Aerobic Training Protocol Research Articles

Standard Deviation of Individual Response for VO2max Following Exercise Interventions: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Although numerous attempts to demonstrate inter-individual differences in trainability across various outcomes have been unsuccessful, the investigation of maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) trainability warrants further study. Our objective was to conduct the first systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate inter-individual differences in VO2max trainability across aerobic exercise training protocols utilizing non-exercising comparator groups. We conducted a literature search across three databases: EMBASE, PubMed and SCOPUS. The search strategy incorporated two main concepts: aerobic exercise training and VO2max. Studies were included if they used human participants, employed standardized and supervised exercise training, reported absolute or relative VO2max, included a non-exercise comparator group, reported VO2max change scores for non-exercise and exercise groups and provided the standard deviation (SD) of change for all groups. We calculated the SD of individual response (SDIR) to estimate the presence of inter-individual differences in trainability across all studies. The literature search generated 32,968 studies, 24 of which were included in the final analysis. Our findings indicated that (1) the majority of variation in observed change scores following an intervention is due to measurement error, (2) calculating SDIR within a single study would not yield sufficient accuracy of SDIR due to generally small sample sizes and (3) meta-analysis of across studies does not provide strong evidence for a positive value. Overall, our meta-analysis demonstrated that there is not strong evidence supporting the existence of VO2max trainability across single interventions. As such, it appears unlikely that clinically relevant predictors of VO2max response will be discovered. Registration can be found online ( https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/X9VU3 ).

Cardiac autonomic modulation and exercise capacity in older adults with intellectual disability: A 6-month randomised control trial.

Despite reported physical and functional improvements with aerobic and sprint interval training (SIT) protocols in individuals with intellectual disability (ID), it is not known if these interventions' effectivity would promote improvements in cardiac autonomic modulation. This study aimed to investigate if a 6-month SIT or a continuous aerobic programme could enhance physical performance and cardiac autonomic modulation at rest, during physical activity (PA) and after it in older adults with an ID. This is a randomised control trial. Participants with ID (age: 50.58±7.25) were allocated to one of three groups [multicomponent aerobic training group (MATG), multicomponent interval sprint training group (MISTG) and control group (CG)]. The programmes lasted 24weeks, with three sessions/week, 75-90min per session. The HRV was analysed at rest and recovery, the delta of heart rate (HR) was analysed during 6MWT, and the HR t-off kinetics was analysed in recovery after 6MWT. There were not found differences between groups, moments, or interaction for cardiac autonomic modulation at rest and recovery. During exercise, only MSITG showed a significant increase of HR between rest and the first 30s of exercise (P<0.05). Physical performance increased only in MSITG (P<0.05), while CG showed a significant reduction (P<0.01). The MSITG improved the physical performance and the vagal withdrawal at the beginning of the submaximal exercise. These findings suggest that high-intensity exercise may positively impact baroreflex function, mitigating the decline in autonomic reflex response capacity associated with aging in individuals with ID.

The effects of biological and chemical silver nanoparticles along with aerobic and anaerobic training protocols on tissues: Morphological and histopathological evaluation.

Nanotechnology and its byproducts are used increasingly considering its global nanotechnology market size and many applications in the health field. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of aerobic and anaerobic exercises on cellular uptake of nanoparticles in body tissues. Fusarium oxysporum was used to synthesize biological AgNPs in silver nitrate solution and UV-vis spectrophotometer; XRD and TEM were used to confirm production of nanoparticles. Moreover, 45 male Wistar rats were purchased and randomly divided into 9 equal groups including healthy control groups, aerobic preparation, anaerobic preparation, biological AgNPs, chemical AgNPs, biological AgNPs+aerobic preparation, biological AgNPs+anaerobic preparation, chemical AgNPs+ aerobic preparation, chemical AgNPs+anaerobic preparation. In order to induce aerobic and anaerobic preparation and to create tissue adaptations, male rats completed two types of aerobic and anaerobic protocols three sessions per week for 10 weeks. At the end of the study, sampling was done for histopathology study. The size and shape of AgNPs was 20-30 nm and spherical to polygonal, respectively. The results showed that anaerobic exercise was significantly effective in weight loss. The chemical nanoparticle group led to more intensive tissue degradation in all variables and there were no significant tissue changes in the aerobic, anaerobic, the biological nanoparticles + aerobic and anaerobic groups. It seems that biological AgNPs are more effective than chemical AgNPs on body tissues and chemical AgNPs lead to more tissue damage in most variables. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: There were severe degradative histological effects in the chemical AgNPs groups compare biological AgNPs groups, in terms of most variables.

