Aesthetic Benefits Research Articles

The "4.3," A New Filler Lips Technique.

The "4.3" technique is a hybrid lip augmentation approach that combines the aesthetic benefits of the vertical-lip technique with the fewer entry points of the retrograde linear technique. This method aims to create natural-looking, harmonious, and defined lips using hyaluronic acid (HA)-based fillers, to enhance volume and contour. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness, safety, and reproducibility of the "4.3" technique in achieving natural lip augmentation with minimal filler volume and reduced injections. This technique is applied to improve the shape and volume of the lips while minimizing the risk of complications. The technique was applied to male and female patients with standard anatomical features who desired subtle enhancements in lip contour, projection, and volume. The procedure involved four injections in the upper lip and three in the lower lip, using a combination of retrograde linear and vertical techniques. A total of 0.7 mL of HA filler were used for each patient. The "4.3" technique achieved consistent and aesthetically pleasing results across all patients, with improvements in lip volume, shape, and definition. The reduced number of injections minimized discomfort and risk of vascular complications. The use of Tri-Hyal technology contributed to smooth, plump lips with harmonious proportions. The "4.3" technique is a standardized, intuitive, and reproducible method suitable for most patients, regardless of sex. It allows for natural-looking lip augmentation using a reduced volume of filler and fewer injections, making it a safe and effective option for enhancing lip aesthetics.

Reabilitação estética de dente conóide: relato de caso

As aesthetics advance in modern dentistry, people's expectations of their smiles become ever higher. Microdontia or conoid tooth, which refers to teeth smaller than normal, is one of the abnormalities that causes major aesthetic complaints due to its characteristics. Conoid teeth have a prevalence of 0.6 to 9.9%, with conical upper lateral teeth affecting approximately 55,000 people, with women being more susceptible than men. Many factors must be considered when restoring anterior teeth, depending on patient expectations and dental practice. The direct composite resin technique has stood out for providing aesthetic benefits, preserving tooth structure, being performed in a single consultation, being cheaper and not requiring any laboratory process. The objective of this study was to report a clinical case of aesthetic rehabilitation in a conoid tooth in the upper left lateral incisor with composite resin restoration using the direct technique. Clinical planning is essential for choosing the technique and restorative material to be used. Despite the various techniques proposed for the treatment of conoid lateral incisors, the aesthetic reanatomization with a direct veneer of composite resin, with diagnostic waxing, used in this study, was effective and inexpensive, allowing a minimally invasive treatment and possible posterior adjustments, enabling the restoration of self-esteem and the harmony of the patient's smile.

Ultrasound and Helium Plasma-Assisted Liposuction for Body Contouring: A Single-Retrospective Cohort Study of 639 Patients.

Over the past two decades, liposuction techniques have significantly evolved, moving from basic fat removal to sophisticated methods aimed at improving safety, efficiency, and cosmetic outcomes. This study evaluates the efficacy and safety of a combined approach using ultrasound-assisted liposuction (UAL) and helium plasma radiofrequency (HPRF) technology to enhance skin tightening without the need for extensive surgical interventions. We conducted a retrospective analysis of 639 patients who underwent the combined UAL and HPRF liposuction technique. The patient cohort had an average age of 31.5 years and a mean BMI of 27.9 kg/m2. The procedure predominantly targeted the abdomen, with an average of 2.4 body areas treated per patient. Surgical duration averaged 118 minutes, with a mean aspirate volume of 1698 mL. Minimal residual skin laxity was observed in 87% of patients, and 91% achieved excellent improvement in body contouring. The complication rates were low, with minor occurrences of seroma (5.6%) and a very low incidence of infection (0.3%). This combined technique demonstrated safety and efficacy, providing significant skin tightening and reducing recovery time compared to more invasive procedures. The combined use of UAL and HPRF technology offers a safe and effective method for enhancing skin tightening and improving body contouring outcomes. Despite the promising results, this study acknowledges the limitations of its retrospective design. Future prospective, multicenter studies are recommended to further validate these findings. This technique represents a significant advancement in the field of cosmetic surgery, emphasizing minimally invasive solutions with substantial esthetic benefits. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Lifecycle cost and benefit analysis for parcel-scale implementation of green stormwater infrastructure

