Airplane Engine Research Articles

Priority-based two-phase method for hierarchical service composition allocation in cloud manufacturing

Manufacturing service composition (MSC) is an essential issue in cloud manufacturing, which streamlines complex manufacturing tasks into manageable subtasks and integrates distributed services to enhance task completion. Existing studies allocate services for subtasks with maximizing quality of service (QoS) simultaneously, assuming that all subtasks are of equal importance. However, different subtasks hold varied significance and priorities. One rational method is to prioritize the allocation of premium or scarce services to important subtasks. Therefore, this study proposes a two-phase, subtask priority-based approach for the hierarchical allocation of the MSC. The initial phase applies a multi-attribute decision-making method based on complex networks, the Enhanced Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS-EK), to assess subtask importance. The TOPSIS-EK method ascertains subtask importance, delineating the subtasks into Key Manufacturing Subtasks (KMTs) and Ordinary Manufacturing Subtasks (OMTs). The second phase uses bilevel optimization for the hierarchical allocation of the MSC to KMTs and OMTs, respectively. A hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization and Genetic Algorithm with Chaos-sequence and Inheritance (PSOGA-CI) is developed to solve the model. The proposed approach is validated with a case on the production of an airplane engine turbine rotor blade.

Thermal Vibration of Thick FGM Conical Shells by Using Third-Order Shear Deformation Theory.

A time-dependent third-order shear deformation theory (TSDT) approach on the displacements of thick functionally graded material (FGM) conical shells under dynamic thermal vibration is studied. Dynamic equations of motion with TSDT for thick FGM conical shells are applied directly with the partial derivative of variable R*θ in the curve coordinates (x, θ, z) instead of y in the Cartesian coordinates (x, y, z) for thick FGM plates, where R* is the middle-surface radius at any point on conical shells. The generalized differential quadrature (GDQ) numerical method is used to solve the dynamic differential equations in equilibrium matrix forms under thermal loads. It is the novelty of the current study to identify the parametric effects of shear correction coefficient, environment temperature, TSDT model, and FGM power law index on the displacements and stresses in the thick conical shells only subjected to sinusoidal heating loads. The physical parts with values on the length-to-thickness ratio equals 5, and 10 FGMs can be used in an area of an airplane engine that usually operates near more than 1000 K of temperatures when the thermal stress is considered and affected. The important findings of the presented study are listed as follows. The values of normal stress are in decreasing tendencies with time in cases when the coefficient c1 equals 0.925925/mm2 in TSDT and length-to-thickness ratio equals 5. The shear stress values in x plane z direction on the minor middle-surface radius (r) equals the major middle-surface radius (R) over 8 and length-to-thickness ratio equals to 5 can withstand T = 1000 K of pressure.

Computational Mechanics for Turbofan Engine Blade Containment Testing: Fan Case Design and Blade Impact Dynamics by Finite Element Simulations

The harsh environment during airplane take-off and flights with complex operating conditions require a high dynamic and impact resistance capability of airplane engines. The design, development, and performance evaluation of new turbofan engines are generally performed through numerical simulations before a full-scale model or prototype experiment for certification. Simulations of fan blade containment tests can reduce trial–error testing and are currently the most convenient and inexpensive alternative for design; however, certification failure is always a risk if the calibration of material models is not correctly applied. This work presents a three-dimensional computational model of a turbofan for designing new engines that meet the certification requirements under the blade containment test. Two calibrated Johnson–Cook plasticity and damage laws for Ti64 are assessed in a simulation of a turbofan blade containment test, demonstrating the ability of the models to be used in the safe design of aircraft engine components subjected to dynamic impact loads with large deformations and adequate damage tolerance.

PERANCANGAN SISTEM INFORMASI PENGARSIPAN BUKTI TRANSAKSI PEMBAYARAN BERBASIS WEB DI PT NUSANTARA TURBIN DAN PROPULSI

PT Nusantara Turbine and Propulsion is a company engaged in the maintenance, repair and overhaul (MRO) of gas turbines on an airplane engine. The research conducted to design Payment Transaction Proof Filing Information System at PT Nusantara Turbine and Propulsion with the aim of producing a web-based application that plays a role in digitally collecting documents that were previously done manually. The research method for developing these applications uses SDLC (Problem identification, Data analysis, Design, Testing, Implementation, and Maintenance) & UML. This web application uses MYSQL & APACHE as a local server and is created using PHPRAD. UML plays a role in representing the workflow of a system. The result of this research is a web-based proof of payment transaction archiving application that aims to make it easier for workers when archiving, such as searching and storing documents so that it can be done digitally.

