Aerodynamic Performance Characteristics Research Articles

Monitoring the Wake of Low Reynolds Number Airfoils for Their Aerodynamic Loads Assessment

Experimental investigations are carried out to explore the aerodynamic performance and vortex shedding characteristics of S5010 and E214 airfoil-based wings to provide guidance for the design of MAVs and other low-speed vehicles. Force and wake shedding frequency measurements are carried out in a subsonic wind tunnel in the Reynolds number (Re) range of 4 × 104 - 1 × 105. The measurements with increasing Re show that the slope of the lift curve in the linear region increases by 14% for S5010, while this increment is 11% for E214. The peak lift coefficient of both airfoils reduces with reducing Re. For lower pitch angles, the influence of Re on drag coefficients is less significant, but at higher angles, the drag increases as the Re drops. Unlike pre-stall mountings, the pitch-down propensity of the airfoil enhances in the post-stall region for high Re flows. Moreover, the frequency of shed vortices reduces with rising angle of attack at a given Re. In contrast, the Strouhal number almost remains constant with varying Re at a fixed angle of attack. For S5010 and E214 airfoils, the Strouhal number is noticed to vary between 0.68 - 0.36 and 0.58 - 0.36, respectively, for pitch angle variation of 12°- 28°. The airfoils show a higher Strouhal number than the bluff body wakes, but this difference decreases for high angles of attack mountings. This finding reveals that the wake structure of the airfoil at a high post-stall angle behaves as bluff body wakes.

Aerodynamic study of a bifurcated turboprop engine inlet with a propeller for flow at ground suction conditions

An advanced turboprop inlet with a bypass duct plays a crucial role in preventing foreign object damage and ensuring a high-quality airflow to the engine. However, it also introduces an increased flow complexity and design challenge due to the interaction between the propeller and the bifurcated ducts. To address these issues, a combined experimental and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) study was conducted on the aerodynamic performance and flowfield characteristics of a turboprop inlet equipped with a bypass duct considering the propeller interference. A ground suction test bench was utilized for generating the working conditions and the performance was measured by using total pressure rakes and pressure scanners. It is found that the rotational propeller on the one hand does work on and thus increases the total pressure recovery of the inlet, however, on the other hand causes a turning effect on the inlet flowfield structure along the direction of rotation and increases total pressure and swirling flow distortions in the engine duct. Besides, the engine duct and the bypass duct interact with each other. The combined influence of suction effect and the profile induction of the inlet leads to the majority of the shed vortices being drawn into the engine duct. Lastly, the presence of deflectors installed in the engine duct is found to effectively mitigate the secondary flow, thereby reducing the swirl distortion within the engine duct. This study may provide a significant reference to the design and optimization of advanced turboprop inlets with bypass ducts.

Aerodynamic performance characteristics of low Re airfoils: A parametric and multi criteria decision study

This research aims at investigating the aerodynamic performance of 51 low Re airfoils and applying a Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) approach for selecting airfoils that align with the specific requirements of small wind turbines (SWTs). The study was carried out by varying the Re from 5 × 104 to 5 × 105; angle of attack (AOA) from −10° to 20°, thickness to chord ratio (0.1–0.9), camber ratio (0.1–0.9), and camber position (10 %–80 %) to evaluate the impact of these parameters on the airfoils’ performance. Furthermore, MCDM approach was applied to identify suitable airfoils optimized for their average lift to drag ratio, stall angle, operating range of AOA, strength, manufacturability, and material cost. The findings showed that of the teste parameters, the AOA and airfoil profile have the most pronounced effects on the airfoil performance. Among the tested airfoils, the E63 provided superior performance at 105 Re with LDR of 76.32, a 37.7 % improvement over that of NACA 4412 which is commonly used for wind turbine blade design. Furthermore, the MCDM results revealed that SG6043, FX63-137, E216 and E62 airfoils were the top-ranked airfoils suitable for SWTs application. These findings can help to produce optimized airfoil designs for increased performance and efficiency of SWTs.