Physiological Responses and Performance during an Integrated High-Intensity Interval Aerobic and Power Training Protocol.

This study compared the acute physiological responses and performance changes during an integrated high-intensity interval aerobic and power protocol. Sixteen moderately trained athletes (age: 20.1 ± 2.2 years, body height: 180.0 ± 6.5 cm, body mass: 75.7 ± 6.4 kg, VO2max: 55.8 ± 4.3 mL/kg/min) performed a 2 × 6 min interval training protocol with 2 min passive recovery between sets on two different occasions in random and counterbalanced order. Each 6 min set included repeated periods of 15 s exercise interspersed with 15 s passive rest. On one occasion (RUN), all exercise periods included running at 100% of maximal aerobic speed, while on the other occasion an integrated protocol was used (INT) in which each of the two 6 min sets included 4 × 1.5 min periods of running exercise at 100% of maximal aerobic speed in combination with jumping (i.e., 2 × 15 running with 15 s rest and 1 × 15 s drop jumping with 15 s rest). Time spent above 85% HRmax was two-fold higher in INT compared to RUN (8.5 ± 3.6 vs. 4.3 ± 3.9 min, respectively, p = 0.0014). Interestingly, heart rate increased above 95% HRmax only in INT and almost no time was spent above 95% HRmax in RUN (1.4 ± 1.9 vs. 0.1 ± 0.2 min, respectively, p = 0.008). Blood lactate concentration at the end of the second set of INT was higher than RUN (7.3 ± 3.2 vs. 4.6 ± 2.7 mmol/L, p = 0.002). Countermovement jump was higher in INT after the end of second set by 6.4% (p = 0.04), 6.7% (p = 0.04), 7.8% (p < 0.01) and 7.3% (p < 0.001), at 2, 6 and 8 min after set 2. In conclusion, the comparison between INT and RUN shows that INT not only elicits higher physiological and metabolic responses, but also acutely enhances neuromuscular performance for at least 8 min after the end of exercise. The integrated running/jumping high-intensity interval exercise approach could be a very useful and time efficient method for strength and conditioning coaches, especially in team sports, in which the time available for the improvement of physical parameters is limited.

Investigation of the involvement of platelet-activating factor in the control of hypertension by aerobic training. A randomized controlled trial.

Although studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of exercise in controlling systemic arterial hypertension (SAH), the mechanisms involved in this effect are still poorly understood. Thus, this study investigated the impact of aerobic training on the relationship between platelet-activating factor (PAF) circulating levels and blood pressure in hypertensives. Seventy-seven hypertensive subjects were enrolled in this randomized controlled trial (age 66.51 ± 7.53 years, body mass 76.17 ± 14.19 kg). Participants were randomized to two groups: the intervention group (IG, n = 36), composed of hypertensive individuals submitted to an aerobic training protocol, and the control group (CG, n = 41), composed of non-exercised hypertensives. Body mass index, arterial blood pressure, quality of life, respiratory muscle strength, and functional capacity were assessed before and after 12 weeks. PAF and plasma cytokine levels were also evaluated respectively by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Aerobic training promoted a significant reduction in blood pressure while functional capacity, expiratory muscle strength, and quality of life, PAFC16:0 and PAFC18:1 plasma levels were increased in comparison to the CG (p < 0.05). In addition, multiple correlation analysis indicated a positive correlation [F (3.19) = 6.322; p = 0.001; R2adjusted = 0.499] between PAFC16:0 levels and expiratory muscle strength after aerobic training. Taken together, our findings indicate that PAF may be involved in the indirect mechanisms that control SAH, being mainly associated with increased respiratory muscle strength in hypertensive subjects undergoing aerobic training.