Henry Royce: The Engineer Who Designed Engines

British engineer Henry Royce is renowned as the designer of legendary car and aeroplane engines, whose name is immortalised in one of the world’s most recognisable luxury brands.

An Investigation of Exhaust Gas Temperature of Aircraft Engine Using LSTM

A significant obstacle to creating efficient machine health monitoring systems is estimating performance degradation in dynamic systems, like aero plane engines. In exceedingly complex systems with many components, states, and parameters, conventional model-based and data-driven methods fall short of producing satisfactory results. While traditional methods had several drawbacks, deep learning has emerged as a viable computational tool for dynamic system prediction. In order to track system deterioration and estimate the EGT, a novel technique based on the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network, (an architecture created to find the hidden patterns hidden in time series data) is provided in this research. The health monitoring information of aircraft turbofan engines is used to assess the effectiveness of the proposed strategy. As a result of this network’s ability to recognize the input data as a real-time series, the output in the following step can be predicted. Results of the suggested study show a significant ability to anticipate the output in the following time step. Additionally, the proposed model has a shorter learning curve and is more accurate.

Investigations of tool wear of coated carbide tool while machining X-750 nickel alloy

Modern advanced structures and machinery rely heavily on advanced materials. Ni-based superalloys have applications in nuclear power plants, gas engines, airplane engines, turbines, etc. All these environments have high temperatures, thus; the material is selected such that it demonstrates sufficient strength at high temperatures. Ni-based superalloys present this characteristic due to their “high strength temperature resistant” (HSTR) nature. In the present work, an attempt has been made to machine X-750 nickel alloy on conventional machining considering rotational speed (TRS), feed (F) and depth of cut (DoC) as input machining variables. The coated carbide insert has been used at different machining cutting of input machining variables. The tool wear is assumed as an output parameter and the effect of input of parameters on the tool wear has been investigated. It has been observed that with the increase in rotational speed, feed and depth of cut the value of flank wear increases. The main mechanisms of tool wear exist in the present study are abrasion, adhesion and chipping, which are observed after the analysis of tool inserts by optical as well as scanning electron microscopy. The optimized setting for minimum TW (0.2716 mm) is TRS: 1362RPM; DoC: 01 mm and F: 0.07 mm/rev.

Reducing airplane cabin and fuselage noise using active and passive control techniques

The focus of this research is on making a wide discussion about the sources and control techniques of noise propagating to the passenger airplane cabin and fuselage. The first part of the document discusses the effects of vibration induced noise (vibro-acoustic) transmitted from airplane engines and aerodynamic impact on the main body of the aircraft besides to air-conditioning vibrations. These vibrations transmit noise to the cabin and fuselage causing discomfort to passengers. Finite element modelling technique is used to make this study. Two different solutions are suggested to control and get rid of these vibrations; passive control techniques using tuned mass dampers is one of the suggested solutions and the second solution is an active control technique using piezoelectric actuator and force sensor with integral force feedback compensator. The performance of the active control is much higher than that of the passive one but it is much more expensive.

Contribution of Airplane Engine Emissions on the Local Air Quality around Stuttgart Airport during and after COVID-19 Lockdown Measures

