Aesthetic Plastic Surgery Research Articles

Experience of Hyperbaric Chamber Usage in Aesthetic Plastic Surgery Practice for Recovery and Complication Prevention.

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) increases oxygen concentration in affected tissues that enhance the cellular hypoxia recovery process, neovascularization, fibroblast proliferation, increased reactive oxygen species, suppression of proinflammatory states, and vascular compression. The aim of this article is to demonstrate the experience in the use of the hyperbaric chamber as an adjunctive management for the prompt recovery of patients who underwent aesthetic plastic surgery. A retrospective descriptive study was conducted between 2021 and 2023, involving 296 patients who received HBOT after aesthetic surgical procedures, to demonstrate the recuperation time rate and the complication incidence in postoperative patients using HBOT. Most participants were women, with a median age of 33.5 years. Surgical procedures were grouped in liposculpture, abdominoplasty, and breast interventions. Complications related to the surgical event were low (10.7%), with occurrences of hematomas (n = 14, 4.72%), anemias (n = 9, 3.04%), and wound dehiscence (n = 8, 2.70%). There were no reports of surgical site infections or necrosis. Recovery times to get back to work were 10 days for liposuction, 3 days for breast interventions, and 21 days for abdominoplasty. This study demonstrated the experience of using a postoperative hyperbaric chamber in aesthetic plastic surgery to promote recovery processes. The patient cohort in this study showed shortened recovery times than the data obtained from the major international plastic surgery organizations. Also, HBOT patients had a low complication rate, without infections, indicating the potential efficacy of this adjunctive therapy. Overall, this study underscores the promising role of hyperbaric chamber therapy in facilitating postoperative recovery and mitigating complications.

A Bibliometric Analysis of the Articles Published in the Aesthetic Plastic Surgery Journal (1976-2023).

Despite the important role of the Aesthetic Plastic Surgery (APS) journal in the field of aesthetic plastic surgery, there is a notable absence of literature that focuses exclusively on the bibliometric analysis of this journal. In recognition of APS's 48 years of publishing, this study aims to perform a bibliometric analysis of the articles published in the APS (1976-2023). Articles published in the APS were extracted from the Web of Science Core Collection database. VOSviewer was employed to perform bibliometric analyses. Microsoft Excel was utilized to analyse the publication and citation trends. From 1976 to 2023, 5134 articles were published in the APS. These articles were contributed by 12,963 researchers from 3354 institutions across 91 countries. The USA and China were the leading contributors. The most prolific author is Luan Jie from China. The co-citation networks highlighted the influence of the journal Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. We categorized the articles into four groups, and the results show that articles with the highest publications and citations in the APS are related to facial cosmetic surgery. In terms of specific surgical procedures, breast augmentation surgery has garnered consistent attention from researchers over the past 48 years, ranking first in both the number of publications and citations. The findings of this study indicate that the APS is a significant scientific journal, is widely utilized by global researchers in the field of aesthetic plastic surgery, and spans diverse knowledge domains. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence and Aesthetic Plastic Surgery: A Qualitative Systematic Review.

This systematic review aims to assess the use of machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in aesthetic plastic surgery. This qualitative systematic review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses reporting guideline. To analyze quality risk-of-bias assessment of all included articles, we used the ROBINS-I tool for non-randomized studies. We searched for studies with the following MeSH terms: Machine Learning OR Deep Learning OR Artificial intelligence AND Plastic surgery on MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library, from inception until July 2024 without any filter applied. A total of 2,148 studies were screened and 41 were fully reviewed. We conducted article extraction, screening, and full text review using the rayyan tool. Eighteen studies were ultimately included in this review, describing the use of machine learning, deep learning and artificial intelligence in aesthetic plastic surgery. All studies were published from 2019 to 2024. Articles varied regarding the population studied, type of machine learning (ML), Deep Learning Model (DLM), Artificial Intelligence (AI) used, and aesthetic plastic surgery type. Of the eighteen studies, we included the following aesthetic plastic surgeries: augmentation mastopexy, breast augmentation, reduction mammoplasty, rhinoplasty, facial rejuvenation surgery, including facelift surgery; blepharoplasty, and body contouring. Image-based with AI, ML, and DLMs algorithms were used in these studies to improve human decision-making and identified factors associated with postoperative complications. AI, ML, and DL algorithms offer immense potential to transform the aesthetic plastic surgery field. By meticulously analyzing patient data, these technologies may, in the future, help optimize treatment plans, predict potential complications, and more clearly elucidate patient concerns, improving their ability to make informed decisions. The drawback, as with preoperative surgical simulation, is that patients may see an AI-generated image that is to their liking, but impossible to achieve; great care is needed when using such tools in order to not create unrealistic expectations. Ultimately, the old plastic surgery adage of ''under-promise and over-deliver'' will continue to hold true, at least for the foreseeable future. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 . Study registration A review protocol for this systematic review was registered at PROSPERO CRD42024567461.

