Aesthetic Requirements Research Articles

MÜASİR DÖVRDƏ UŞAQ BAĞÇALARINDA FOLKLOR NÜMUNƏLƏRİNDƏN İSTİFADƏNİN ƏHƏMİYYƏTİ

The people of Azerbaijan have been formed on the basis of high aesthetic values due to their national origin and historical roots. A child starts learning his mother tongue with his mother's lullaby. Children's folklore is an important part of centuries-old oral creativity of our people, how to raise a child, what to teach him and how. Children's folklore is rich in material that covers their field of interest. Here, their requirements and needs of all age stages are satisfied in a certain way. The reason for folklore examples to live and reach the present day is to justify and maintain the power of education. Folklore examples have been a means of educating the young generation of our ancestors since ancient times, and the educational ideas reflected here meet the requirements of today. The people approached the aesthetic education of the growing generation with aesthetic requirements and gave importance to it at all stages of life.

Design and Mechanical Validation of Commercially Viable, Personalized Passive Prosthetic Feet

Abstract Current high-performance prosthetic feet work well for many users, but the low resolution of size and stiffness categories may limit walking performance for certain users. A line of prosthetic feet with a high resolution of sizes and stiffnesses, designed through amputee-specific personalization, could provide clinical and economic value. The lower leg trajectory error (LLTE) design framework facilitates the design of high-performance, amputee-specific prosthetic feet; however, previous foot prototypes were not designed to satisfy the economic, mechanical, and aesthetic requirements for commercial adoption. The aims of this work were to understand how a personalized, affordable prosthetic foot can align with the clinical-commercial ecosystem, innovate a viable future product, and inform other prosthesis designers of considerations required to connect innovation to real-world implementation. We evaluated needs by identifying how products, capital, and services flow between stakeholders, and we elucidated design requirements for a personalized prosthetic foot that can be manufactured, distributed, and clinically provided. Based on material properties and manufacturing process capabilities, computer numerically controlled (CNC) machining of Nylon 6/6 satisfies these requirements. We present a novel parametric foot architecture that can be CNC machined, fits within a commercial foot shell, and can be designed for individual users’ body characteristics and activity levels. Prototypes made using the new foot design behaved as anticipated (1–12% error in modeled displacement), satisfied industry-standard strength (ISO 10328) and mechanical performance (AOPA dynamic heel/keel) requirements, and elicited positive feedback from both amputees and prosthetists.

Comparative analysis of two editions of the story by Valentina Gavrilyeva about Little Red Riding Hood and the Gray Wolf, Manchaary and Kere Katiris

The relevance of the research is due to the increased interest of readers in the work of Yakut writer Valentina Gavrilyeva, as well as the need to comprehend and analyze her works from the perspective of new aesthetic and methodological requirements of the time. The purpose of the study is to perform a comparative analysis of the magazine (1970) and book (1971) editions of the story "Little Red Riding Hood and the Gray Wolf, as well as the story of how the old man Bahylayka almost "got smarter" and about Manchaary, who secretly took Care of Katie" by Gavrilyeva. The article is devoted to identifying amendments and ways to improve the work, analyzing the dynamics of the growth of the author's skill in connection with the preparation for the publication of the collection "Rosehip" and studying at the Literary Institute. This story is the only work in the work of the writer, which we have established two editions. In this regard, a comparative analysis of the works by Gavrilyeva is performed for the first time, which may indicate the scholarly novelty of the study. At the end of the work, the author's ideological and compositional improvements were revealed, namely, adjustments to the artistic idea and parts of the composition, changes in the names of characters. The results of this study can be applied in the further study of the history of the development of prose in Yakut literature, the poetics of the work of Yakut writer Valentina Gavrilyeva

Assessing functional, comfort and aesthetic needs of Indian male riders from motorcycle clothing