Effect of Aerobic Training on Immune and Hormonal Responses to 30 Hours of Sleep Deprivation in Young Women

Background: Sleep deprivation might suppress the immune system by stimulating stress hormones and increasing susceptibility to infection. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of 8 weeks of aerobic training on immune and hormonal responses to 30 hours of sleep deprivation in young women. Methods: In this semi-experimental study, 21 young women aged 20 - 40 years were divided into control (n = 10) and aerobic training (n = 11) groups. The study was conducted in three separate stages. In the first stage, after 30 hours of sleep deprivation, blood sampling was performed. After 2 days, the subjects in the training group followed an aerobic training protocol consisting of 30 - 50 minutes of continuous running 3 days a week for 8 weeks with an intensity of 50 - 65% of the heart rate reserve (HRR). At least 48 hours after the last training session, the subjects in both control and training groups were deprived of sleep for 30 hours, and the blood samples were taken again. Leukocyte counts, serum immunoglobulin A (IgA), immunoglobulin G (IgG), and cortisol concentrations were measured. Results: The results showed that in the aerobic training group, the leukocytes count (P = 0.0001), serum IgA (P = 0.0001), and cortisol (P = 0.023) concentrations decreased significantly, compared to the control group (P &lt; 0.05). However, serum IgG concentrations did not change significantly in both aerobic and control training groups during the intervention period (P = 0.084). Conclusions: According to the results of this study, it can be said that moderate-intensity aerobic training attenuated the disruption of immune and hormonal responses to 30 hours of sleep deprivation in young women.

Cardiopulmonary exercise testing in cardiac rehabilitation: From the reporting form to structured exercise prescription. A proposal from the Italian alliance for cardiovascular rehabilitation and prevention (Itacare-P)

The cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) is the gold standard for the diagnostic evaluation of exercise intolerance, as for individualized prescription of structured physical training. Exercise is a core component of cardiovascular prevention and rehabilitation activites, but unfortunately the limited availability of CPET-derived informations often leads to unpowered program's prescription in real life. The Italian Alliance for Cardiovascular Rehabilitation and Prevention (ITACARE-P) has developed a CPET reporting form specifically oriented to exercise prescription, in order to facilitate interventions on lifestyle and during phase II/phase III cardiac rehabilitation programmes. The ITACARE-P CPET reporting form includes a limited number of key variables for clinical practice and individual domains of exercise intensity, suitable both for threshold-based and range-based aerobic training protocols. The adoption of the ITACARE-P CPET reporting form could improve non-pharmacological intervention in preventive cardioloy and facilitate collaborative research on physical training within the network of cardiac rehabilitation facilities.

Knee Loading With Blood Flow Restriction Can Enhance Recovery After Total Knee Arthroplasty.

Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is one of the most performed operations in the world, especially in the elderly. Aging has a significant effect on joint cartilage, muscle strength, and muscle mass. Following a TKA, despite the significant reduction of symptoms and the improvement in mobility, muscle strengthand muscle mass recovery remains a significant challenge. Restrictions that arise from the surgical procedure include joint loading, functional activities, and range of motion, along with limitations related to the age of the individual and their previous loading history, these are the significant restrictions, at least in the early stages of rehabilitation. Evidence indicates that blood flow restriction (BFR) training has significant potential to enhance recovery via implementation of low-load or low-intensity exercise. While respecting the indications and contraindications related to BFR application, the optimization of metabolic stress seems to offer a bridging therapy to heavy load while reducing pain and inflammation. Thus, the combination of BFR and low loads may improve muscular recovery (strength and mass), and aerobic training protocols appear to show significant enhancement of multiple cardiopulmonary parameters. Mounting evidence, direct and indirect, indicate that BFR training may have the potential to benefit the pre-operative and post-operative TKA rehabilitation phases and enhance functional recoveryand physical abilities in the elderly.