Management of Plastic Surgery Complications at a Tertiary Medical Center after Aesthetic Procedures.

The aesthetic plastic surgery industry has seen tremendous growth, with Americans spending an estimated 20 billion dollars on procedures in 2020. However, the effect of complications from these procedures on the healthcare system is poorly understood. This study aims to create awareness regarding aesthetic procedure complications through the scope of plastic surgeons at a tertiary medical facility. A retrospective chart review was performed on patients who received care at a single academic tertiary referral center over 5 years for complications from a cash-paid aesthetic procedure at an outside facility. Physician and hospital billing data were analyzed for relevant encounters. Patients in this study (n = 40) presented to the emergency department most frequently with complications secondary to abdominoplasty (35%), breast augmentation (27.5%), and injectable fillers (17.5%). The most common complications were infection (32.5%) and wound dehiscence (22.5%). Of those evaluated, 50% required inpatient admission. Additionally, 42.5% required surgical intervention. The distribution of payors included Medicaid (55%), commercial insurance (30%), and Medicare (7.5%), and 7.5% were uninsured. For physician billing, the total gross collection ratio was 21.3%, whereas the hospital billing total gross collection ratio was 25.16%. Larger referral hospitals are well-suited to support the aesthetic community with complication management; however, the care required to serve this population is resource-intensive. These data advocate for thorough closed-loop patient-surgeon communication regarding risk-benefit analysis and detailed courses of action should complications arise. Likewise, stronger communication between ambulatory surgical centers and tertiary referral centers may also help minimize complications and subsequent healthcare needs.

Lessons from Covid-19 and the potential benefit of the implementation of Axon’s personal electronic health records (PEHR) into aesthetic care, plastic and reconstructive surgery

BackgroundCovid-19 pandemic highlighted the need for implementing Personal Electronic Health Records (PEHR) for patients’ data management. Furthermore, this pandemic underscored the relevance for integrated and interoperable Electronic Health Records (EHR) to support disease surveillance, hospital capacity planning and resource management (Peek N, Sujan M, Scott P (2020) Digital health and care in pandemic times: impact of COVID-19. BMJ Health Care Inf 27(1):e100166. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjhci-2020-100166). Due to the lack of comprehensive patients’ record in plastic, reconstructive and aesthetic surgery, Axon’s myHealth app offers a break-through patient-centric design allowing patients to be in control of their records and updating them in real-time for their plastic and aesthetic care providers to have a clearer understanding of patients’ history and progress from pre-op to post-op.MethodsThe Axon Dublin survey took place during Covid-19 pandemic in two phases: Phase 1 aimed to assess the feasibility of patients integrating the Axon myHealth application into their clinical visits. Testing occurred in a clinical environment, where patients were encouraged to download and use the Axon system with a health practitioner (HP) present. Phase 2 focused on home testing, evaluating patients’ willingness to manage their health remotely with HP assistance. This phase included self-testing activities such as performing rapid Covid-19 antigen tests, recording medical history, and measuring blood pressure at home.ResultsThe Axon Dublin Study aimed to assess patient engagement, clinical impact, and cost-effectiveness of the Axon myHealth application. Over 85% of patients showed interest in owning a Personal Electronic Health Record. Notably, 36% continuously monitored chronic conditions. Clinical decisions, informed by patient data, saw 61.9% compliance. Noteworthy, 23% of hypertensive participants required immediate medication changes. Patient self-capture of data reduced consultation time. Public health implications were significant, with 39% vaccinated and 31% reporting complications. High user satisfaction (97%) demonstrated the app’s effectiveness in infection control and chronic care.ConclusionsOffering patients the ability to update and control their data is a growing interest, with a clear need in plastic and aesthetic surgery to have a better understanding of a patient’s medical past and progress throughout the surgical process and period. This platform, which is time and cost efficient, can only facilitate personalised care and improve outcomes while maintaining patient’s confidentiality.Level of evidenceNot gradable.