Measurement of unsteady force on rotor blade surfaces in axial flow compressor

To assess the aerodynamic performance and vibration characteristics of rotor blades during rotation, a study of unsteady blade surface forces is conducted in a low-speed axial flow compressor under a rotating coordinate system. The capture, modulation, and acquisition of unsteady blade surface forces are achieved by using pressure sensors and strain gauges attached to the rotor blades, in conjunction with a wireless telemetry system. Based on the measurement reliability verification, this approach allows for the determination of the static pressure distribution on rotor blade surfaces, enabling the quantitative description of loadability at different spanwise positions along the blade chord. Effects caused by the factors such as Tip Leakage Flow (TLF) and flow separation can be perceived and reflected in the trends of static pressure on the blade surfaces. Simultaneously, the dynamic characteristics of unsteady pressure and stress on the blade surfaces are analyzed. The results indicate that only the pressure signals measured at the mid-chord of the blade tip can distinctly detect the unsteady frequency of TLF due to the oscillation of the low-pressure spot on the pressure surface. Subsequently, with the help of one-dimensional continuous wavelet analysis method, it can be inferred that as the compressor enters stall, the sensors are capable of capturing stall cell frequency under a rotating coordinate system. Furthermore, the stress at the blade root is higher than that at the blade tip, and the frequency band of the vibration can also be measured by the pressure sensors fixed on the casing wall in a stationary frame. While the compressor stalls, the stress at the blade root can be higher, which can provide valuable guidance for monitoring the lifecycle of compressor blades.

Optimization Design of Bionic Leading-edge Protuberances on Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine Blades

Abstract The complex operating environments of horizontal axis wind turbines has made the phenomenon of blade flow separation more obvious. As a passive flow control method, the bionic humpback whale leading-edge protuberances have been shown to effectively enhance the performance of the wind turbine. This study employs a multi-objective genetic algorithm and Computational Fluid Dynamics method to analyse the impact of leading-edge protuberances on the aerodynamic performance and flow characteristics of the blades. The results indicate a significant improvement in blade performance after optimization in the wind turbine’s output power. The streamwise vortices generated by the bionic protuberances not only reduce the suction surface pressure, but also suppress the spanwise flow over the blade surface. The length of the flow separation Region is reduced from 0.410 to 0.368 radius. In the process of wind speed change, the tangential forces on the bionic blade exhibit a wave-like variation. The bionic protuberance alters the pressure coefficient of the position. Compared with the original blade, the pressure coefficient of the trough sections on both sides of the bionic blade protuberance is improved. In this study, the bionic protuberance applied to the leading-edge of horizontal-axis wind turbine blades is proposed for the first time, and holds practical value for guiding practical applications.

Unsteady numerical study on the effects of inlet distortion parameters on the aerodynamic instability of the centrifugal compressor

Total pressure inlet distortion significantly impairs the aerodynamic performance and flow stability of centrifugal compressors. This paper presents a full annulus unsteady numerical simulation to investigate the flow mechanisms under varying inlet distortion parameters. First, the flow characteristics of a uniform inflow is studied as a baseline for comparison with distorted inlet conditions. Results indicate that the interaction between shock waves and tip leakage flow is a primary factor leading to aerodynamic instability. The instability signal in this region is detected through fast Fourier transform and frequency slice wavelet transform (FSWT). Under near stall condition, different distortion parameters are set to research the effects on aerodynamic performance, flow mechanisms, and instability characteristics. The results reveal that distortion intensity has the most significant impact, causing a maximum stall margin loss of 55.43%, followed by distortion angle with a maximum stall margin loss of 43.02%. Total pressure inlet distortion leads to a deterioration in aerodynamic performance, primarily due to premature occurrences of unstable flow phenomena such as leading-edge spillage and trailing-edge backflow. The onset key features triggering aerodynamic instability are identified as leading-edge spillage vortex, tip leakage vortex, and passage vortex. The continuous disintegration of the tip leakage vortex results in low-frequency fluctuating energy exhibiting multipeak characteristics, with pulsation peaks centered around 0.5 BPF, related to the spike stall of the compressor. The high-energy frequency band dissipates over time in the time–frequency spectrum, as shown by FSWT results, indicating the characteristics of instability in the flow.