Trained hypertensive rats exhibit decreased transcellular vesicle trafficking, increased tight junctions' density, restored blood-brain barrier permeability and normalized autonomic control of the circulation.

Introduction: Chronic hypertension is accompanied by either blood-brain barrier (BBB) leakage and autonomic dysfunction. There is no consensus on the mechanism determining increased BBB permeability within autonomic areas. While some reports suggested tight junction's breakdown, others indicated the involvement of transcytosis rather than paracellular transport changes. Interestingly, exercise training was able to restore both BBB permeability and autonomic control of the circulation. We sought now to clarify the mechanism(s) governing hypertension- and exercise-induced BBB permeability. Methods: Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive controls submitted to 4-week aerobic training (T) or sedentary protocol (S) were chronically cannulated for baseline hemodynamic and autonomic recordings and evaluation of BBB permeability. Brains were harvested for measurement of BBB function (FITC-10kDa leakage), ultrastructural analysis of BBB constituents (transmission electron microscopy) and caveolin-1 expression (immunofluorescence). Results: In SHR-S the increased pressure, augmented sympathetic vasomotor activity, higher sympathetic and lower parasympathetic modulation of the heart and the reduced baroreflex sensitivity were accompanied by robust FITC-10kDa leakage, large increase in transcytotic vesicles number/capillary, but no change in tight junctions' density within the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, the nucleus of the solitary tract and the rostral ventrolateral medulla. SHR-T exhibited restored BBB permeability and normalized vesicles counting/capillary simultaneously with a normal autonomic modulation of heart and vessels, resting bradycardia and partial pressure reduction. Caveolin-1 expression ratified the counting of transcellular, not other cytoplasmatic vesicles. Additionally, T caused in both groups significant increases in tight junctions' extension/capillary border. Discussion: Data indicate that transcytosis, not the paracellular transport, is the primary mechanism underlying both hypertension- and exercise-induced BBB permeability changes within autonomic areas. The reduced BBB permeability contributes to normalize the autonomic control of the circulation, which suppresses pressure variability and reduces the occurrence of end-organ damage in the trained SHR. Data also disclose that hypertension does not change but exercise training strengthens the resistance of the paracellular pathway in both strains.

Exercise training restores weight gain and attenuates hepatic inflammation in a rat model of non-celiac gluten sensitivity.

Gluten intolerance is associated with several disorders in the body. Although research has grown in recent years, the understanding of its impact on different tissues and the effects of physical exercise in mitigating health problems in the condition of gluten intolerance are still limited. Therefore, our objective was to test whether gliadin would affect metabolism and inflammation in liver tissue and whether aerobic physical exercise would mitigate the negative impacts of gliadin administration in rodents. Wistar rats were divided into exercised gliadin, gliadin, and control groups. Gliadin was administered by gavage from birth to 60 days of age. The rats in the exercised gliadin group performed an aerobic running exercise training protocol for 15 days. At the end of the experiments, physiological, histological, and molecular analyzes were performed in the study. Compared to the control group, the gliadin group had impaired weight gain and increased gluconeogenesis, lipogenesis, and inflammatory biomarkers in the liver. On the other hand, compared to the gliadin group, animals in the exercise-gliadin group had a recovery in body weight, improved insulin sensitivity, and a reduction in some gluconeogenesis, lipogenesis, and inflammatory biomarkers in the liver. In conclusion, our results revealed that the administration of gliadin from birth impaired weight gain and induced an increase in hepatic inflammatory cytokines, which was associated with an impairment of glycemic homeostasis in the liver, all of which were attenuated by adding aerobic exercise training in the gliadin group.