Beyond cancer treatment: dermo-aesthetic and other wellness recommendations for breast cancer patients.

Breast cancer, a prevalent malignancy among women, has various physical and psychological impacts. This comprehensive review offers an in-depth look at multidisciplinary dermo-aesthetic intervention approaches, emphasizing the balance between oncological therapies and the management of these effects. The information presented spans specialties such as aesthetic medicine, plastic surgery, dermatology, physiotherapy, nutrition, odontology, and gynecology. This review, which serves as a clinical guide, aims to establish a safe protocol for non-medical interventions involving oncologists, physicians, and specialists from various areas in patients with breast cancer focused on improving their quality of life. This work offers personalized and integrative care strategies for the eradication of cancer. However, it is still necessary for patients to consult with their oncologist before undergoing any dermo aesthetic treatment. However, it is still necessary for patients to consult with their oncologist before undergoing any dermo aesthetic treatment.

Secondary Breast Augmentation: The Six Winning Moves.

Breast augmentation in 2019 was the first among the top five cosmetic surgical procedures performed worldwide, according to the International Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. It is not only the most commonly performed cosmetic surgery, but also the aesthetic procedure with the highest reoperation rate. A retrospective observational study of 306 female patients who underwent secondary breast surgery, with a follow-up of at least 1 year after surgery, from 2010 to 2020 is presented. For patients'selection, we decided to include all patients who performed a secondary breast surgery for aesthetic reasons; only patients with history of previous radiotherapy were excluded. Patients were divided into different groups according to the performed procedure (the six winning moves) and associated postoperative outcomes are shown. The aim of this paper, based on authors' own experience, is to present a personalized approach to secondary breast reshaping, describing the six "winning" moves to apply, which, differently combined among each other, intend to address each specific cause of reintervention with a dedicated surgical procedure. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Unusual Multiple and Bilateral Combinations of Arterial and Neural Variations in the Axillae of Single Cadaver

Nerve During the dissection of the axillae and upper limbs of an 80-year-old male donor, multiple vascular and neural variations were encountered. On the right side, the thoracoacromial artery and the lateral thoracic artery were absent. On the left side the subscapular artery was absent, and the posterior cord of the brachial plexus gave branch to two upper subscapular nerves and then divided into radial nerve and a common stem that branched into thoracodorsal nerve, lower subscapular nerve, nerves to teres major and minor muscles and the axillary nerve. Additionally, in the left arm there was a variant communication between the musculocutaneous nerve and the median nerve. Although the existence of these variations is well documented in the literature as individual entities or few combinations, the occurrence of such multiple variations in a single cadaver in a limited area of the body involving vessel and nerves is not common. A multitude of variations in a small area of the body such as this can be a source of diagnostic and imaging interpretation errors. Unpredictable iatrogenic injuries can also occur during various procedures in the area such as during preparation of muscle flap, mastectomy with axillary lymph node dissection, reconstructive and aesthetic plastic surgery of the breast and other clinical procedures including shoulder arthroplasty.

Advancements in Face and Neck Contouring: Integrating Radiofrequency-Assisted Liposuction with FaceTite and Buccal Fat Pad Excision for Facial Slimming.

The integration of neck liposuction with FaceTite Manipulus Radiofrequency (RF) technology and buccal fat pad excision for enhanced neck rejuvenation promise heightened precision and efficacy in sculpting the neck and jawline. Neck liposuction, coupled with RF technology, provides controlled thermal energy for adipose tissue treatment and collagen remodeling, while buccal fat pad excision offers refined contouring of the lower face and neck. This integrated approach aims to optimize patient outcomes and advance the field of esthetic plastic surgery. A prospective study was conducted from 2016 to 2023 on 80 consecutive patients who presented to the author's private clinic and required neck remodeling surgery for esthetic purposes. Patients were monitored and clinic appointments were scheduled at intervals of 0, 1, 3, 6 and 12 months post-treatment for evaluation. A tape measure recorded submental length at 1 and 6 months, and a satisfaction survey was administered one week before surgery and after six months. Physicians assessed improvement using a five-point scale for patient satisfaction and a four-point scale for overall improvement. All patients underwent successful RFAL treatment, consistently achieving satisfaction with the outcomes. The average reduction in submental length measured 23 mm during the 6-month follow-up period. Additionally, the removal of buccal fat pads played a pivotal role in facial slimming and enhancing the esthetics of the upper cheek region. The integration of neck liposuction with FaceTite RF technology and buccal fat pad excision offers a promising approach for enhanced neck rejuvenation and facial contouring. This combined method demonstrates heightened precision and efficacy in sculpting the neck and jawline, aiming to optimize patient outcomes and advance the field of esthetic plastic surgery. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Adverse events related to botulinum toxin type A, reported in Brazil between 2019 and 2022