Effects of coupled platform motions on the aerodynamic performance and wake characteristics of a floating horizontal-axis wind turbine

ABSTRACT The aerodynamics of floating horizontal-axis wind turbines (FHAWTs) are complex due to platform motions in real sea states. The impacts of coupled platform motions on the aerodynamic loads, wake structure, and wake recovery of FHAWTs were investigated through computational fluid dynamics simulations. Results show that the increases in the maximum rotor power of FHAWTs (compared with the fixed-base ones) under sinusoidal pitch-surge motions (3892 kW) were close to the sum of those under pitch (2121 kW) and surge (1622 kW) motions. The wake tilt angles under pitch-surge motions agreed with those under pitch motions, causing similar wake recovery. The increase in wave periods (Tw ) amplified the resonance between waves and platforms under the wind-wave coupling, increasing the maximum rotor power and thrust. Compared with Tw = 16 s, the relative decreases in the averaged wake velocity, which was 7D (where D is the rotor diameter) downwind of the FHAWTs, were 5.93% and 2.64% at Tw = 8 s and 12 s, respectively. Long Tw increased pitch periods, yielding fast wake recovery by enhancing the interaction between blade-tip vortices and hub ones. The output power of a floating wind farm was higher than the fixed-base counterpart due to fast wake recovery.

Experimental investigation of the aerodynamics of a UAV inlet with double 90° bends

Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) inlets commonly have a compact S-shaped inlet structure for the sake of stealth. Most of the current studies on subsonic inlets have focused on S-shaped configurations with relatively gentle transitions of the flow channel. In this study, the aerodynamic performance and swirl flow characteristics of a UAV inlet, which has double 90° bends in the duct and is integrated with an aircraft fuselage and a volute, are studied both experimentally and numerically. The influences of angle of attack, sideslip angle, AIP (Aerodynamic Interface Plane) Mach number, and freestream airspeed are analyzed. A measure of adding two deflectors in front of the first bend and a baffle at the bottom of the volute is proposed to improve the total pressure distortion and swirl distortion characteristics of the inlet. Finally, a practice of shape optimization is performed to further improve the aerodynamic performance and swirl flow characteristics on the basis of the baseline configuration. The results indicate that the maximum and minimum total pressure recovery coefficients of the baseline inlet configuration are 0.982 and 0.969, respectively, as well as the maximum total pressure distortion index of –0.0814 and the maximum swirl distortion index of 32.1 % under normal operating conditions. Through a total of 8 iterations of optimization, the total pressure recovery coefficient is eventually improved by 0.21 % of that of the baseline configuration, as well as the total pressure distortion index, swirl distortion index and maximum swirl angle reduced by 43.6 %, 4.6 % and 11.1 %, respectively.

Research on Aerodynamic Characteristics of Three Offshore Wind Turbines Based on Large Eddy Simulation and Actuator Line Model

Investigating the aerodynamic performance and wake characteristics of wind farms under different levels of wake effects is crucial for optimizing wind farm layouts and improving power generation efficiency. The Large Eddy Simulation (LES)–actuator line model (ALM) method is widely used to predict the power generation efficiency of wind farms composed of multiple turbines. This study employs the LES-ALM method to numerically investigate the aerodynamic performance and wake characteristics of a single NREL 5 MW horizontal-axis wind turbine and three such turbines under different wake interaction conditions. For the single turbine case, the results obtained using the LES-ALM method were compared with the existing literature, showing good agreement and confirming its reliability for single turbine scenarios. For the three-turbine wake field problem, considering the aerodynamic performance differences under three cases, the results indicate that spacing has a minor impact on the power coefficient and thrust coefficient of the middle turbine but a significant impact on the downstream turbine. For staggered three-turbine arrangements, unilateral turbulent inflow to the downstream turbine causes significant fluctuations in thrust and torque, while bilateral turbulent inflow leads to more stable thrust and torque. The presence of two upstream turbines causes an acceleration effect at the inflow region of the downstream single turbine, significantly increasing its power coefficient. The findings of this study can provide methodological references for reducing wake effects and optimizing the layout of wind farms.

Quality by Design in Pulmonary Drug Delivery: A Review on Dry Powder Inhaler Development, Nanotherapy Approaches, and Regulatory Considerations.

Dry powder inhalers (DPIs) are state-of-the-art pulmonary drug delivery systems. This article explores the transformative impact of nanotechnology on DPIs, emphasizing the Quality Target Product Profile (QTPP) with a focus on aerodynamic performance and particle characteristics. It navigates global regulatory frameworks, underscoring the need for safety and efficacy standards. Additionally, it highlights the emerging field of nanoparticulate dry powder inhalers, showcasing their potential to enhance targeted drug delivery in respiratory medicine. This concise overview is a valuable resource for researchers, physicians, and pharmaceutical developers, providing insights into the development and commercialization of advanced inhalation systems.