Air quality investigations at airports have shown that aircrafts cause a significant increase in air pollution at and around the vicinity of the airport, which can cause adverse effects on human health. The objective of this research was to investigate the aircraft-sourced pollutant levels at the Stuttgart airport and in the surrounding areas during and after COVID-19 lockdown measures. Three phases of stationary measurements of ultrafine particles (UFP), particulate matter (PM), black carbon (BC), CO2, O3, NO, and NO2 were made at various points on the east and west sides of the airport in the extension of the airport runway. In first phase of measurement, the airport was closed for construction, and no air traffic took place. In the second phase, the airport was reopened with limited operation due to a lockdown period at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. Finally, in the third phase, measurements were performed during the peak summer holiday travel season to measure the air quality during maximum air traffic, after the end of the first lockdown period. While there were fewer notable changes in the BC concentrations, coarse PM fractions, and gases across the three phases, there were significant increases in the UFP concentrations from aircraft emissions. Throughout the three phases, the peak particle concentration decreased from between 27 and 86 nm in phase 1. to between 27 and 35 nm in phase 2, to finally 11 nm in phase 3 on all days in which the aircraft plumes were measured. During flight arrivals, definite increases in UFP particle number concentration (PNC) were observed, with the majority of the particles being in the 10 nm size class. These results were measured repeatedly on both sides of the airport in the direct prolongation of the runway and even at distances of up to 3 km away in nearby neighbouring communities. While the overall PM and UFP levels are affected by vehicular traffic, the freeway measurements showed particles from aircrafts and vehicles are distinguishable using the parameters PNC and Dp. The BC concentrations were rarely influenced by aircraft activity, while only some NO and NO2 peaks were measured depending on the consistency of the wind.

Material extrusion additive manufacturing of multifunctional sandwich panels with load-bearing and acoustic capabilities for aerospace applications

Reducing the noise produced by airplane engines is a significant challenge for the aerospace industry. In the present work, we investigate the design and fabrication of an acoustic sandwich panel featuring wider sound-absorbing performance compared to the currently employed technologies (e.g., perforated honeycomb cell sandwich panels). The use of material extrusion additive manufacturing (MEAM) enables us to create panels in one manufacturing step with complex geometry. The developed multifunctional (i.e., mechanical and acoustic) sandwich panel, which is based on the combination of five Helmholtz resonators, demonstrates an absorption spectrum over 517 Hz when measured with an impedance tube. The developed acoustic design, named Trapezoidal Compact (TC) sandwich, has an acoustic spectrum with more than 90% of absorption, comprised between 643 Hz and 1160 Hz. Three-point bending tests revealed that the stiffness of the sandwich panels with the TC geometry is up to ∼10% higher than those of the panels with a standard hexagonal honeycomb (HC) structure, additively manufactured with the same mass and wall thickness. The design developed in this work will contribute to the improvement of additive manufacturing process of multifunctional structures for aerospace applications.

Pollutant Emissions from Airplane Engines

Pollutant Emissions from Airplane Engines

All My Sons

All My Sons

A Distance-Field-Based Pipe-Routing Method.

Pipes are commonly used to transport fuels, air, water, gas, hydraulic power, and other fluid-like materials in engine rooms, houses, factories, airplanes, and ships. Thus, pipe routing is essential in many industrial applications, including ship construction, machinery manufacturing, house building, laying out engine rooms, etc. To be functional, a pipe system should be economical while satisfying spatial constraints and safety regulations. Numerous routing algorithms have been published to optimize the pipe length and the number of elbows. However, relatively few methods have been designed to lay out pipes which strictly meet the spatial constraints and safety regulations. This article proposes a distance-field-based piping algorithm to remedy this problem. The proposed method converts the workspace into a 3D image and computes a distance field upon the workspace first. It then creates a feasible space out of the workspace by peeling the distance field and segmenting the 3D image. The resultant feasible space is collision-free and satisfies the spatial constraints and safety regulations. In the following step, a path-finding process, subjected to a cost function, is triggered to arrange the pipe inside the feasible space. Consequently, the cost of the pipe is optimized, and the pipe path rigidly meets the spatial constraints and safety regulations. The proposed method works effectively even if the workspace is narrow and complicated. In three experiments, the proposed method is employed to lay out pipes inside an underwater vehicle, a machinery room, and a two-story house, respectively. Not only do the resultant pipes possess minimal costs, but they also meet the spatial constraints and safety regulations, as predicted. In addition to developing the routing procedure, we also design a visualization subsystem to reveal the progression of the piping process and the variation of the workspace in the run time. Based on the displayed images, users can therefore evaluate the quality of the pipes on the fly and tune the piping parameters if necessary.