EXERCÍCIOS FÍSICOS NA REABILITAÇÃO DE LESÕES ESPORTIVAS EM IDOSOS

ABSTRACT Introduction: According to the background of the healthy aging population and national fitness care, rapid development has begun in national sports in China. This development is the result of current research on the current scenario. Objective: Study the effects of exercise on the rehabilitation of middle-aged and elderly people with sports injuries. Methods: Twenty individuals were recruited for the experiment; the experimental group received the rehabilitation exercise protocol three times a week for four weeks, while the control group maintained the original lifestyle with no exercise or vigorous exercise. Results: It was found that there was no significant difference in height, weight, and body fat percentage after the aerobic exercise intervention training protocol (P&gt;0.05), but there was a significant difference in BMI between the experimental group and the control group after the intervention training period (P&lt;0.05). The VAS score of the experimental group before and after training decreased from 5.49 to 0.90, showing a significant effect, indicating a significant difference between the experimental group before and after training (P&lt;0.05). Conclusion: The research shows that exercise positively affects the prevention and rehabilitation of sports injuries. The results obtained can help groups in national fitness. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

Role of structured exercise programs in polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review

Background Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine disorder affecting up to 10% of women of reproductive age. Several pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions are used to manage symptoms in women with PCOS. Objective The objective of this review was to identify and discuss evidence pertaining specifically to the benefits of structured exercise programs on clinical features and biomarkers relevant to PCOS. Methods Potential studies published between 2000 and 2019 were identified by systematically searching PubMed, Cochrane Library, and CINAHL by using key concepts of PCOS. The PEDro scale was used to evaluate studies’ strength of evidence. Result Thirteen manuscripts of moderate to strong quality were identified. All studies involved structured exercise regimes lasting from 8 weeks to 24 weeks duration with variable frequency (2–5 sessions per week) and duration (25–60 min). Most of the studies reported improvements in menstrual cyclicity, Ferriman-Gallwey scores, testosterone, DHEA-S, sex hormone binding globulin levels and free androgen index scores. Conclusion Structured well-defined aerobic and resistance training protocols, independently or in combination with diet control, that lasted for at least 12 weeks led to improvements in a number of clinical parameters and biomarkers related to PCOS.

Postexercise Arterial Compliance and Hemodynamic Responses to Various Durations and Intensities of Aerobic Exercise.

Karabulut, M, Bitting, M, and Bejar, J. Postexercise arterial compliance and hemodynamic responses to various durations and intensities of aerobic exercise. J Strength Cond Res 37(3): 589-596, 2023-The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of various aerobic training protocols using different intensities and durations on arterial compliance and hemodynamic responses. Seventeen male subjects (age = 23.1 ± 2.8 years) performed a maximal oxygen consumption (V̇ o2 max) test, followed by 3 randomly assigned exercise test sessions, each on a separate day. At the beginning of each test session, pre-exercise baseline assessments of arterial elasticity, hemodynamic variables, and pulse wave velocity (PWV) were performed after a 10-minute rest. After baseline measurements, participants performed either a bout of aerobic exercise on a treadmill for 60 minutes at 65% of V̇ o2 max (60min); 20 minutes at 40% of V̇ o2 max (20min); or for 20 minutes at 40% of V̇ o2 max with blood flow restriction (BFR; 20min-BFR). All baseline measurements were repeated at the completion of each testing session. Significance for this study was set at p ≤ 0.05. The 60min session resulted in significant increases in small artery elasticity (SAE) compared with the 20min-BFR session ( p < 0.03) and decreases in both systemic vascular resistance (SVR) and total vascular impedance (TVI) compared with both 20min sessions ( p < 0.01). The carotid to radial PWV was significantly lower after both the 60min and the 20min-BFR sessions compared with the 20min session ( p < 0.02). The findings indicate that the duration and the intensity of exercise are important factors for improving SAE, SVR, and TVI. In addition, 20min-BFR at 40% V̇ o2 max may result in site-specific modifications in PWV that is comparable with those seen after 60 minutes of exercise at 65% V̇ o2 max.