The number of motorcycle riders is growing at a phenomenal rate in India and so is the number of crashes involving them. The use of motorcycle protective clothing (PPE) is known to reduce the severity of soft tissue injuries to motorcyclists in the case of a crash. The PPE currently available in India is imported and not designed to meet the unique weather, road, and riding conditions prevalent in India. In this study, a conceptual framework based on Functional, Comfort and Aesthetic (FCA) requirements of motorcycle riders is proposed for the design of motorcycle PPE. Data regarding the FCA requirements of Indian riders was collected through a questionnaire. Riding habits, risk factors, factors affecting the buying decisions for motorcycle clothing, awareness regarding protection standards, satisfaction with currently owned motorcycling clothing and requirements of comfort and aesthetics from motorcycle clothing were studied. 217 Riders aged 18–45 years from 10 major Indian cities responded to the online survey questionnaire. Most riders reported facing heat stress, wet stress (dues to sweating), restricted mobility, and dissatisfaction with the fit of the currently available motorcycle clothing. Satisfaction with the available colours and styles was also reported to be low. The results of the survey show that currently available riders’ clothing is not as per requirements of Indian riders. It fails to provide adequate thermal comfort to users, which may compromise rider safety during long rides. Findings of this study can be used by motorcycle clothing designers and manufacturers to design clothing as per the requirements of Indian riders. Improved thermal and psychological comfort can improve rider focus, may contribute to crash prevention and protect the rider from grievous injuries during a crash.

Un enfoque epistémico sobre el pelo como elemento interseccional de significación

In this text, halfway between the theoretical and the readings from the lens of popular ethnography (film, social movements, poetry, literature, and commercials), we traverse three stations: hair as a countercultural history of Black women, where an obvious juxtaposition exists between norms, institutions, and modes of presentation; as a linguistics, where we observe hair as a hermeneutic, where everything is pure metaphor and mimesis; and lastly, as performative, where a struggle is established involving truth, spaces, and not only what can be said but also shown and touched, through new languages and identities of power via hair. Yet, the text carries another layer, less obvious: the play with the ideas of how we deal with modernity-coloniality, which tells us what is worth investigating, thinking about, and publicizing. We could do nothing if we do not understand that the machinery of racism, discrimination, homophobia, poverty, and belief in white supremacy involve as many elements as there are hairs on our heads. We shout that from another academy, everything is possible: championed by ALMARGEN, a research group that delves into the symbiosis of understanding and analyzing hair beyond a mere aesthetic requirement that sets trends or influences. Attracting hegemonic nuances that compel us to delve deeper into the positions of individuals socially, politically, and epistemologically in diverse contexts that make us either choose or are compelled to position ourselves in order to perpetuate imposed standards about how we should appear and perceive our hair. Drawing upon an "on the margin" structure of the structural, which we elucidate in the present work.

Aerodynamic development of the BYD SEAL – Part 2: Overview

BYD SEAL is a new developed A+ class sedan by BYD Auto, based on third generation high-performance and high-safety electric platform for EVs. SEAL gives full play to the advantages of electric vehicles in terms of space, handling, NVH, etc., while striving to reach the same level of fuel vehicles in terms of cost and recharge mileage. Therefore it has been dedicated to minimizing energy consumption from all components since its inception, and an important one is to reduce the aerodynamic drag effectively. However, the “ocean aesthetics” styling design based on the original concept model and platform with short overhangs must be kept on this car, which brings great challenge to aerodynamic development. An adaptable aerodynamic development process is set up and correlation between CFD simulation and wind tunnel test are established. This paper depicts the features of the flow field determined in the aerodynamic development process of the BYD SEAL, and describes the key factors in aerodynamic drag reduction as a full model change in detail. Effective rear roofline angle, tail design, front bumper corners, underbody, wheel, detail management such as sealing loss are studied and optimized by Powerflow and Star-CCM+ simulation softwares, and verified in wind tunnel tests of full-scale clay models and prototype vehicles. Design fusion and development tool/efficiency improvement around the vehicle are established, and the inherent drag reduction mechanism is revealed. These findings are of great significance to the aerodynamic optimization with diverse aesthetic and engineering requirements under the background of EV platformization.

Optical and Mechanical Properties of the Multi-Transition Zones of a Translucent Zirconia.