Aerodynamic performance and flow field characteristics of wind turbines under shear incoming flow conditions

Abstract With the large size of the units, wind farms are evaluated in order to improve the accuracy of the incoming flow measurement and to improve the unit control strategy. In this paper, the turbulent wind field generated by autoregressive linear filtering using a large eddy simulation turbulence model is used to study the wind speed-induced zone under shear incoming flow conditions. At the same time, the wake and aerodynamic performances of the wind turbine under different incoming flow conditions are investigated, and conclusions are obtained. 1) The larger the shear index is, the larger the amplitude is at the first frequency component of the power and the thrust, and the larger the fatigue load is for the wind turbine. 2) For the wind turbine wake flow in the case of smaller wind turbine size, the wake velocity profiles at different shear indices cross and overlap in the transition and far wake regions. At position 0.5 D, the turbulence profiles with different shear indices basically overlap; the larger the shear index is, the more intense the wake flow exchange is and the greater the turbulence intensity in the wake region will be. 3) For the wind speed-induced region, at position −0.1 D, the incoming flow velocity distribution is subject to the combined effect of induction and shear, and the induction effect of the wind turbine wheel is a little larger. The larger the shear index, the greater the turbulence intensity.

Experimental Study of the Aerodynamic Performance and Flow Characteristics of an Integrated UAV Inlet with Double 90° Bends

Many UAVs today have an S-bend inlet for the sake of stealth; however, the majority of them have a relatively gentle transition of the flow channel. This study presents an experimental investigation of the aerodynamic performance and swirl flow characteristics of a UAV inlet with double 90° bends, which is also integrated with an aircraft fuselage as well as a volute. The influences of angle of attack, sideslip angle, AIP Mach number and freestream speed are explored in detail. The influences of the deflectors installed ahead of the first 90° bend of the inlet and the baffle installed at the bottom of the volute are revealed. It is found that both the deflectors and the baffle are beneficial in enhancing the aerodynamic performance of the inlet and alleviating the intensity of the swirl flow inside the volute.

Study on Aerodynamic Performance and Wake Characteristics of a Floating Offshore Wind Turbine in Wind–Wave Coupling Field

Floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs) exhibit complex motion with multiple degrees of freedom due to the interaction of wind and waves. The aerodynamic performance and wake characteristics of these turbines are highly intricate and challenging to accurately capture. In this study, dynamic fluid body interaction (DFBI) and overset grid technology are employed to investigate the dynamic motion of a 5 MW FOWT. We use the volume of fluid (VOF) method and improved delayed detached eddy simulation (IDDES) model to investigate the aerodynamic performance and wake evolution mechanism for various wave periods and heights. According to the findings, the magnitude of the pitch motion increases with the period and height of the waves, leading to a decrease in both the power output and thrust; the maximum power was reduced by nearly 6.8% compared to a wind turbine without motion. The value of power and thrust reduction varies for different wave periods and heights, and is influenced by the relative speed and pitch angle, which play a crucial role. Wind–wave coupling has a significant impact on the evolution of both wake and vortex structures for FOWT. The wake shape downstream is also dynamically influenced by the waves. In the presence of wind and wave coupling, the interaction between the wind turbine and the wake is heightened, leading to the merger of two unstable vortex rings into a single, larger vortex ring. The research unveils a comprehensive picture of the offshore wind energy dynamics and wake field, which holds immense significance for the design of floating wind turbines and the optimization of wind farm layout.

Numerical and experimental investigation for helical savonius rotor performance improvement using novel blade shapes

Wind energy is extensively invested as a renewable and clean energy source. Savonius wind rotor, as an energy converter, has the merit of being appropriate for specific applications. The current paper centers on the performance enhancement of a helical Savonius wind rotor through the blade shape modification. The basic objective is to assess and compare, numerically and experimentally, the performance of two rotors with novel blade shapes named delta bladed and two-stage delta bladed shapes in relation to a helical Savonius rotor. Numerical study was conducted using Ansys Fluent software. 3-D unsteady simulations were carried out through the use of the SST k-ω turbulence model based on the finite volume method solver. Aerodynamic flow and performance characteristics were investigated. Static and dynamic experimental tests were undertaken on a wind tunnel. An improvement in Cp by 22.58 % and 29.5 % for the two-stage delta bladed rotor and 19.35 % and 16.4 % for the delta bladed rotor over the helical Savonius rotor was recorded, respectively, numerically and experimentally. In addition, the self-starting ability as well as the aerodynamic flow characteristics of the helical rotor were enhanced with the novel blade shapes.