The effect of a 10-week aerobic exercise on cardiac function among overweight female breast cancer survivors; a randomized clinical trial

Introduction: Breast cancer is the most common and deadliest cancer among women. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 10-week aerobic exercise on cardiac function among overweight female breast cancer survivors. Patients and Methods: This triple-blinded randomized clinical trial was carried out among 25 overweight female breast cancer survivors (age range; 30-55 years). The aerobic exercise training protocol was performed for 10 weeks with an intensity of 40 to 75% of maximal heart rate. Anthropometric parameters and body composition of patients were measured (pre-test/post-test design). Echocardiography was used to determine the ejection fraction and pulmonary artery pressure of the patients too. Results: There was no significant difference between anthropometric parameters and body composition of patients in the control and exercise groups. Additionally, there was a significant difference in the ejection fraction (P=0.001), PAP (P = 0.025) and VO2max between patients of control and exercise groups (P=0.001). Conclusion: A 10-week aerobic exercise leads to an increase in the levels of VO2max, ejection fraction and pulmonary arterial pressure. Trial Registration: Registration of trial protocol has been approved by Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (identifier: IRCT20190218042745N1, https://www.irct.ir/trial/37684, ethical code; IR.MUI.REC.1396.2.082).

DOES CARDIOMETABOLIC RESPONSE DIFFERS AT SELF-SELECTED AND PRESCRIBED INTENSITIES IN AEROBIC EXERCISES IN ADULTS?

Self-selection aerobic training loads seems to be helpful to the exercise enjoyment taking into account the practitioner decision on intensity level. It is recognized to increase pleasure and fun during exercise performance. Self-selection training load and personal relationships during exercise practice in small group help to maintain regular physical active behavior. PURPOSE: Compare the effect of different aerobic training protocols on heart rate, affective response, affectivity and intention to repeat the training session in both sex adults. PROCEDURES: 11 both sex adults, physically active (x = 56.3 + 10.2 years old and BMI = 29.2 + 2.4 kg/m2) participated in randomized crossover experiment design. Four aerobic training protocols on a treadmill were considered: 1) individual, self-selected intensity-AI; 2) individual with prescribed intensity (IP) (64-76% HRmax); 3) small group with self-selected intensity (SGI); 4) small group with prescribed intensity (SGP) (64-76% HRmax). Each protocol length was 30 minutes’ duration with 72 hours’ interval between sessions. Heart rate (HR), affective response (FS), entertainment (PACES) and intention to repeat the session (INTEN) were analyzed comparing all protocols. Single factor ANOVA (FC, FS and PACES) and paired t test (INTEN) with significance (p < .05) were performed to compare the results. RESULTS: HR analyzed has higher scores in AI, but without significant difference between the protocols (p > .05). FS shows less decline in AI (p < .05), higher PACES scores in AI (p > .05), as well as higher INTEN scores in AI (p < .05). We suggest that higher FS scores increase INTEN for repeating the exercise session.CONCLUSION: Aerobic training in self-selected intensity method was more enjoyable than other protocols (AI), what should be considered to increase affective, fun and intention to repeat the exercise session. Self-selected intensities can positively lead to adherence to the exercise program

Effects of moderate-continuous and high-intensity interval aerobic training on cardiac function of spontaneously hypertensive rats.

The aim of this study was to verify the effects of moderate-intensity continuous (MICT) and high-intensity interval (HIIT) aerobic training on cardiac morphology and function and the mechanical properties of single cardiomyocytes in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) in the compensated phase of hypertension. Sixteen-week-old male SHR and normotensive Wistar (WIS) rats were allocated to six groups of six animals each: SHR CONT or WIS CONT (control); SHR MICT or WIS MICT (underwent MICT, 30 min/day, five days per week for eight weeks); and SHR HIIT or WIS HIIT (underwent HIIT, 30 min/day, five days per week for eight weeks). Total exercise time until fatigue and maximum running speed were determined using a maximal running test before and after the experimental period. Systolic (SAP), diastolic (DAP), and mean (MAP) blood pressures were measured using tail plethysmography before and after the experimental period. Echocardiographic evaluations were performed at the end of the experimental period. The rats were euthanized after in vivo assessments, and left ventricular myocytes were isolated to evaluate global intracellular Ca2+ transient ([Ca2+]i) and contractile function. Cellular measurements were performed at basal temperature (~37°C) at 3, 5, and 7 Hz. The results showed that both training programs increased total exercise time until fatigue and, consequently, maximum running speed. In hypertensive rats, MICT decreased SAP, DAP, MAP, interventricular septal thickness during systole and diastole, and the contraction amplitude at 5 Hz. HIIT increased heart weight and left ventricular wall thickness during systole and diastole and reduced SAP, MAP, and the time to peak [Ca2+]i at all pacing frequencies. In conclusion, both aerobic training protocols promoted beneficial adaptations to cardiac morphology, function, and mechanical properties of single cardiomyocytes in SHR.

