AES Techniques Research Articles

Efficient and Secure EMR Storage and Sharing Scheme Based on Hyperledger Fabric and IPFS

This study examines the issues of privacy protection, data security, and query efficiency in blockchain-based electronic medical record (EMR) sharing. It proposes a secure storage and sharing scheme for EMR based on Hyperledger Fabric and the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS). To mitigate the privacy risks of data mining that could reveal patient identities, we establish an attribution channel in Hyperledger Fabric to store EMR ownership information and a data channel to store the storage location, digest, and usage records of medical data. Encrypted medical data are stored in the IPFS. To improve query efficiency in the blockchain, we integrate queryable medical data attributes into a composite key for conditional queries, avoiding complex data filtering processes. Additionally, we use a zero-knowledge proof combined with smart contracts for decentralized identity verification, eliminating reliance on third-party centralized verification services and enhancing system security. We also integrate AES and proxy re-encryption techniques to ensure data security during sharing. This scheme provides a more secure, efficient, and privacy-preserving approach for EMR systems, with significant practical implications and broad application potential.

Effect of slight cobalt incorporation on the chemical, structural, morphological, optoelectronic, and photocatalytic properties of ZnO thin film

In this study, the effect of low-content cobalt doping on the chemical, structural, morphological, optoelectronic, and photocatalytic properties of ZnO was systematically investigated via XRD, XPS, AES, UPS, PL, UV-vis, and AFM techniques. In this regard, pure and Co (1 at%, 3 at%)-doped ZnO (Co-ZnO#1, Co-ZnO#3) thin films were synthesized using the ultrasonic spray pyrolysis technique. Similarly, the samples were used to coat the inner walls of transparent tubes for MB photocatalytic degradation. AFM-images reveal a high tendency for crystalline grains of both CoZnO surfaces to aggregate to form large ones, increasing the mean roughness. XRD, XPS, and AES, as sensitive and complementary techniques, substantiate the successful Co incorporation as a substitute for Zn, especially with low content (1 at%). UV-vis, PL, and UPS were adopted to study the influence of Co substituting Zn on the optoelectronic properties of ZnO, including the valence band electronic structure, bandgap, mid-bandgap states, excitonic emission, work function, Fermi level, and ionization potential. Besides, PL spectra of both Co-ZnO films reveal the participation of band-to-band transition in UV emissions and a useful intense red-emission at 685 nm, due to the Co incorporation. However, bandgap narrowing, Fermi level lowering, a redshift with considerable fluctuations in excitonic emission, and a perfect quenching of visible emission (400–640 nm) were observed only with Co(1 at%)-doping. These factors combined with the increased grain size, the decreased microstrain, and the low ionization potential (6.80 eV) are suggested to be responsible for improving the photocatalytic efficiency in Co-ZnO#1.

Essay Scoring Model Based on Gated Recurrent Unit Technique

Educational evaluation is a major factor in determining students’ learning aptitude and academic performance. The scoring technique that relies solely on human labour is time consuming, costly, and logistically challenging as this rating is usually based on the opinion of “biased” human. Several studies have considered using machine learning techniques with feature extraction based on Term Frequency (TF) - Part of Speech (POS) Tagging without consideration to global vectorization (GloVe). These solutions require the process of selecting deterministic features that are directly related to essay quality which is time-consuming and needs a great deal of linguistic knowledge. Gated Recurrent Unit (a variation of Recurrent Neural Network) deep learning technique with focus on morphological analysis of essays for content-based assessment has therefore shown the capability of addressing the challenges posed by other AES techniques by building more abstract and complete linkages among features. Deep learning algorithms such as Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), and Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) were used to learn the model with performance evaluation on metrics such as validation accuracy, training time, loss function, and Quadratic Weighted Kappa. The performance results showed that MLP, LSTM and GRU had average Quadratic Weighted Kappa (QWK) values of 0.65, 0.86 and 0.88 respectively with each algorithm having an average training time of 61.4, 62.68 and 67.86 seconds respectively. The loss functions for MLP, LSTM and GRU were 0.296, 0.24 and 0.126. This meant that GRU had the best estimate of the difference between the actual and forecasted scores. MLP, LSTM, and GRU had average validation accuracy of 0.48, 0.537, and 0.511 respectively. GRU was shown to be the optimal classifier and was used in the development of the essay scoring model.