The International Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery estimates that 18,857,311 non-invasive aesthetic procedures were carried out worldwide in 2022. This represents an increase of 7.2% compared to 2021 and 57.8% compared to 2018. Brazil is the second country in the world, just behind the United States, in the number of aesthetic procedures, with 3,020,552. Of these, 971,294 were non-invasive, with the administration of botulinum toxin, at 433,263, being the most frequent procedure. In aesthetics, it is used for the treatment of facial asymmetries, expression lines, hyperhidrosis in the hands, feet, armpits, face, and inguinal region, and in the treatment of gummy smile, attenuation of forehead wrinkles, perioral wrinkles, mental creases, glabellar lines, periorbital wrinkles, nasal wrinkles, wrinkles found on the décolletage, nasal tip stabilization, drooping lips, eyebrow lifting, and platysma bands. The most common adverse reactions associated with the use of botulinum toxin are burning, pain, swelling, irritation at the application sites, hypersensitivity, anaphylaxis in extreme cases, blurred vision, dry mouth, rarely respiratory failure, and muscle weakness. The objective of the study was to describe the adverse events (AEs) reported in the Vigimed system between 2019 and 2022. In the period analyzed, only 50 possible AEs were reported, with the female gender and the age group of 18 to 44 years being the most frequent. The pharmaceutical industry was responsible for 82% of the notifications analyzed, however, when evaluating the reporting professional, it was observed that pharmacists reported in only 8% of the cases. When evaluating the most reported AEs, swelling and pain were the most frequent, at 30% and 24% respectively. The underreporting of these events and the need for public and private incentives to raise awareness among health professionals and users about the need for identification and reporting of AEs is clear.

Harmonized ethical and empowered empathy for aesthetic literacy (HEEAL): a systematic review towards a patient-centered practice paradigm in aesthetic medicine and plastic surgery

Harmonized ethical and empowered empathy for aesthetic literacy (HEEAL): a systematic review towards a patient-centered practice paradigm in aesthetic medicine and plastic surgery

Body Dysmorphic Disorder in Aesthetic and Reconstructive Plastic Surgery-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

(1) Background: Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) presents significant challenges in aesthetic and reconstructive plastic surgery, impacting patient outcomes and well-being. Understanding its prevalence and associated factors is crucial for effective patient care. (2) Methods: A systematic review of national and international databases on body dysmorphic disorder, plastic surgery, cosmetic surgery, reconstructive surgery, and prevalence yielded 999 studies between 1878 and April 2024. Inclusion criteria focused on studies reporting prevalence while excluding those with small sample sizes (<20 participants), unclear diagnostic criteria for BDD, and non-English accessibility. (3) Results: A meta-analysis using a random effects model was conducted on 65 studies involving 17,107 patients to estimate the prevalence of BDD. The overall estimated prevalence of BDD was 18.6%; 10,776 (62.9%) were females, with a mean age of 35.5 ± 11.7 years. Subgroup meta-analysis found significant variability in effect sizes across countries and types of specialty, of which Brazil showed the highest proportion and dermatology exhibited the smallest. Meta-regression analysis found no significant relationship between the year of publication and prevalence rates. (4) Conclusions: Our findings update the current literature on BDD prevalence in aesthetic and reconstructive plastic surgery. We emphasize the importance of proactive screening and multidisciplinary care approaches to address the complex challenges posed by patients with BDD. Further research is needed to explore evolving trends in BDD prevalence and factors influencing its expression across different cultural contexts.

Chatbots as Patient Education Resources for Aesthetic Facial Plastic Surgery: Evaluation of ChatGPT and Google Bard Responses

Chatbots as Patient Education Resources for Aesthetic Facial Plastic Surgery: Evaluation of ChatGPT and Google Bard Responses

1182 Ethnic Diversity in Facial Image Databases – the State of Play for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery

1182 Ethnic Diversity in Facial Image Databases – the State of Play for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery

Dimension, Location and Clinical Importance of Supraorbital Foramen and Notch: A Combined Cadaveric and Dry Skull Study.