Green stormwater infrastructure (GSI) is commonly implemented to reduce excess stormwater runoff while also producing secondary environmental, health, and aesthetic benefits. However, GSI is sometimes perceived to be cost prohibitive for limited-budget site development projects. This study used lifecycle cost analysis (LCCA) and benefit-cost analysis (BCA) to investigate the cost-effectiveness of GSI combined with conventional stormwater infrastructure for a proposed parcel development site in Oxford, Mississippi, USA. Hydrologic modeling was conducted for a conventional underground detention facility as well as three GSIs (permeable pavement, rain garden, and grassy ditch), all of which met regulatory runoff attenuation targets for the site. The LCCA considered capital and operation and maintenance (O&M) costs. Benefits were estimated under six categories–water, energy, climate, air quality, health, and community–based on existing tools for economic analysis of low impact development (LID). Economic benefits and costs over different scenarios of project lifecycles were compared using the present value (PV) approach in the benefit cost analysis (BCA). The lifecycle costs of two of the three GSIs (rain garden and grassy ditch) were lower than for the conventional alternative alone. However, in all three GSI cases, the long-term benefits of GSI features outweighed the costs. The methodology presented can be adapted to other locations to inform analyses of lifecycle costs and benefits and identify GSI and hybrid infrastructure options that are financially and environmentally feasible.

Bikini line one-anastomosis gastric bypass (BLOGB): initial report

BackgroundThis study introduces a new access method for one-anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB) by placing ports at the bikini line.ObjectiveTo describe our initial experience and assess the feasibility, safety, and effectiveness of this novel access.SettingUniversity Hospital.MethodsThis prospective case–control study included 72 patients: 42 were allocated to the bikini line one-anastomosis gastric bypass (BLOGB) group, and 30 were assigned to the control group. Exclusion criteria included a history of major abdominal surgery, hiatal hernia, extensive lower abdominal adhesions, or a body mass index (BMI) exceeding 55 kg/m2.ResultsThe mean preoperative BMI of the study sample was 40.01 ± 2.84. Weight loss was satisfactory, with the highest percent excess weight loss (%EWL) observed at 12 months: 90.88 ± 7.90 and 91 ± 7.11 (p = 0.474) in both groups, respectively. Both groups showed no significant differences in operative complications, hospital stay, weight loss, or resolution of obesity-associated diseases. However, the BLOGB patients had a longer mean operative time of 110.71 ± 17.72 min compared to 98 ± 18.27 min in the control group (p = 0.002). Moreover, they experienced less postoperative pain and reported greater satisfaction with the appearance of their scars.ConclusionBLOGB was found to be potentially feasible, safe, and effective, offering improved aesthetic outcomes and reduced postoperative pain. This approach may be suitable for a select group of patients concerned with scar appearance. However, large-scale studies are necessary to ensure that safety is not compromised in pursuit of aesthetic benefits.