Primary characteristics of selected stalagmites from four caves located between Erdemli and Silifke (Mersin), southern Turkey—implications on their formation

This study describes the primary chacteristics of the selected stalagmites from the four caves in southern Turkey and interprets their formation via petrographic, SEM–EDX, XRD, ICP–AES and stable isotope techniques. The analytical results show that the stalagmites are composed of low Mg-calcite associated with trace to small amount of impurities such as clays. Lamination is characteristic in all the stalagmites and mainly includes sparitic and micritic growth layers. In the sparitic layers, columnar crystal fabric is common together with rare dendritic fabric. The columnar fabric consists of elongated calcite crystals and indicates slow inorganic precipitation. Whereas the dendritic fabric consists of fibrous-like calcite crystals oriented at two directions, and is related to the colonization of fungus and later their calcification indicating growth interruptions. Micritic growth layers characterize relatively rapid precipitation. The stable isotope (δ18O and δ13C) values suggest precipitation mainly from meteoric water and reflect the effect of the seawater by wash over or splash action in the stalagmite sample of Guvercinlik Cave located at sea level. The small variations in the δ18O and δ13C values are mainly controlled by amount of rainfall due to the seasonal changes and also input of seawater. Rainy periods are characterized by the relatively more negative δ18O and δ13C values and low contents of trace elements. Sea water input significantly increases the δ18O, δ13C, Na2O, MgO, Sr and Ba values.

Hybrid Encryption Algorithm to Detect Clone Node Attack in Wireless Sensor Network

Wireless sensor network (WSN) is the collection of sensor nodes which are distributed in a specific environment. WSN is resource-controlled network which is vulnerable to physical attacks i.e. clone node attack. An attacker acquires information from captured node and then creates the cloned node in the WSN. The main purpose of the cloned nodes is to control the entire network and increase the invasion in the sensor network. When communicating from legitimate node to other node, the message is not secure, so an attacker can modify it. Current asymmetric encryption methods and symmetric encryption methods can provide a level of security, but there are some limitations in it. The hybrid encryption method combining the asymmetric and symmetric methods which will offers high security with minimal key management. We have proposed a new hybrid secure encryption method in this paper which combines the asymmetric and symmetric cryptography method. The proposed efficient algorithm to protect communication from clone node attacks in wireless sensor network. The hybrid algorithm uses advanced cryptographic standards AES, BSDN and Dual RSA encryption techniques and MD5 hash functions. In this algorithm, message is divided into three parts and BSDN, AES and Dual RSA encryption are parallel implemented to the sub-message. The proposed algorithm is analyzed based on parameters such as encryption, decryption and execution time. The result shows that proposed encryption algorithm works better in terms of encryption and decryption time.

Oxidation and reduction processes in Ni/Cu/Cr/Si(100) thin films under low-energy ion irradiation

Ni(25 nm)/Cu(25 nm)/Cr(25 nm) thin films were deposited by DC magnetron sputtering at room temperature onto Si(100) single-crystal substrates and irradiated by low-energy Ar+ ions in the energy range of 400–2000 eV with fluences of 1.4 × 1016–1.1 × 1017 ion cm−2. Influence of the ion bombardment on the structural properties, surface morphology and chemical composition was investigated using XRD, AFM, SEM, AES, XPS, SIMS and SNMS techniques. It was found that the low-energy ion bombardment does not lead to phase composition modifications, but causes reduction of Ni layer crystallites size. Optimal bombardment mode (energy 800 eV, fluence 5.6 × 1016 ion cm−2), providing reduction of impurities amount in all three layers of the stack without diffusion intermixing between main components, was determined. Calculated coefficients of internal layers passivation are in good agreement with found increase of Cr and Cu layers thicknesses due to the reduction processes. New model of reduction processes taking into account the long-range effect was proposed.

