Paris from May 23 to June 20,1949.

The Influence of Domestic Policy on Foreign Affairs in France, 1898-1905

T TIE recent collapse of France has made us aware, as never before, of the close relationship between domestic affairs and foreign policy. To weigh fairly the extent of the influence exercised by internal factors upon national foreign policy is an exceedingly difficult task. It is, however, the purpose of this article to attempt to throw some light on this problem in France for the years prior to the war of 1914. Between 1898 and 1914 the control of the government by the Radical-Socialist party is the dominant fact in the domestic history of France. In foreign affairs the volte-face, which, in opposition to the tradition of centuries, resulted in the formation of the entente with England and the subsequent unsatisfactory relations with Germany, was the cardinal development-one which cannot be overestimated. The outburst of nationalism, which followed in the wake of the Entente Cordiale and which was one of the contributing factors to the war of 1914, impresses one as being paradoxical in view of the fact that the government was controlled by a political party which professed pacifism. An analysis of the history of these years shows, however, that the seeming incongruity was more apparent than real. From the point of view of French foreign policy the years between 1898 and 1914 fall into two clearly defined periods: the first is that from 1898 to 1905; the second, that from 1905 to 1914. Owing to the limits of space, it will be possible in this article to examine only the first of these periods. During these years the portfolio of foreign affairs was in the hands of one minister, Theophile Delcasse, who, in the opinion of this writer, had his ear closer to the ground and was more sensitive to the currents of popular sentiment than has generally been conceded; he was, however, autocratic and secretive and carried out his

Recent Governmental Reforms in France

In reporting to the French people on th e state of affairs in France on June 25, 1940, Premier Marshal Philippe Pétain said: “It is toward the future that. … we turn our efforts. A new order commences.” A new order in France has begun, indeed, even though the character of the French political, economic, and social institutions of the future is not yet subject to definitive determination. With large portions of her territory occupied by German and Italian troops and with all of France at the mercy of her conquerors, the Vichy government has been unable to act with that independence essential to the exercise of full sovereign power. Because of this subjugation to countries still at war, the future of France is inextricably bound up with the outcome of the present conflict. Nevertheless, the “restoration of all that is sound in French life” is well under way, according to Marshal Petain. This task has been undertake n by a government composed in a large measure of persons who have never enjoyed a wide popular following. For years, criticisms of French democratic political institutions and the practices which surrounded them were not inconsiderable and, although handicapped by the necessity of looking both to Wiesbaden and to the German authorities in Paris, the critics who repeatedly sought to discredit the parliamentary system are now having their innings. Under the normal operation of the French political system, the Pétain cabinets could not have come into power, because it is extremely doubtful whether they could have received the support of a parliamentary majority.

Affairs in France Relating to Medicine

Affairs in France Relating to Medicine