Long-term success of inlay and onlay procedures in dental repairs

Inlays and onlays are vital restorative techniques in dentistry, offering a conservative alternative to full crowns while preserving more of the natural tooth structure. These restorations, typically made from ceramic or composite resin materials, provide both aesthetic and functional benefits and are increasingly favored for their durability and longevity. In contrast to direct restorations, inlays and onlays are fabricated outside the mouth, allowing for greater precision and a more customized fit. The clinical success of these restorations largely depends on factors such as material choice, bonding technique, and patient-related variables like oral hygiene and habits. Ceramic materials are particularly noted for their resistance to wear and their ability to closely mimic the natural appearance of teeth, making them an attractive option for both patients and clinicians. Composite resins, while slightly less durable, offer a cost-effective alternative with satisfactory long-term results. Proper bonding techniques and high-quality materials are essential for ensuring the durability of inlays and onlays, with many restorations lasting over a decade. Patient-related factors also play a significant role in the success of inlays and onlays. Effective oral hygiene, regular dental check-ups, and the avoidance of habits like bruxism are essential for maintaining the integrity of these restorations over time. Despite the challenges and technical demands associated with their placement, inlays and onlays are highly successful when properly executed, offering patients a durable, aesthetically pleasing solution for dental repairs. The discussion of this review focuses on the critical elements that influence the long-term success of inlays and onlays, including material selection, clinical technique, and patient management, highlighting their effectiveness as a restorative option in modern dentistry.

Periodontitis: orthodontic implications and management

Orthodontics is increasingly ingrained in the overall management of patients with periodontitis. Advanced periodontitis is often characterised by pathological tooth migration, loss of posterior support and incisal proclination. Orthodontics may therefore offer both aesthetic and therapeutic benefit. A tailored approach to treatment, however, is necessary given the myriad of presentations and associated risk. The nuances underpinning effective treatment planning, space creation, treatment mechanics, and retention in the periodontal patient are described.

In-house dental lab-based cranial prosthesis fabrication: a technical note.

Cranial prostheses are frequently required for patients with cranial defects secondary to trauma, decompressive craniectomy, or other pathologies. When the resected or craniotomized bone cannot be reused, cranioplasty with artificial materials offers both aesthetic and protective benefits. However, high-end custom-made options, like polyether ether ketone or titanium prostheses, are expensive and not widely available. Heat-cured polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) prostheses are generally preferred over their cold-cured counterparts. In-house dental laboratories can provide a cost-effective and practical solution by employing a lost-wax technique akin to denture fabrication, utilizing a three-dimensional printed custom open mold. Fabricating large heatcured PMMA cranioplasts presents certain challenges, such as the need for large flasks and potential porosity. These can be overcome by using a large stainless steel container (a tiffin box) and M-Seal epoxy to ensure an airtight curing process. This method can be easily adopted by standard dental laboratories. At our center, four patients have successfully fitted with cranioplasty prostheses produced using this technique. Even though the patients are outside of the scope of this technical note all of them indicated high satisfaction, and no complications were reported. This straightforward approach demonstrates that in-house, heat-cured PMMA cranioplasts can represent a viable, cost-effective option for cranial reconstruction.

Clinical and Radiographic Evaluation of Soft Tissue and Bone Status in Immediate Loaded Implants Placed Following Their Extraction in the Maxillary Anterior Region.

In the maxillary anterior region, teeth extraction leads to significant soft and hard tissue changes. Immediate implant placement following extraction aims to reduce bone loss and overall treatment time. However, it may result in adverse soft tissue changes impacting esthetics. This study evaluates the clinical and radiographic outcomes of immediately loaded implants in the maxillary anterior region, focusing on soft tissue preservation and bone status. This study, conducted from April 2022 to August 2024 at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Ragas Dental College and Hospital, included 10 immediately loaded implants in seven patients. Following atraumatic extraction, implants were placed and loaded with functional provisional crowns fabricated using three-dimensional (3D) rapid prototyping models. Parameters such as crestal bone loss, buccal and palatal bone width, and interdental papilla thickness were evaluated preoperatively and postoperatively using radiographsand clinical assessments. The study found significant crestal bone loss at both mesial and distal sites over time, with the greatest loss observed at the three-month follow-up. Buccal and palatal bone width showed no significant differences preoperatively and postoperatively. Interdental papilla thickness and overall pink esthetic scores also showed no significant differences between preoperative and postoperative evaluations. Immediate implant placement in the maxillary anterior region, using 3D rapid prototyping for custom splint fabrication, demonstrated effective preservation of soft tissue profile and bone architecture. This approach provides functional and esthetic benefits, although careful monitoring of crestal bone loss is necessary.