Preparation of Pd/SAPO-34/PSS composite membranes for hydrogen separation: Effect of crystallization time on the zeolite growth on PSS support

In this study, palladium composite membranes were fabricated on porous stainless steel (PSS) supports using silicoaluminophosphate (SAPO) zeolite (SAPO-34) as a diffusion barrier and substrate modifier. The vacuum-assisted seeding and secondary growth method was used to coat the SAPO-34 zeolite layer on the PSS substrates. The morphologies and microstructures of the membranes were analyzed by AFM, XRD, BET, ICP–AES, FESEM and EDX techniques. The effect of crystallization time (24, 48 and 72h) on the morphology and quality of SAPO-34 modified supports was studied. A continuous palladium layer with a thickness of about 9μm was deposited on the SAPO-34 modified PSS support (72h crystallization time) by electroless plating (ELP) route. The hydrogen permeation tests were carried out in the feed pressures range of 2–4bar and various temperatures (623, 673 and 723K). The values of the hydrogen permeance and ideal selectivity of H2/N2 for the PSM3 membrane were achieved 7.1×10–7molm–2s–1Pa–1 and 866, respectively a feed pressure of 2bar and 723K. In addition, the PSM3 membrane showed perfect stability during 260h hydrogen permeation experiment at a feed pressure of 2bar and 623K.

Synthesis of silicon-substituted hydroxyapatite using hydrothermal process

An alternative route for preparing silicon-substituted hydroxyapatite powders Ca10(PO4)6−x(SiO4)x(OH)2−x (Si-HAp); using different content of SiO4 (0.588–0.48M) in the aqueous solution of Si precursor was investigated. Tetramethylammonium silicate (TMAS) was used as a silicon precursor. The experiments were carried out via conventional hydrothermal treatments at 150°C for 10h. The Si-HAp nanoparticles obtained were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform IR spectroscopy (FTIR), inductively coupled plasma AES (ICPAES) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. A drastically decrease of the diffraction was not observed by increasing the Si content in the structure of the hydrothermally Si-Hap particles produced. A detailed structural analysis conducted by Rietveld refinement indicated that the incorporation of Si occurred in hydroxyapatite (HAp) lattice by partially replacing phosphate (PO43−) groups with silicate (SiO44−) groups. Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis confirmed the substitution of PO43− by SiO44− in the Si-HAp structure. The crystallite size decreases by increasing the Si molar content in the hexagonal HAp structure. TEM observations revealed that the Si-HAp produced have a high crystallinity. A slight decrease of the particle size of the Si-HAp compared to pure HAp was observed (from 60–100nm to 40–70nm). The morphological analysis revealed that all the SiHAp powders prepared have the rod-like shape. Additionally, a slight decrease in both length and diameter of nanorods was observed by increasing the silicon content, the minimum size obtained for the powders containing the largest amount of Si (20Si-HAp) 25 and 70nm. The presence of Si in the structure of the Si-HAp favored densification of the compacts treated at high temperature 1200°C in comparison with pure HAp.

Arsenic Contamination in Indus Alluvial Plain Sediments and Groundwater of Hyderabad and its Surroundings, Pakistan

Alluvial aquifers are the main source of groundwater worldwide. In Hyderabad area of Sindh province, aquifers are naturally polluted by arsenic (As) like other alluvial aquifers of the world. Present study was carried out to decipher the mobilization mechanism of arsenic in Holocene aquifers of Indus river basin, where a large population is at the risk of arsenic ingested diseases. Fifty groundwater samples were collected from Hyderabad and its surrounding areas to examine their physical, chemical and microbiological characteristics. In 80% of the groundwater samples, TDS is above the WHO limit. Dominant (40%) hydrofacies in groundwater of study area is NaCl, which shows water-rock interaction and cation exchange mechanism. In order to investigate the source of arsenic, eleven near-surface soil samples were also collected and analyzed for elemental and mineral composition using XRD and AES techniques. Correlation Coefficient, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and multivariate statistical analyses were used to interpret the data. Arsenic ranges between 10-150 µg/L in groundwater, while in soil samples it ranges from 77 and 137µg/kg. Findings showed that arsenic is mobilized in the alluvial aquifers of Indus river through dissolution/ leaching of iron oxyhydroxides under anoxic conditions. Arsenic is mainly leached from mica and phlogopite under reducing conditions. Meandering of Indus river through different historical time periods is an important factor for the distribution of redox zones created by mirco-biodegradation of organic matter rich with clayey sediments. Irrigation return flow, infiltration of sewerage in groundwater and unlined sanitation are also important anthropogenic factors for creating local anoxic conditions to mobilize arsenic in groundwater.