The exit points of the supraorbital nerve and its branches hold significant importance in various medical procedures, including supraorbital endoscopic surgeries, forehead-facial aesthetic plastic surgeries, medical aesthetic applications and maxillofacial surgeries. Therefore, the primary objective of the present study was to precisely define the dimension, location and clinical significance of the supraorbital foramen/notch. By doing so, we aimed to enhance our understanding of this anatomical structure and its implications for surgical and aesthetic interventions in the supraorbital region. For our study, we conducted anatomical dissections and bone measurements to assess the significance of anatomical variations of the supraorbital foramen/notch. We utilized a sample consisting of 28 cadavers and 38 skulls. The supraorbital foramen/notch was bilaterally analyzed in all 28 cadavers and 38 dry bones. We morphometrically analyzed the distance between the supraorbital foramen/notch and various anatomical landmarks, including the nasion, supraorbital margin, infraorbital margin, temporal crest, glabella, frontal cavity and midline of the face. Additionally, we measuredthe distance between the supraorbital foramen/notches and the frontal foramen/notches, and the width of the supraorbital foramen/notch and the distance between both supraorbital foramina/notches. There are 32 (57.14%) supraorbital foramina, and the remaining are 24 (42.86%) supraorbital notches in cadavers and there are 36 (47.37%) supraorbital foramina, and the remaining are 40 (52.63%) supraorbital notches in skulls. We observed consistency in the dimension and location values of anatomical measurement parameters between cadavers and dry skulls on both right and left sides, with the exception of the parameter "distance from temporal crest" (p=0.042). Furthermore, our correlation analysis revealed a significant positive relationship between the right and left sides across all parameters, except for the following instances: in dry skulls, "distance from supraorbital margin" and in cadaver parameters, "distance from temporal crest, " "distance from frontal cavity" and "width." In our study, we observed that the distributions of supraorbital foramina and notches were nearly similar. Furthermore, our findings indicated comparable measurements between the right and left sides in both cadavers and skulls. These results suggest a degree of consistency in supraorbital anatomy within our study sample, regardless of the specimen type (cadavers or skulls) or laterality (right or left side). This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each submission to which Evidence-Based Medicine rankings are applicable. This excludes Review Articles, Book Reviews, and manuscripts that concern Basic Science, Animal Studies, Cadaver Studies, and Experimental Studies. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.

Change in self-image pressure level before and after autologous fat breast augmentation and its effect on social adaptability

BACKGROUND There is an increasingly strong demand for appearance and physical beauty in social life, marriage, and other aspects with the development of society and the improvement of material living standards. An increasing number of people have improved their appearance and physical shape through aesthetic plastic surgery. The female breast plays a significant role in physical beauty, and droopy or atrophied breasts can frequently lead to psychological inferiority and lack of confidence in women. This, in turn, can affect their mental health and quality of life. AIM To analyze preoperative and postoperative self-image pressure-level changes of autologous fat breast augmentation patients and their impact on social adaptability. METHODS We selected 160 patients who underwent autologous fat breast augmentation at the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University from January 2020 to December 2022 using random sampling method. The general information, self-image pressure level, and social adaptability of the patients were investigated using a basic information survey, body image self-assessment scale, and social adaptability scale. The self-image pressure-level changes and their effects on the social adaptability of patients before and after autologous fat breast augmentation were analyzed. RESULTS We collected 142 valid questionnaires. The single-factor analysis results showed no statistically significant difference in the self-image pressure level and social adaptability score of patients with different ages, marital status, and monthly income. However, there were significant differences in social adaptability among patients with different education levels and employment statuses. The correlation analysis results revealed a significant correlation between the self-image pressure level and social adaptability score before and after surgery. Multiple factors analysis results showed that the degree of concern caused by appearance in self-image pressure, the degree of possible behavioral intervention, the related distress caused by body image, and the influence of body image on social life influenced the social adaptability of autologous fat breast augmentation patients. CONCLUSION The self-image pressure on autologous fat breast augmentation patients is inversely proportional to their social adaptability.