Clinical Benefits of DaxibotulinumtoxinA for Injection: Beyond Glabellar Line Effacement?

Botulinum toxin type A (BoNTA) is standard of care for glabellar lines ameliorization. DaxibotulinumtoxinA for Injection (DAXI) is a new BoNTA with a unique formulation representing the latest advancement in BoNTA technology. There is an unmet need for patients to understand the full potential of BoNTA treatment and new technologies. To update clinical data supporting the use of DAXI for glabellar lines within the context of clinical experience. A narrative review of the literature and summary of clinical experience with DAXI. The DAXI clinical trial program reflects clinical experience post-FDA approval, with DAXI demonstrating rapid onset, high patient response rates, and extended treatment duration versus conventional BoNTAs. Clinical observations suggest that DAXI has limited diffusion from the injection site, enabling more localized control of muscle activity and greater improvements in wrinkle severity. DAXI enables practitioners to exert greater finesse in their injections and in predicting changes to eyebrow shape and position and achieve improvement in skin quality. Advances in BoNTA technology can provide patients with greater options for treatment outcomes. The potential for enhanced localized effects with DAXI may contribute to more precise and targeted effects on muscle activity and additional aesthetic benefits to patients.

Room temperature stimulated long-persistent phosphorescence of polyurethane/SrAl2O4: Eu2+, Dy3+ composite material for textile-based applications

Textile-based SrAl2O4(SAO): Eu2+, Dy3+ composite material offers functional, aesthetic, and safety benefits, making it a valuable innovation with diverse applications in various industries. The susceptibility of textile-based SAO: Eu2+, Dy3+ composite material is degraded with repeated washing, which can diminish its luminescent properties over time. Our major goal was to create a cloth with durable photoluminescent qualities by incorporating waterborne polyurethane (WPU) as a protective coating that could generate light constantly without a light source. Through a systematic approach involving the synthesis of photoluminescent SAO: Eu2+, Dy3+ particles and their integration into a cloth substrate with waterborne polyurethane, a durable cloth with enhanced durability, protection, and adhesion properties are achieved. Cotton fabric and a rotary screen-printing machine were used to apply a thin, translucent layer of glow-in-the-dark pigment to produce the photoluminescence characteristics of the developed cloth revealing efficient light absorption and emission behavior, with emission spectra centered around absorption wavelength between 560 nm and 880 nm, with a 500 nm emission peak, exhibiting of the presence of Eu2+ and Dy3+ activator ions. In addition, to assess the comfort of the treated cotton fabric, a fabroOmeter test was conducted, that provided insights into its overall comfort level. Furthermore, the cloth demonstrates excellent stability and longevity of photoluminescence under various environmental conditions, making it suitable for applications requiring high visibility, safety signage, decorative elements, and apparel wear. This research underscores the potential of polyurethane-enhanced photoluminescent textiles as versatile and sustainable solutions for diverse practical applications.

Surgical correction of facial bone deformity and enophthalmos after tripod fracture using an acellular dermal matrix: a case report.

This paper presents a novel approach to the correction of zygomatic malposition and secondary reconstruction orbital floor fractures, highlighting the use of hydrated acellular dermal matrix (ADM), specifically CGDerm One-Step, in a case where traditional solid implants failed to maintain structural integrity and volume. A 27-year-old woman with persistent facial deformities following a traumatic incident underwent a transformative procedure that utilized ADM for volume correction and structural support, addressing significant challenges such as enophthalmos and facial contour depression. This approach was necessitated by the descent of the entire orbital floor and a previously placed implant (Medpor), leading to unsatisfactory volume correction. By integrating ADM with titanium-reinforced fan plates (Synpor), the surgery successfully restored the patient's facial symmetry and addressed her functional concerns, including diplopia and limited eye movement. Postoperative evaluations demonstrated the long-term effectiveness of this method, with significant improvements in facial contour and eye symmetry. Our findings suggest that ADM, particularly in its hydrated form, offers a reliable alternative to traditional bone grafts and implants for correcting complex craniofacial deformities, providing both aesthetic and functional benefits. This case underscores the importance of adaptable, tissue-mimicking materials in facial reconstructive surgery, offering insights into their potential for broader application in post-traumatic facial corrections.