Arsenic Contamination in Indus Alluvial Plain Sediments and Groundwater of Hyderabad and its Surroundings, Pakistan

Alluvial aquifers are the main source of groundwater worldwide. In Hyderabad area of Sindh province, aquifers are naturally polluted by arsenic (As) like other alluvial aquifers of the world. Present study was carried out to decipher the mobilization mechanism of arsenic in Holocene aquifers of Indus river basin, where a large population is at the risk of arsenic ingested diseases. Fifty groundwater samples were collected from Hyderabad and its surrounding areas to examine their physical, chemical and microbiological characteristics. In 80% of the groundwater samples, TDS is above the WHO limit. Dominant (40%) hydrofacies in groundwater of study area is NaCl, which shows water-rock interaction and cation exchange mechanism. In order to investigate the source of arsenic, eleven near-surface soil samples were also collected and analyzed for elemental and mineral composition using XRD and AES techniques. Correlation Coefficient, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and multivariate statistical analyses were used to interpret the data. Arsenic ranges between 10-150 µg/L in groundwater, while in soil samples it ranges from 77 and 137µg/kg. Findings showed that arsenic is mobilized in the alluvial aquifers of Indus river through dissolution/ leaching of iron oxyhydroxides under anoxic conditions. Arsenic is mainly leached from mica and phlogopite under reducing conditions. Meandering of Indus river through different historical time periods is an important factor for the distribution of redox zones created by mirco-biodegradation of organic matter rich with clayey sediments. Irrigation return flow, infiltration of sewerage in groundwater and unlined sanitation are also important anthropogenic factors for creating local anoxic conditions to mobilize arsenic in groundwater.

CeO2−xNx Solid Solutions: Synthesis, Characterization, Electronic Structure and Catalytic Study for CO Oxidation

In this work, CeO2−xNx materials have been prepared by the solution combustion method. All the prepared materials were characterized by powder-XRD, TEM, ICP–AES, RAMAN and XPS techniques. XRD and TEM confirmed 6–18 nm particles of CeO2−xNx materials (UC10, UC7, UC4 and UC1). Among different materials, UC10 showed the highest number of oxygen vacancies (Raman). With increase in U/C (fuel/oxidizer) ratio, the particle size decreased, whereas the specific surface area and oxygen vacancies increased. The oxygen vacancies are created because of charge imbalance and lattice distortion in ceria. The presence of N in ceria causes smaller crystallites and large specific surface area. XPS indicates N–Ce–O environment in CeO2−xNx materials. It is observed that oxygen vacancies created by nitrogen doping play an important role in cerium oxynitrides for CO oxidation reaction. The catalytic order of CeO2−xNx materials is as follows: UC10 > UC7 > UC4 > UC1. This is due to the larger number of oxygen vacancies possessed by UC10 material as compared to others. UC10 also showed an excellent 24 h time-on-stream stability for CO oxidation. The apparent activation energy of UC10 is found to be 51.1 kJ mol−1. This shows that CeO2−xNx materials are highly active and stable for CO oxidation.