Feature extraction of mixed faults of intershaft bearing based on homologous information and Hjorth parameters

To make correct judgment on the mixed faults of intershaft bearing of aeroplane engine, the paper has proposed a feature option method. This method works by decomposing cross-correlation function (CCF) of homogeneous information from casing with intrinsic time scale decomposition (ITD) for the separation and blending of signals. Furthermore, option of proper rotation components (PRCs) for fault identification is made by abandoning the PRC related with the least Complexity parameter in Hjorth parameters. Moreover, signal is reconstructed based on the autocorrelation function (AF) of residual PRCs. Finally, according to the frequency spectrum of signal reconstructed, fault features corresponding to intershaft bearing are extracted and fault types estimated. The result indicates that the Complexity parameter in Hjorth parameter can be used as an evaluation index to implement the selecting of sensitive fault components. Furthermore, the mixed fault types which come from intershaft bearing of aeroplane engine could be judged correctly.

Vibration Properties of Dual-Rotor Systems under Base Excitation, Mass Unbalance and Gravity

Rotor systems installed in a transportation system or under seismic excitations are considered to have a moving base. Although extensive research has been conducted on the dynamic behavior of the single-rotor system under base motions, few studies have dealt with the dynamics of dual-rotor systems, especially the counter-rotating dual-rotor systems used in airplane engines. Moreover, mass unbalance and gravity are unavoidable excitations for most rotor systems. Therefore, the vibration properties of a counter-rotating dual-rotor system with the coupled effects of base motions, mass unbalance and gravity are investigated in this paper for the first time. Using the Lagrange principle associated with the finite element method, a general model for dual-rotor systems under base motions was established by using Timoshenko beam elements, leading to a detailed analysis of the natural properties and harmonic responses of the system. The results revealed that different whirling modes (backward, forward or both) may be mutually excited. This research can be helpful for the design and vibration analysis of dual-rotor systems concerned with base motion.

Prior-guided GAN-based interactive airplane engine damage image augmentation method

Deep learning-based methods have achieved remarkable success in object detection, but this success requires the availability of a large number of training images. Collecting sufficient training images is difficult in detecting damages of airplane engines. Directly augmenting images by rotation, flipping, and random cropping cannot further improve the generalization ability of existing deep models. We propose an interactive augmentation method for airplane engine damage images using a prior-guided GAN to augment training images. Our method can generate many types of damages on arbitrary image regions according to the strokes of users. The proposed model consists of a prior network and a GAN. The Prior network generates a shape prior vector, which is used to encode the information of user strokes. The GAN takes the shape prior vector and random noise vectors to generate candidate damages. Final damages are pasted on the given positions of background images with an improved Poisson fusion. We compare the proposed method with traditional data augmentation methods by training airplane engine damage detectors with state-of-the-art object detectors, namely, Mask R-CNN, SSD, and YOLO v5. Experimental results show that training with images generated by our proposed data augmentation method achieves a better detection performance than that by traditional data augmentation methods.

Design of Aircraft Air Conditioning System Turbomachine with Electric Compressor and Use of Vapor Compression and Water Evaporation Cooling

BACKGROUND: Traditionally, air is taken from engine compressors to address the needs of aviation air conditioning systems (ACSs) because the air in the environment is rarefied, and maintainining a high pressure that is comfortable for passengers is required in the cabins [1–3]. This solution consumes a considerable amount of energy because the air is extracted from compressors at significantly high pressure. Therefore, the ACS works at all flight altitudes.
 The use of ACS without air extraction from airplane engines with an autonomous electric compressor is proposed [5–7]. As a cooling unit, the utilization of a combined scheme using a traditional air cycle with a turbo cooler and a vapor compression refrigeration machine with the possibility of operation in heat pump mode and additional water evaporative cooling is proposed.
 This work aims to calculate and justify the energy efficiency of the proposed scheme of aircraft ACS without air extraction from the marching engines and auxiliary propulsion system using an electric compressor, a steam compression refrigeration machine with heat pump mode, and water vapor cooling. The paper also aims to design and compare the turbo compressor impeller using traditional methods and modern modeling tools to conclude its prospects.
 METHODS: Computational comparative study of traditional and proposed schemes of ACS. Calculation of compressor wheel flow part using traditional methods and CFX modeling.
 RESULTS: A reduction in power consumption of ACS during summer parking on the ground by 10 times and that in cruising flight by 16.6 times is observed when using the proposed scheme. The comparison result of calculations of the turbine unit using the classical method and CFX modeling revealed that the same initial data yielded a slightly different geometry of the impeller. This difference is due to modeling, which considers the reality of the properties of the working gas and internal overflows.
 CONCLUSION: The proposed scheme of ACS has considerable energy efficiency. Thus, conducting a comprehensive comparative analysis with traditional solutions on all indicators is reasonable. Overall, 3D modeling of the turbomachine flow part shows a real illustration of parameter changes. However, using 2D modeling for approximate and preliminary calculations is reasonable because it solves the problem quite accurately.