Virtual Surgical Planning and Customized Subperiosteal Implant for Reconstruction of Maxillary Defect After Oncological Resection.

Reconstructing defects after jaw tumor removal is difficult because of the complex facial skeleton, which affects patient nutrition and self-confidence. Traditional methods like iliac bone or fibula grafts take a long time and may raise aesthetic issues. Advancements in computer-aided three-dimensional (3D) modeling allow precise surgical planning, leading to more symmetrical reconstructions. Moreover, the application of custom-designed prostheses, similar to joint prostheses used in joint surgery, offers promising outcomes, particularly in cases involving the removal of the ramus and temporomandibular joint. A 28-year-old female had a maxillectomy for maxillary myxoma, using 3D-printed implants for reconstruction and dental rehabilitation. "Computer-Aided Design" software optimized implant coordination, reducing soft tissue pressure. Postoperative permanent dentures were successful with few complications. Compared with traditional methods, 3D-printed titanium plates improve patient satisfaction and reduce treatment time, particularly with sufficient soft tissue thickness, offering aesthetic benefits and eliminating extra surgeries for effective defect treatment.

Built environment professionals’ perceptions of vertical greenery systems: a case of Delhi, India

ABSTRACT This study examines built environment professionals’ perceptions of vertical greenery systems in Delhi, a city confronting rapid urban growth and climate change challenges. Through a detailed mixed-methods approach using an online survey, this study evaluates the perceived benefits and challenges of such systems. The results indicate cautious optimism, with nearly 39% of respondents having prior experience and acknowledging their aesthetic and environmental benefits, including reducing urban heat and improving air quality. However, concerns regarding technical implementation and regular maintenance of vertical greenery systems emerge as significant barriers. This study highlights the critical need for inclusive urban planning strategies that embrace nature-based solutions, such as vertical greenery systems, to combat urban sustainability challenges considering Delhi’s distinctive climate. Furthermore, it underscores the importance of addressing the uncertainty among building owners and policymakers towards adopting these systems, despite their recognized potential for climate change mitigation. The findings advocate for further research and targeted policies to facilitate the broader application of vertical greenery systems, not only in Delhi, but also in urban settings globally facing similar environmental pressures, thereby contributing to the discourse on urban sustainability and climate resilience.

Sustainability beyond the surface: Evaluating the long-term environmental and energy performance of selected cladding materials for housing retrofits

External walls, constituting the largest exposed surface area of the building envelope, face heightened susceptibility to environmental influences. In this study location, aesthetic con- siderations often overshadow environmental impact and comfort requirements in selecting exterior cladding materials. This paper investigates the energy performance, global warming potential, and thermal comfort aspects of carefully selected cladding materials, informed by an exhaustive literature review, for application in retrofit projects in Abuja, Nigeria. Energy con- sumption, carbon emissions, and temperature distributions were simulated using materials in a hypothetical single-floor residential building finished with cement-sand plaster. The findings show that gravel stone exhibits the most negligible environmental impact. In contrast, alumi- num and lightweight metal cladding panels contribute significantly to the embodied carbon of the building despite ranking as the most expensive materials. Insulating the test building with polyurethane boards yields substantial energy savings of up to 9% in cooling electricity, averting the need for added cladding. This study emphasizes the significance of adopting a multi-criterion approach in selecting façade cladding materials, prioritizing environmental and thermal considerations over aesthetic and cost benefits. The implications extend beyond mere emissions reduction, shedding light on the vital interplay between material choices on comfort and energy efficiency in building design.