Numerical Investigations on the Transient Aerodynamic Performance Characterization of a Multibladed Vertical Axis Wind Turbine

The use of vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs) in urban environments is on the rise due to their relatively smaller size, simpler design, lower manufacturing and maintenance costs, and above all, due to their omnidirectionality. The multibladed drag-based VAWT has been identified as a design configuration with superior aerodynamic performance. Numerous studies have been carried out in order to better understand the complex aerodynamic performance of multibladed VAWTs employing steady-state or quasi-steady numerical methods. The transient aerodynamics associated with a multibladed VAWT, especially the time–history of the power coefficient of each blade, has not been reported in the published literature. This information is important for the identification of individual blade’s orientation when producing negative torque. The current study aims to bridge this gap in the literature through real-time tracking of the rotor blade’s aerodynamic performance characteristics during one complete revolution. Numerical investigations were carried out using advanced computational fluid dynamics (CFD)-based techniques for a tip speed ratio of 0 to 1. The results indicate that transient aerodynamic characterization is 13% more accurate in predicting the power generation from the VAWT. While steady-state performance characterization indicates a negative power coefficient (Cp) at λ = 0.65, transient analysis suggests that this happens at λ = 0.75.

A comprehensive CFD investigation of tip vortex trajectory in shrouded wind turbines using compressible RANS solver

It is well known that a shroud placed around a wind turbine can increase its power coefficient, but it brings complex mechanisms by which the shroud alters the flow passing through the rotor. Such mechanisms impose numerical challenges, as the shrouded turbines present nonlinear behavior in the wake. This paper deals with a comprehensive analysis of tip vortex trajectory in shrouded wind turbines using Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes numerical solutions. The analysis includes aerodynamic performance and vortex characteristics of the whole wind turbine. The Multiple Reference Frame is used on a high-order unstructured compressible solver to study both, isolated and shrouded rotor. The NREL Phase VI Unsteady Aerodynamic Experiment rotor is used as a test case. The accuracy of results for wind speeds between 7 and 25 ms−1 is discussed. Overall, good agreement is achieved between the computed pressure distributions and the experimental reference values. At stalled blade, more efforts are needed to improve numerical solutions, especially for integrated load quantities. The vortex structure is examined, showing that shroud impacts tip vortex trajectory by the increase of the axial induced velocity at the rotor plane. This result, demonstrates that the classical Prandtl tip loss is not accurate for shrouded turbine analysis, and modern finite blade functions are needed. The influence of the flow conditions on the tip vortex trajectory, flow separation and shroud interaction are also discussed.

Numerical study on aerodynamic and noise performance of bionic asymmetric airfoil with surface grooves

Based on the asymmetric NACA4412 baseline airfoil, a bionic airfoil with surface grooves is presented. For the bio-inspired airfoil, non-smooth grooves are placed on the trailing edge of NACA4412 airfoil. To reveal the effects of non-smooth structures of the trailing edge on the aerodynamic and noise performance of airfoil, large eddy simulation and Ffowcs Williams–Hawkings acoustic analogy are adopted to investigate the aerodynamic performance and acoustic characteristics of the baseline NACA4412 airfoil and bionic airfoil at the chord-based Reynolds number, Re = 1.2 ×105. The numerical results show that the aerodynamic performance of the bionic airfoil is better than that of the baseline airfoil when the angle of attack is 14°. For all the sound frequencies studied in this study, the overall sound pressure level of the bionic airfoil is reduced by 2.0 dB at angle of attack is 14°. At the same time, the mechanisms of flow control and noise reduction of non-smooth surface grooves at the trailing edge are also revealed. As a result, the presence of surface grooves near the trailing edge of the airfoil can effectively improve the aerodynamic performance and reduce the aerodynamic noise of the traditional asymmetric airfoil, especially at high angles of attack.