To characterize the composition, flexure resistance, and optical properties of a multilayer translucent zirconia in relation to its multi-transition zones. A multilayer zirconia (5Y/4Y) and a conventional 3 mol% yttria partially stabilized zirconia (3Y) were investigated. Bar-shaped specimens were obtained from the enamel and dentin layers, and the vertical cross-section of 5Y/4Y (N = 10). A four-point flexural (σf) test was performed using a universal testing machine (1.0 mm/min). Plate-shaped specimens (N = 6) were also produced from the enamel, transition 1, transition 2, and dentin layers. Translucency parameters (TPab and TP00) were determined using a dental spectrophotometer (N = 6). X-ray fluorescence and X-ray diffraction techniques were used to analyze elemental (N = 2) and phase compositions (N = 2), respectively. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's test (α = 0.05). The yttrium content and σf varied between layers of 5Y/4Y. 3Y had the highest σf, followed by dentin. Enamel and cross-section showed lower and statically similar σf. 3Y and dentin groups had similar but statistically lower TPab and TP00 than the enamel. Different layers of multilayered zirconia have distinct compositions, which affect their mechanical and optical properties. The weak enamel layer compromises the mechanical properties of cross-sectional specimens. The development of novel cubic-containing multilayer zirconia ceramics to produce monolithic restorations brings new challenges to dental clinicians and laboratory technicians. The CAD/CAM design of multilayered 5Y/4Y restorations should consider the esthetic and mechanical requirements of each clinical case, as different properties are found in the different layers of these materials.

The effectiveness of direct versus indirect restoration techniques following canal therapy

The restoration of endodontically treated teeth is a critical aspect of dental practice, with the choice between direct and indirect restoration techniques being central to optimizing clinical outcomes. Direct restorations, such as composite resins, offer advantages in terms of cost, time efficiency, and preservation of tooth structure. However, their long-term performance, particularly in posterior teeth, may be compromised by issues such as marginal leakage, wear, and discoloration. Indirect restorations, including crowns, onlays, and inlays, provide enhanced durability, fracture resistance, and aesthetic outcomes, particularly for teeth that have undergone significant structural loss. These restorations, often made from ceramics or metals, offer superior longevity but come with higher costs and longer treatment times. The aesthetic performance of restorations plays a significant role in patient satisfaction. While direct restorations allow for immediate aesthetic adjustments and are generally more affordable, they may suffer from discoloration and wear over time. Indirect restorations, particularly porcelain-based options, offer better color stability and natural appearance, making them a preferred choice for patients with high aesthetic demands. Cost-effectiveness is another critical factor influencing clinical decision-making. While direct restorations are more affordable initially, their long-term cost-effectiveness may be compromised by the need for repairs or replacements. Indirect restorations, despite their higher upfront cost, often prove to be more economical in the long run due to their durability and reduced need for maintenance. The decision between direct and indirect restoration techniques should be individualized, considering factors such as tooth location, the extent of damage, aesthetic requirements, and financial constraints. A comprehensive evaluation of these factors, along with clear communication with the patient, is essential for achieving optimal clinical outcomes. Indirect restorations generally offer better long-term performance, particularly for heavily compromised teeth, while direct restorations remain a viable option for cases where cost and time efficiency are prioritized.

The "Smile Design and Space" Concept for Altering Vertical Dimension of Occlusion and Esthetic Restorative Material Selection.

This article introduces the smile design and space (SDS) concept for managing the vertical dimension of occlusion (VDO) in full-mouth reconstructions and its influence on the selection of esthetic restorative materials. Limitations of traditional VDO adjustment methods are being addressed through a facially driven treatment approach that enhances esthetics improves function and minimizes invasiveness. The SDS concept involves detailed evaluations of the incisal edges of the maxillary central incisors in relation to the upper lip at rest and at full smile. This includes analyzing variations in incisal exposure due to differing lip mobility, which can significantly impact gingival esthetics, particularly in cases with gingival exposure during smiling. The concept employs a strategic formula to determine the necessary alterations in VDO based on specific dental relationships and wear patterns. The SDS concept provides guidelines for full-mouth reconstructions, emphasizing minimal invasiveness and the integration of esthetics with functional dynamics to enhance the predictability of clinical outcomes and reduce complications associated with traditional restoration techniques. The SDS concept enhances the precision of full-mouth reconstructions through individualized adjustment of the VDO, tailored to the esthetic and functional requirements of each patient.