АНАЛІЗ ОСОБЛИВОСТЕЙ ПРОЕКТУВАННЯ БЕЗПІЛОТНОГО ТРАНСПОРТНОГО ЛІТАКА ЩОДО ПАЛИВНОЇ ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ

The unmanned aircraft systems application is in the initial stage, which is characterized by a significant level of unmanned aircraft development and its elements, and by the lack of the basis of unmanned aircraft application in real technological processes. Resolution of this contradiction requires the solution of diverse problems of conceptual, technical, technological, methodological, organizational and legal – normative character.In general, today the unmanned aircraft systems application in the civil field is practically limited by particular cases of local applications in favor of the solution of current production or economic problems, mainly by the experimental procedure. Therefore, the market growth of the unmanned aircraft systems is expected providing the capability of a number of technical and administrative barriers that restrict the use of unmanned aircraft systems in the national airspace. It should also be noted the increasing prevalence of unmanned systems in general transport.This study was motivated by the globally increasing interest in unmanned cargo drones. It was focused particularly on cargo drones based on existing conventional general aviation airplanes and it should be regarded as a preliminary step towards the complex assessment of unmanned cargo aircraft transport systems. The aim was to estimate the fuel efficiency of such drones and to outline the optimums of some of their key design characteristics. A sample of 26 very light and light aircraft, and motorgliders was examined. The data was taken from open sources. The results outline that for best fuel economy the cargo drone should be a composite structure, piston engine airplane with wing aspect ratio of 10 to 12. Fuel efficiency estimation at distances of 500 to 2500 km shows that such cargo drones would be competitive with large piloted commercial cargo airplanes as well as with the road transport.

Appraising the impact of air transport on the environment: Lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic

The spread of the COVID-19 disease caused by the respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has resulted in unpredicted measures restricting daily flights. Although passenger demand for travel has considerably reduced, the pre-existing impacts of gases generated by aeroplane engines on the environment are still substantial. This paper uses a modelling-based scenario analysis to assess the restriction policies relating to air transport in Argentina, Brazil and Colombia during and after the pandemic and their effects on the environment. The simulation results highlight the need to reduce the negative environmental impact produced by the aviation sector and suggest that policymakers should try to focus on creating ways to reduce the impact made by the aviation industry on the environment, through a coordinated environmental policy between countries, including the three that are the subject of the present case study in order to highlight these issues.

Incidental auditory learning and memory-guided attention: Examining the role of attention at the behavioural and neural level using EEG

The current study addressed the relation between awareness, attention, and memory, by examining whether merely presenting a tone and audio-clip, without deliberately associating one with other, was sufficient to bias attention to a given side. Participants were exposed to 80 different audio-clips (half included a lateralized pure tone) and told to classify audio-clips as natural (e.g., waterfall) or manmade (e.g., airplane engine). A surprise memory test followed, in which participants pressed a button to a lateralized faint tone (target) embedded in each audio-clip. They also indicated if the clip was (i) old/new; (ii) recollected/familiar; and (iii) if the tone was on left/right/not present when they heard the clip at exposure. The results demonstrate good explicit memory for the clip, but not for tone location. Response times were faster for old than for new clips but did not vary according to the target-context associations. Neuro-electric activity revealed an old-new effect at midline-frontal sites and a difference between old clips that were previously associated with the target tone and those that were not. These results are consistent with the attention-dependent learning hypothesis and suggest that associations were formed incidentally at a neural level (silent memory trace or engram), but these associations did not guide attention at a level that influenced behaviour either explicitly or implicitly.