Ce(III) immobilized on aminated poly(vinyl chloride): high-performance synergistic bifunctional acid–base catalyst for one-pot synthesis of 1,4-dihydropyrano[2,3-c]pyrazoles

A bifunctional acid–base catalyst of CeIII immobilized on ethylenediamine (EDA)-grafted poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) has been prepared by a simple approach. First, PVC was treated with EDA to afford aminated poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC–EDA). Thereafter, the PVC–EDA were used in the mobilization of CeCl3 to obtain a bifunctional catalyst (PVC–EDA–CeIII) in which a harmonious coexistence of Lewis acid (Ce3+) sites and Lewis base (amine) moieties on PVC was achieved. The obtained PVC–EDA–CeIII complex was characterized by EA, ICP–AES, FT-IR, SEM, EDS, TGA, and DTG techniques. The as-prepared catalyst can efficiently catalyze the one-pot four-component reactions of aromatic aldehydes, malononitrile, ethyl acetoacetate, and hydrazine in ethanol under mild conditions to afford polyfunctionalized 1,4-dihydropyrano[2,3-c]pyrazoles with excellent yields. The high catalytic performance of the PVC–EDA–CeIII bifunctional catalyst is attributed to a synergistic effect of Lewis acid sites (CeIII) and Lewis base sites (amino moieties). The significant features of the present protocol are environmentally benign, simple operation, short reaction time, high yields, and without chromatographic separation. Moreover, the catalyst can easily be separated by simple filtration and reused for five runs without obvious decline or losing its catalytic activity.

A Hybrid Approach for Image Encryption using Different Number Iterations in ECC and AES Techniques

A Hybrid Approach for Image Encryption using Different Number Iterations in ECC and AES Techniques

Nanoscale Chemical Characterization of Solid-State Microbattery Stacks by Means of Auger Spectroscopy and Ion-Milling Cross Section Preparation.

The current sustained demand for "smart" and connected devices has created a need for more miniaturized power sources, hence for microbatteries. Lithium-ion or "lithium-free" all-solid-state thin-film batteries are adapted solutions to this issue. The capability to carry out spatially resolved chemical analysis is fundamental for the understanding of the operation in an all-solid-state microbattery. Classically cumbersome and not straightforward techniques as TEM/STEM/EELS and FIB preparation methods could be used to address this issue. The challenge in this work is to make the characterization of Li-based material possible by coupling ion-milling cross section preparation method and AES techniques to characterize the behavior of a LiCoO2 positive electrode in an all solid state microbattery. The surface chemistry of LiCoO2 has been studied before and after LiPON deposition. Modifications of the chemical environments characteristic of the positive electrode have been reported at different steps of the electrochemical process. An original qualitative and a semiquantitative analysis has been used in this work with the peak deconvolution method based on real, certified reference spectra to better understand the lithiation/delithiation process. This original coupling has demonstrated that a full study of the pristine, cycled, and post mortem positive electrode in a microbattery is also possible. The ion-milling preparation method allows access to a large area, and the resolution of Auger analysis is highly resolved in energy to separate the lithium and the cobalt signals in an accurate way.

Determination of Selected Metals in Fruit Wines by Spectroscopic Techniques.

Background The determination of metals in different types of food and beverages samples has drawn significant attention due to several reasons with the most important one being the nutritional and toxic effects of these elements or their compounds. The knowledge of certain elements content in wines/fruit wines is of special interest due to their toxicity in case of excessive intake and also the effect they seem to have on the organoleptic properties of wine. Results The study was focused on measuring the concentration levels of trace metals in fruit wines. Analysis of K, Ca, Fe, Zn, Cd, Mg, Pb, Sn, and Hg in so-called homemade fruit wine was carried out by AES, AAS, CV-AAS, and GF-AAS techniques. The calculated calibration curves showed good linearity range for all tested analytes (with coefficient of determination in the range from 0.989 to 0.999). The low values of the limit of detection (from 0.0031 μg/L to 0.47 mg/L) and the limit of quantification (from 0.009 μg/L to 1.41 mg/L) were obtained. Conclusions The allowed levels of metal in fruit wines are prescribed by the International Office for Grapes and Wines (OIV). The data obtained from the study area for all metals did not exceed the international limits.