Experimental study on the thermal performance of non-white near-infrared solar reflective coatings in a permafrost region

Solar reflective coating (SRC) offers a method to reduce surface temperature without the need for additional energy consumption, making it highly applicable in permafrost regions. However, many SRCs with high solar reflectance are white, which can cause glare and not meet the aesthetic pavement requirements of high-grade highways. Herein, we developed two non-white SRCs (black and gray) designed to achieve low reflectance in the visible spectrum while maintaining high reflectance in the near-infrared region. We then evaluated the thermal performance of a white SRC, two non-white SRCs and asphalt (as a control) by analyzing surface temperature, ground temperature, and the heat flux between the soil and pavement in a permafrost region of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The results showed that three SRCs reduced the annual mean surface temperature and surface temperature fluctuation compared to the asphalt. The white SRC exhibited annual heat release, whereas the non-white SRCs (black and gray) reduced heat absorption by 34.53% and 69.44%, respectively, compared to the asphalt. By directly reducing the heat absorption of asphalt, the non-white SRCs can potentially slow permafrost degradation beneath asphalt pavements. This study provides a theoretical foundation and technical support for applying non-white near-infrared SRC on high-grade highways in permafrost regions.

Research progress in accessory parotid gland tumor surgery

In salivary gland disease, accessory parotid gland (APG) lesions are relatively low, and tumor is the most common manifestation. Currently, surgery is the primary treatment method for APG tumors. Although numerous surgical procedures are available, there is no standard protocol. Due to the location of the APG in the midcheek area, the complications and aesthetic concerns connected with conventional surgery for treating APG tumors sometimes cause significant distress to patients. With the progress of medical technology as well as improving patients' aesthetic and functional requirements, surgical excision methods and incision design are constantly improving. More beautiful and minimally invasive treatments, such as concealed transoral approach and endoscopically aided extracapsular dissection of APG, have been gradually developed. This review focuses on surgical techniques, benefits, and drawbacks of APG tumor surgery that have been carried out and provides an outlook based on the preliminary application of endoscopically assisted accessory parotid tumor resection.

An Efficient Progressive Grid Generation Method Considering Internal Quality and Boundary Grid Adjustment

Due to its elegant appearance and high structural efficiency, free-form grid structures are increasingly adopted in architectural design. However, it is a challenging task for engineers to generate a uniform and well-shaped grid on a free-form surface while considering the processing of both interior and boundary of grid, especially for composite surfaces. To generate well-shaped grids with uniform rods, regular cells and smooth visual effects over free-form surfaces, this paper develops an innovative triangular grid generation method capable of automatically managing grid boundary with extending initial surface. In the method, nodes of grid structure are considered to be zero mass particles and are progressively added to the extended surface from geometric center to the boundary of surface. A boundary-processing algorithm is then established to evenly distribute nodes on initial boundary curve, while ensuring that grid cells at the boundary do not exhibit elongation. A mechanical simulation system based on spring-mass model is improved to optimize spatial grid structure, rods of grid are regarded as linear springs, a surface attraction force and an anchoring force are performed on grid nodes. Moreover, the proposed method allows architects change grid direction and rods length easily, which can greatly improve the efficiency of design. Several case studies show that the method can effectively avoid distortion of grids and generate well-shaped grids that can meet aesthetic requirements.