Identification of Physical Elements and Function of Saijaan Park as a Public Green Open Space in Kotabaru Regency, South Kalimantan

Green Open Space is an important element in shaping a city that has a function as a supporter of ecological, social, cultural, economic and aesthetic benefits in urban areas. The city park is one of the public spaces that is currently a concern in urban development in Kotabaru Regency with the rearrangement and addition of various visitor facilities given its complex function. However, the function of the park has begun to undergo many changes at this time so that it affects the physical quality of the park itself. This research aims to identify and analyze the physical elements of facilities and infrastructure in Saijaan Park whether it has fulfilled its function as a city park. This research uses a qualitative descriptive method with direct observation, literature studies, and questionnaires to visitors. From the results of the study it was found that the existence of physical elements of Saijaan Park Kotabaru Regency as a whole has a fairly good condition, but still needs improvement and optimization of maintenance on several available facilities. Then, the function and utilization of Saijaan Park by the community is currently quite in accordance with its designation.

Green Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles from Quercus Bark Extracts: Characterization and Functional Properties.

Quercus species are utilized for their durable wood, providing sustenance for wildlife, conserving biodiversity, and contributing ecological, medicinal, and esthetic benefits to ecosystems and landscapes. In this study, we aimed to use the bark of three Quercus species (Q. dalechampi, Q. fraineto, and Q. petraea) for the synthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles (AgNPs and AuNPs). The aqueous extracts from the bark of Quercus sp. acted both as reducing and stabilizing agent, facilitating the rapid synthesis of AuNPs (AuQD, AuQF, and AuQP) and AgNPs (AgQD, AgQF, and AgQP). The obtained nanoparticles were characterized using UV-vis spectroscopy, TEM, DLS, and FTIR. Characterizations revealed that the nanoparticles exhibited a variety of shapes, such as polygonal, triangular, and spherical forms, with sizes ranging between 14 and 24 nm for AuNPs and 45-70 nm for AgNPs. The total phenolic content was assessed through spectroscopic methods, while several individual phenolic compounds were identified and quantified using UPLC-PDA. Furthermore, we assessed the antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal capacities of AuNPs, AgNPs, and raw extracts. The highest antioxidant activity was observed for raw extracts, followed by AgNPs and AuNPs, while the most potent antibacterial and antifungal activity was observed in AgQP. Moreover, cytotoxicity was examined in a human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT). The results indicated no cytotoxic effects for AuNPs, while AgNPs and the raw extracts exhibited cytotoxic effects after 48 h of incubation. This research underscores the multifaceted utility of Quercus bark extracts in the green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles and their subsequent bioactivity assessment, suggesting promising perspectives for their application in various fields while urging cautious consideration of their cytotoxic implications.

Assessment of the Efficacy and Durability of IncobotulinumtoxinA in the Treatment of the Upper Face in Adult Women.