Gurumukhi Text Hiding using Steganography in Video

in telecommunication systems has made the secret information vulnerable to many types of attacks. Steganography provides a method to conceal the very existence of secret message. Due to tremendous growth in technology, secret messages are getting exchanged in many languages other than English through different media like images, videos, and audio and text documents. Video Steganography has become a popular topic due to the significant growth of video data over internet. This paper presents an effective LSB based approach to disguise encrypted Gurumukhi text inside a video. In this paper, besides employing the modified LSB substitution technique at a fundamental stage, advantage of refined OPAP, Canny edge detection and identical match techniques has been taken to improve the results. To provide dual layer of security AES techniques has been used to permute the message before embedding it. Experimental results shows enhancement in security performance, embedding capacity, Bit Error Rate (BER), Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR), Mean squared error (MSE), Histogram Error values after implementation of this hybrid approach as compared to other video Steganography techniques.

A Novel Idea on Multimedia Encryption Using Hybrid Crypto Approach

Data security is of utmost importance in today's world. Especially when the data is travelling through an insecure communication network. There are symmetric key encryption techniques which use only one key for both encryption and decryption of the data. They are simple in design but can be easily cracked using brute force attacks. The entire security of such a cipher could be compromised if the attacker anyhow gets access to the keys. On the other hand, there are asymmetric key based algorithms which use a pair of keys, one for encryption, and the other for decryption, whose security is higher as compared to the symmetric ones but lack in time efficiency. It is also difficult to manage such a huge base of key-pairs efficiently and safely. This paper mainly focusses on the implementation of a system capable of encryption and decryption of multimedia data (Text, Images, Videos, Audio etc.) using a hybrid model based on the amalgamation of symmetric encryption techniques such as AES and asymmetric techniques such as ECC. ECC is based on the toughness of the discrete logarithm problem (DLP), whose public key is short, network bandwidth is little and ability to resist to attack is strong which makes it really difficult to guess the keys. Even if the attacker gets access to any of the keys, he or she won’t be in a position to decipher it in a relatively finite amount of man-years.

Influence of Al grain boundaries segregations and La-doping on embrittlement of intermetallic NiAl

The microscopic nature of intergranular fracture of NiAl was experimentally investigated by the set of electron spectroscopy techniques. The paper demonstrates that embrittlement of NiAl intermetallic compound is caused by ordering of atomic structure that leads to formation of structural aluminum segregations at grain boundaries (GB). Such segregations contain high number of brittle covalent interatomic bonds. The alloying by La increases the ductility of material avoiding Al GB enrichment and disordering GB atomic structure. The influence of La alloying on NiAl mechanical properties was investigated. GB chemical composition, atomic and electronic structure transformations after La doping were investigated by AES, XPS and EELFS techniques. To qualify the interatomic bonds metallicity the Fermi level (EF) position and electrons density (neff) in conduction band were determined in both undoped and doped NiAl. Basing on experimental results the physical model of GB brittleness formation was proposed.

Ordered surface-alloys formation in the Zr/W(1 0 0) adsorption system

The Zr/W(100) adsorption system was examined in situ, applying STM, LEED and AES techniques. Zr mono-layers of average thickness 1.7–2.0, vapor-deposited under UHV on W(100) surface, were gradually annealed from 1200 to 2100K. Up to 1700K Zr layers were isomorphic with the substrate. Two surface superstructures of W(100) –(5×5)R26.6 and W(100)−c(2×4) were identified one at the temperature range 1700–2000K, the other above 2000K. The analysis of the experimental data combined with the ab initio structural calculations made it possible to ascribe the superstructures respectively to Zr4W and Zr3W ordered surface alloys.

Initial oxidation of TiFe1−xMnx (x = 0–0.3) by low dose exposures to H2O and O2

The very initial room-temperature oxidation processes of the ternary pseudo-binary TiFe1−xMnx (x=0–0.3) intermetallics by trace amounts of H2O vapor and O2 were studied utilizing XPS and AES techniques. Different reactivities of the two gases were obtained, with a lower oxidation ability of H2O, relative to O2, as anticipated from thermodynamic considerations. The exposure to O2 results in a two stage oxidation of the Ti ingredient, which first converts into a divalent TiO (up to exposures of about 2L), then proceeds into a tetravalent TiO2 form. Unlike oxygen, water exposure produces only the divalent oxide through the whole exposure range studied (11L). The Mn component in these compounds is oxidized only by O2 and not by H2O. The Fe ingredient is not oxidized at all and remains in its metallic form up to exposures of 30L.