In vivo endocultivation of CAD/CAM hybrid scaffolds in the omentum majus in miniature pigs

PurposeCorrection of bony mandibular defects is a challenge in oral and maxillofacial surgery due to aesthetic and functional requirements. This study investigated the potential of a novel hybrid scaffold for bone regeneration and degradation assessment of the ceramic within the omentum majus over 6 months and the extent to which rhBMP-2 as a growth factor, alone or combined with a hydrogel, affects regeneration. Materials and methodsIn this animal study, 10 Göttingen minipigs each had one scaffold implanted in the greater omentum. Five animals had scaffolds loaded with a collagen hydrogel and rhBMP-2, and the other five animals (control group) had scaffolds loaded with rhBMP-2 only. Fluorochrome injections and computed tomography (CT) were performed regularly. After 6 months, the animals were euthanized, and samples were collected for microCT and histological evaluations. ResultsFluorescent and light microscopic and a CT morphological density evaluation showed continuous bone growth until week 16 in both groups. Regarding the ratio of bone attachment to the Zr02 support struts, the rhBMP-2 loaded collagen hydrogel group showed with 63% a significantly higher attachment (p > 0.001) than the rhBMP-2 control group (49%). ConclusionIn this study, bone growth was induced in all omentum majus specimens until post-operative week 16. Furthermore, hydrogel and rhBMP-2 together resulted in better bone-scaffold integration than rhBMP-2 alone. Further studies should investigate whether implantation of the scaffolds in the jaw after an appropriate period of bone regeneration leads to a stable situation and the desired results.

Colorful, eco-friendly and scalable passive radiative cooling coatings integrating thermal insulation and self-cleaning properties

Passive radiative cooling can cool space by reflecting sunlight and infrared thermal emission to dissipate heat to the cold outer space without any energy consumption, being one of ideal technologies towards the goals of peak carbon dioxide emission and carbon neutrality. Before the wide application of this technology, however, more efforts are needed to enhance its efficiency and better adapt to different application scenarios. In this work, we have successfully prepared multifunctional color radiative cooling coatings that integrate anti-UV, self-cleaning and heat insulation performances without using any volatile toxic solvents. The optimal coating exhibits exceptional solar reflectivity (R̅Solar% = 92.58 %) and infrared thermal emissivity (ε̅% = 97.96 %). What’s more, the coating achieves a temperature difference of up to 10°C compared to the subambient temperature when applied at a thickness as low as 100 μm under direct sunlight conditions with an intensity of 650 W/m2. Additionally, the hydrophobically modified alumina particles of the top layer not only effectively prevent the absorption of UV light by the bottom layer, but also participate in the construction of micro-nano structures, enabling the coating to exhibit a water contact angle of up to 158° and a low rolling angle (<2°). Furthermore, the coating demonstrates exceptional mechanical robustness and chemical durability. The addition of water-based colorants into the coating allows for a wide range of color options without compromising its properties. These cost-effective and environmentally friendly color radiative cooling coatings possess significant potential in meeting aesthetic requirements while providing efficient cooling for spaces and self-cleaning performance.

Colored Radiative Cooling and Flame-Retardant Polyurethane-Based Coatings: Selective Absorption/Reflection in Solar Waveband.

The aesthetic demand has become an imperative challenge to advance the practical and commercial application of daytime radiative cooling technology toward mitigating climate change. Meanwhile, the application of radiative cooling materials usually focuses on the building surface, related tightly to fire safety. Herein, the absorption and reflection spectra of organic and inorganic colorants are first compared in solar waveband, finding that iron oxides have higher reflectivity in NIR region. Second, three kinds of iron oxides-based colorants are selected to combine porous structure and silicon-modified ammonium polyphosphate (Si-APP) to engineer colored polyurethane-based (PU) coating, thus enhancing the reflectivity and flame retardancy. Together with reflectivity of more than 90% in near-infrared waveband and infrared emissivity of ≈91%, average temperature drops of ≈5.7, ≈7.9, and ≈3.8°C are achieved in porous PU/Fe2O3/Si-APP, porous PU/Fe2O3·H2O/Si-APP, and porous PU/Fe3O4·H2O/Si-APP, compared with dense control samples. The catalysis effect of iron oxides in the cross-linking reaction of pyrolysis products and dehydration mechanism of Si-APP enable PU coating to produce an intumescent and protective char residue. Consequently, PU composite coatings demonstrate desirable fire safety. The ingenious choice of colorants effectively minimizes the solar heating effect and trades off the daytime radiative cooling and aesthetic appearance requirement.