IncobotulinumtoxinA (Xeomin®) is used in the treatment of dynamic wrinkles and the aesthetic repositioning of facial structures. The duration of its muscular effect typically extends for around 4months. However, the residual aesthetic benefit can be observed for a longer period. To date, the long-term aesthetic benefit of incobotulinumtoxinA in facial aesthetics has not been systematically evaluated. This study aimed to evaluate longitudinally the duration and aesthetic benefits of incobotulinumtoxinA in the treatment of the upper face in adult women. A quasi-experimental, evaluator-blind, clinical trial involving 28 adult women (30-60years old) with facial movement lines, undergoing treatment of the upper face with incobotulinumtoxinA by two injectors, following an individualized protocol (ONE21 and glabellar contraction patterns) was performed. Participants were evaluated on the day of the intervention (day0) and days30, 120, 180, and 240, and subjected to standardized photographs. The following outcomes were evaluated blindly at each visit: Merz Aesthetics Facial Contraction Scale (MAS), GAIS (Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale), and patient satisfaction. Adverse effects were evaluated at each visit. Participants ranged in age from 30 to 60years, 93% were self-declared white, and most of their baseline MAS scores for dynamic lines were moderate and severe. All the parameters presented significative reduction from baseline until day180. At day240, the dynamic MAS scores were lower than baseline for forehead lines in 15.4% (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.8-30.0%) of the participants, for glabellar lines in 38.5% (95%CI 18.8-58.1%), and for crow's feet lines in 26.9% (95%CI 9.0-44.8%). Aesthetic improvement compared to baseline was identified in 35% (CI 95% 23‒50%) of the participants at day240, and 62% (CI 95% 42‒81%) of the sample kept reporting some satisfaction with the procedure. The aesthetic treatment of the upper face with incobotulinumtoxinA demonstrates enduring clinical benefits, and patient satisfaction lasting up to 180days in most participants. The length of efficacy, which exceeded those reported in the literature, may be attributed to the use of techniques based on individualized assessment such as ONE21 and glabellar patterns of contraction.

Disparities in pathways to reduction mammaplasty: A single institution review of 425 women with macromastia

BackgroundReduction mammaplasty improves the quality of life by providing functional and aesthetic benefits to women with macromastia. This study contributes to the existing literature on socioeconomic and clinical barriers to referral for plastic surgery procedures by focusing specifically on reduction mammaplasty. MethodsPatients with macromastia were identified via a chart review in a single institution from 2021–2022. The treatment pathway for each patient was characterized by reception of referral, completion of plastic surgery consultation, and eventual reception of surgery. After controlling for clinical covariates, multivariate logistic regression was applied to quantify the independent impact of race, insurance, and language status on the completion of surgery (p < 0.05). ResultsThe final patient cohort included 425 women with macromastia. Among the 151 patients who were first seen by a primary care physician, 64 (42%) completed an initial plastic surgery consultation. Among all patients, 160 (38%) eventually underwent reduction mammaplasty. Multivariate regression predictions indicated a lower likelihood of completing breast reduction surgery in patients with current smoking history (OR: 0.08, 95% CI: 0.01–0.59) and higher body mass index (BMI) (OR: 0.94, 95% CI: 0.90–0.97) (p < 0.05). Minority race and ethnicity, private insurance status, and primary language status were not significant predictors of this outcome (p > 0.05). ConclusionsIn this study, the socioeconomic variables were not independent predictors of breast reduction surgery completion. However, the association of minority race and ethnicity and nonprivate insurance status with the most common reasons for breast reduction deferral suggest an indirect influence of socioeconomic status on the treatment pathway.

Use of Toxic and Allergen Plants in Landscape Arrangements of Urban Historical Areas: The Case of Çeşme Castle (İzmir)

Urban historical areas and buildings are structures that provide important information, culture and tradition transfer from the past to the present. These places are both an effective tourism area and a part of urban life. In addition to the aesthetic, ecological and functional benefits of the plants to be used in urban historical areas, their allergenic and toxic effects should be paid attention. Exposure to plants with toxic effects may cause mild or serious adverse effects on human health. The study was carried out to identify toxic and allergenic plants in the historical area of Çeşme Castle and to make evaluations about the area. Plants were examined on site in the study area and photographs were taken. According to the literature, the allergenic effects, toxic status, toxic parts and active ingredient of the plant species were determined. The data obtained were analysed and as a result of the analyses; 30 plant species, 29 genera and 22 families were identified in the area. Toxic plant species ratio in the area was 53.33 % and allergenic plant species ratio was 36.66 %. According to their forms, toxic plant species ratio was 37.5 % and allergenic plant species ratio was 81.81 %, with the highest proportion found in tree form plant species. Among the identified plants, 5 species have both toxic and allergenic effects. Recommendations have been made regarding the use of poisonous and allergenic plants in the field. Recommendations was made regarding the use of toxic and allergenic plants in the area.