Aerodynamic performance analysis of a floating wind turbine with coupled blade rotation and surge motion

The unsteady aerodynamic characteristics and interference effects of a floating wind turbine are significantly influenced by the six-degree-of-freedom (6DoF) motions. In this paper, the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method using the overset grid technique and the improved delayed detached eddy simulation (IDDES) model was adopted to investigate the effects of harmonic enforced surge motions on the aerodynamic performance and wake characteristics of wind turbines. The aerodynamic load coefficients including the constant term, damping coefficients (surge velocity-induced), and additional mass coefficients (surge acceleration-induced), were fitted by using the least squares method at different surge frequencies and surge amplitudes. The blade pressure distributions and wake characteristics were analysed in detail. The Ω ~ R of the third-generation vortex identification method was applied to visualize vortex evolution. The numerical results are evaluated against the data obtained by wind tunnel experiments, indicating an acceptable relative error of 3.45 % for the power coefficient, C p , at the rated tip speed ratio (TSR). The higher frequency and greater amplitude surge motions lead to more dramatic fluctuations for the power coefficient than the axial load coefficient. The neglect of the additional mass coefficient only results in an acceptable error. Furthermore, the mean damping coefficient is on average approximately 3.5 times the mean constant term coefficient for C p , approximately 1.5 times for C z . In terms of the blade pressure distributions and wake characteristics, a higher comprehensive induced velocity, V c , is induced to expand the wider high-pressure area and shrink the low-pressure area at the pressure surface. Meanwhile, toroidal vortex ropes were induced by surge motion. Besides, the surge motion at high frequency and greater amplitude positively impacts enhancing wake deficit recovery.

Influence of turbulent coherent structures on the performance and wake of a wind turbine

Wind energy in the atmospheric boundary layer serves as the primary source for energy absorption and structural load on wind turbines. However, the impact of turbulent coherent structures on the aerodynamic performance and wake characteristics of wind turbines has not been comprehensively evaluated. In this study, the proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) method is employed to assess the influence of turbulent coherent structures of varying scales on the aerodynamic performance and wake characteristics of wind turbines in the neutral atmospheric boundary layer. The results show that turbulent coherent structures are the main factor that determines the wind velocity fluctuation, aerodynamic performance and wake characteristics of wind turbine in the atmospheric boundary layer. When considering the 13th or lower order POD mode, the wind velocity fluctuation increases with the increase of energy content (more POD modes) of the turbulent coherent structures. When considering the first 19 POD modes, the dynamic loads and power of wind turbine fluctuate with high frequencies, the thrust fluctuates in an amplitude range between 2.4 % and 13.9 % around the mean value, and the power fluctuates from 4.5 % to 28.6 % of the mean value. When considering the first 40 POD modes, the average power generation of the wind turbine increases by 26 % compared to the case with no turbulent structures considered. The study of turbine wake shows that turbulent coherent structures can expand the wind turbine wake approximately to a width of 2.5D and a height of 3D (D is the diameter of the wind turbine), offset the wake approximately to 2D, and move forward the position of the wake vortex beginning to dissipation approximately to 7D behind the wind turbine. In addition, turbulent coherent structures can accelerate the wake velocity recovery by increasing the momentum exchange between the atmospheric boundary layer and wind turbine wake.

Multiobjective Optimization Study On the Aerodynamic Performance and Anti-Erosion Characteristics of a Single-Stage Dusty Flue Gas Turbine

Abstract Solid particle erosion of dusty energy recovery turbine blades has a great impact on the operating economics and safety of the unit. To mitigate the erosion of blade and improve the aerodynamic performance of the turbine, a multiobjective optimization method for turbine cascade based on the experimental design method, genetic algorithm and CFD multiphase flow simulation was developed. The optimization results show that the number of stator and rotor blades and the trailing edge angle at 50% blade span are the main parameters affecting the efficiency and blade erosion of the dusty turbine. By reducing the number of stator blades and the circumferential bending angle of the stator trailing edge, the impingement velocity and impingement probability of particles impinging on the stator trailing edge decrease by 7.5%~16.8% and 8.9%~46.2%, respectively. Additionally, compared with the original design, the flow separation loss and secondary flow intensity of the rotor cascade are suppressed by adjusting the load distribution and inlet attack angle of the rotor; thus, the turbine efficiency effectively improves by 2.28%. Meanwhile, the optimized blade reduces the particle impingement velocity and probability on the rotor leading edge, and the erosion condition of the rotor leading edge decreases by 70%.