Modified Combined Impression Technique for Cawood &amp; Howell Class V/VI Mandibular Ridges: A Case Report

Geriatric prosthodontic rehabilitation with compromised residual ridge has become challenging, the principal concern being rejuvenating and maintaining complex stomatognathic functional harmony with severe residual ridge resorption (RRR). Modification of contemporary treatment techniques should be considered to achieve a patient’s functional and esthetic requirements. Contemporary prosthodontics utilizing combination of Neutral zone technique (NZ) and all green impression (AGI) for the management of Cawood &amp; Howell Class V/VI (severely resorbed) ridges are innovative techniques for the construction of removable prosthesis with a profound effect in denture stability and retention, particularly in mandible. NZ implies the principle of synergistic activity of Oro-muscular function in denture stability by arranging the prosthetic teeth within the neutral zone area, hence preventing their interfere with the oro-muscular function, while AGI aimed at achieving prosthesis retention through functional moulding and the viscosity of impression material helps disseminate the forces transmitted to the denture-bearing area reducing the potential for discomfort arise from the soft tissue folds over atrophic ridge. This case report attempts to present a combination of modified impression techniques utilizing all green impression techniques and neutral zone techniques in a 66-year-old patient for C&amp;H Class V mandibular ridge. The goal of this technique is to provide optimal stability covering the maximum denture bearing area and selectively distributing the pressure and to produce a denture molded by oro-muscular function in harmony with its surrounding structures thereby enhancing stability and retention.

Creative-aesthetic product design and tools

Providing a product with characteristics of beauty and creative innovation is one of the aims of any contemporary industry to meet the needs of customers and satisfy their aesthetic and functional requirements. To study the production process and the realisation of creative products with aesthetically pleasing attributes, we created an environment that allows the construction of simple textured polygons (triangles, squares, rhombuses and pentagons) through a software application. To overcome traditional ways of assessing creative products, a Birkhoff aesthetic measure, Euclidean distance and entropy measure have been developed and applied to a sample of smart products, manufactured in the implemented environment, to analyse their aesthetic, creative and order–complexity–chaos features, respectively. The results provided us with measurable quantities of the required qualities for the sample and for each distinct product, combining the metrics to visualise the creative products in 2D and 3D spaces. Further mathematical methods, such as the point process and density probability map applied on the same sample, allowed us to move from a statistical space to probabilistic landscapes, with enhanced forecasting capability on creative features for all future products. Industrial applications are expected in the production and evaluation of products from a creative point of view.

The Effect of Chemical Disinfectants on Maxillofacial Silicone With the Addition of Silver Nanoparticles: An Original Research.