Use of Intravenous Tranexamic Acid in Patients Undergoing Plastic Surgery: Implications and Recommendations per a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

With increasing interest in aesthetic plastic procedures, the event of blood loss has compromised patients' safety and satisfaction. Tranexamic acid (TXA) is a drug used for the reduction of blood loss during surgical procedures. This systematic review aims to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of TXA in aesthetic plastic surgery for the reduction of bleeding and related complications. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. Electronic databases PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar were searched. The medical subject headings (MeSH) keywords used for data extraction were ("TXA," OR "tranexamic acid,") AND ("plastic surgery," OR "aesthetic surgery," OR "rhinoplasty," OR "blepharoplasty,") AND ("blood loss" OR "bleeding" OR "TBL") AND ("Edema" OR "ecchymosis"). A combination of these MeSH terms was used in the literature search. The timeline of research was set from 2015 to January 2024. A total of 7380 research articles were identified from the above-mentioned databases, and only 13 research articles met the inclusion criteria. There was a significant difference in total blood loss (TBL) among patients who had undergone plastic surgery procedures while on TXA as compared to a placebo (mean difference = -6.02; Cl: -1.07 to -0.16; p > 0.00001), and heterogeneity was found (degrees of freedom (df) = 9; I2 = 97%). Only two studies reported the average ecchymosis scores after TXA among interventions in comparison to the placebo group. This review provides evidence that TXA lowers TBL, ecchymosis, edema, and anemia during cosmetic surgery without significantly increasing thromboembolic consequences.

Aesthetic Plastic Surgery Issues During the COVID-19 Period Using Topic Modeling

This study investigates media coverage of cosmetic surgery in South Korea from 2014 to 2023 using text mining techniques applied to news articles from BigKinds. It focuses on assessing the prevalence of objective information and the societal impacts of capital-driven misinformation. The research methodology involved optimal topic modeling through perplexity, likelihood, BIC, and similarity measures, identifying five themes within the cosmetic surgery news corpus. Further analysis included quantitative topic recognition via fuzzy clustering by period, sentiment analysis, and network analysis utilizing n-gram techniques to explore relationships between key terms. Findings reveal five main topics covered in cosmetic surgery news: Consumer Psychology, Cosmetic Surgery Market, Cosmetic Companies and Technologies, Side Effects and Incidents, and the Tourism Industry. The period from 2014 to 2016 saw significant coverage, particularly on medical tourism and surgical side effects, while in 2017, attention shifted to the surgical process and market stability. From 2018 onward, news coverage expanded, especially in May, focusing on cosmetic technology and related industries amid increased outdoor activities. With the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, there was a resurgence in coverage of the cosmetic surgery market. In 2023, post-pandemic, there was an uptick in articles related to cosmetic surgery technology industries and support funds. The core words in cosmetic surgery news were spreading around "plastic surgery," "China," and "Botulinum". The study sheds light on the potential influence of capital on media portrayals of cosmetic surgery and the resulting societal consequences of misinformation.

Elderly Women Have a Higher Survival Rate of Grafted Donor Fat than Do Young Women Under the Influence of Low Estrogen Conditions.

Fat grafting is widely used in breast reconstruction and aesthetic plastic surgery. However, the success rate and effects of fat grafting, especially in elderly female donors, are observed. This study aimed to explore the difference in the survival rate of donor fat from elderly women and young women in fat grafting. We collected adipose tissue samples from two healthy Chinese women: a young woman and an elderly woman. In addition, adipose tissue samples were collected from female nude mice in four experimental groups-CON-Y, CON-O, OVX-Y, and OVX-O-after fat transplantation. Grafts were harvested, weighed, and subjected to assessment of histology and angiogenesis. An ovariectomy model was successfully established to validate the effect of low estrogen levels on fat grafting results. Due to the influence of low estrogen levels, the graft survival rate of donor site fat was significantly higher in elderly women than in young women, accompanied by a lesser degree of angiogenesis. Low estrogen levels led to adipocyte hypertrophy, which may be related to decreased AQP-7 expression. AQP-7 downregulation due to low estrogen levels induces adipocyte hypertrophy, and donor fat from elderly women exhibits a higher survival rate after fat transplantation. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Charakter prawny zabiegów kosmetycznych i medycyny estetycznej

Cosmetic and aesthetic medicine procedures have long been a cause of public controversy, caused by the unclear eligibility of the various professions to perform them. This issue has not escaped the attention of jurisprudence, which is trying to resolve the issue of their classification as a health care service, as well as the possibility of recognizing people who receive such procedures as patients within the meaning of medical law. The court rulings to date have been ambiguous, but it is possible to see trends forming. This paper is an attempt to define and classify the various types of services in the field of commonly understood "aesthetic medicine"; in particular, this study proposes to make a division, in accordance with accepted definitions in medicine, into cosmetic procedures, aesthetic medicine procedures and plastic surgery procedures. Making such a division facilitates discussion of the legal nature of the various procedures and allows for their further classification.