Background and objective Silicone has emerged as the most widely accepted material for facial prosthesis fabrication.However, silicone materials have certain limitations. Several techniques have been investigated to lessen the degradation of the polymer, such as the use of nanoparticles and nano-oxides, etc.In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of various chemical disinfectants on color stability, hardness, and surface roughness of maxillofacial silicone, after the addition of silver nanoparticles. Materials and methods This was an in vitro study carried out in the Department of Prosthodontics, Sharad Pawar Dental College and Hospital; 80 samples of maxillofacial silicone incorporated with silver nanoparticles (in a concentration of 20 ppm) were fabricated in a mold of 3 x 10 mm dimension disc. The samples were then tested for surface roughness (using a digital roughness tester), Shore A hardness (using a durometer), and color stability (using a spectrophotometer). The samples were then classified into four groups according to various disinfectants used: sodium hypochlorite (1% w/w), chlorhexidine gluconate (0.2%), and neutral soap, and distal water was deemed the control group. After 48 hours, the samples underwent retesting to assess for changes in readings under the same parameters (i.e., surface roughness, Shore A hardness, and color stability)to obtain results, i.e., the samples were testedafter fabrication, before immersion, and 48 hours after immersion in disinfectants. Results When taking into account the surface roughness, the maximum roughness value was observed in the sodium hypochlorite group and the least roughness value in distilled water (mean % change of 38.359 to negligible change in the distilled water group). As for the Shore A hardness, the maximum hardness value was seen in the sodium hypochlorite group and the least hardness value in distilled water (mean % change of 15.780 to 2.125 in distilled water). Regarding color stability, the maximum increase in color values was seen in the sodium hypochlorite group (mean: 2.4) followed by the neutral soap group (mean: 1.653); the chlorhexidine gluconate group (mean: -0.287)showed the maximum decrease in color value from the initial to the final phase. Conclusions Based on our findings, surface roughness altered the most when samples were immersed in 1% sodium hypochlorite disinfectant and the leastwhen samples were immersed in neutral soap disinfectant. Shore A hardness altered the most when samples were immersed in 1% sodium hypochlorite disinfectant, but altered the least when samples were immersed in neutral soap disinfectant. Color stability altered the most when samples were immersed in neutral soap disinfectant, but altered the least when samples were immersed in 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate. Disinfection with neutral soap seems to lead to fewer changes in physical properties (i.e., surface roughness and Shore A hardness) and hence is recommended as a disinfectant for silicone prosthesis. However, our study also showed that 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate had the least effect on the parameter of color stability, and hence it could be the disinfectant of choice for prostheses with high esthetic requirements.

Effectiveness of KTP lasers in tooth bleaching, by comparing tooth color change after bleaching with KTP, Nd:YAG, Er:YAG, and diode laser system: A systematic review.

This systematic review evaluated the role of Potassium-titanyl-phosphate (KTP) lasers in dental bleaching by comparing tooth color change and rise in intrapulpal temperature after bleaching with KTP, Neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG), Er:YAG, and diode laser system. Following were the inclusion criteria: in vitro studies in English available in full text. Articles published between 2000 and 2021 were selected. The search for was conducted on PubMed, Cochrane library/CENTRAL, Wiley online library, ProQuest, Science Direct, and Hand searching/specialized registers. Keywords were used: "Lasers" [Mesh] and "Tooth bleaching" [Mesh] using Boolean operators. A total of four articles fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The quality assessment of studies included was undertaken independently as part of data extraction process. KTP lasers demonstrated more effectiveness in attaining color change in stained teeth and showed the lowest rise in intrapulpal temperature. Based on the data obtained in the present review, the choice of bleaching treatment is directly related to the type of discoloration, activation of the bleaching agent, and esthetic requirement. Although all bleaching procedures were effective in color change, the KTP laser showed better results when compared to other laser activation. The bleaching treatment protocol is directly related to the type of discoloration, activation of the bleaching agent, and esthetic requirement. It has been demonstrated that a faster change in color can be obtained when bleaching is performed in combination with a light source, i.e., power bleaching aiming for a more in-depth change of color.

Long-term complications and management of dental trauma in the adult patient - Part 1: fractured teeth, pulpal complications and resorption.

Dental trauma is one of the most common injuries encountered in the younger population. This can have a long-term impact on the patient's overall quality of life as they may have to deal with the sequelae of these injuries for years to come. Young boys experience dental trauma more frequently than young girls and one of the most common outcomes of these injuries are fractured teeth. This first paper in a two-part review series aims to provide an overview of dental trauma followed by a discussion on management of fractured teeth, associated pulpal complications and resorption. These can be uncomplicated fractures involving enamel and/or dentine, or complicated fractures involving enamel, dentine and pulp. They can involve the crown, the crown and root together, or present solely as root fractures. Pulpal complications can lead to pulp necrosis or pulp canal obliteration. Resorption can be internal or external, inflammatory, or replacement type. The management of each of these injuries begins with a thorough assessment followed by initiating emergency treatment to stabilise the presenting condition. This is followed by a long-term treatment plan which aims to address the patients' aesthetic and functional requirements and provide the patient with the most suitable treatment outcome in the hope to improve their sense of wellbeing and overall quality of life.