Chronic rapamycin treatment decreases hepatic IL-6 protein, but increases autophagy markers as a protective effect against the overtraining-induced tissue damage.

Regular endurance exercise is a non-pharmacological strategy to protect the liver against diseases. Conversely, exercise may be harmful when excessive, the so-called overtraining. As expected, mice who underwent an overtraining protocol presented higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines in the serum and liver. Based on the relationship among overtraining, inflammation and mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) upregulation, the present study verified if animals submitted to an overtraining protocol, but with inhibition of the mTOR pathway via rapamycin injections could mitigate the liver and serum inflammation. Once autophagy can be linked to the improvement of hepatic dysfunction, we also investigated if the inhibition of mTORC1 by rapamycin can improve hepatic autophagy. The animals were randomized into four groups: control (CT; sedentary mice), overtraining by downhill running (OT; mice submitted to the downhill running-based overtraining protocol), overtraining by downhill running with chronic administration of rapamycin (OT/Rapa; mice submitted to the downhill running-based overtraining protocol with intraperitoneal injections of rapamycin) and aerobic (AER; submitted to aerobic training protocol). The serum and liver of the animals were used for biochemical analysis, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and immunoblotting. The main results are (a) OT and OT/Rapa protocols decreased the performance; (b) the protein levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6) were higher for the OT group; the OT/Rapa group reduced the autophagic genes, increased the microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 II/I (LC3II/LC3I) protein ratio and decreased the sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1) protein. In conclusion, rapamycin appears efficiently to increase the autophagy proteins and decrease IL-6 protein in the liver of overtraining mice.

Inter-individual variations in response to aerobic and resistance training in hypertensive older adults.

Hemodynamic responses to physical training are not homogenous and uniform, and considerable inter-individual variations in the blood pressure of hypertensive individuals are noted in both aerobic and resistance training protocols. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of resistance and aerobic exercise on the blood pressure responses of hypertensive older adults. Groups were randomly divided into resistance training, n = 20; aerobic training, n = 20; control group, n = 21). After the first intervention period (12 weeks), individuals underwent a washout period (six detraining weeks), followed by a second intervention. This process is called the 'cross-over' model, where individuals who performed the aerobic exercise protocol also performed resistance training and vice-versa, constituting another 12 weeks of intervention. Blood pressure, functional performance, glycated hemoglobin and lipid profiles were evaluated preintervention and postintervention. Varying responses to resistance training or aerobic training stimuli were observed in the hypertensive older adult participants. Both resistance training (pre 133.2 ± 14.1; post 122.4 ± 7.3; P < 0.05) and aerobic training (pre 134.2 ± 14.4; post 123 ± 9.4; P < 0.0.5) were effective in decreasing SBP, but only aerobic training (pre 9955.3 ± 1769.4; post 8800.9 ± 1316.1; P < 0.05) resulted in a decreased double product, and only the resistance training group improved functional performance. Responses to resistance training or aerobic training stimuli varied noticeably between hypertensive older adults and both resistance training and aerobic training were effective in reducing SBP. This knowledge may be useful in providing individually tailored exercise prescriptions for hypertensive older adults.

Effects of different physical training protocols on inflammatory markers in Zymosan-induced rheumatoid arthritis in Wistar rats.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation and involvement of the synovial membrane, causing joint damage and deformities. No effective drug treatment is available, and physical exercise has been utilized to alleviate the inflammatory processes. This study aimed to investigate the effects of different exercise training protocols on Zymosan-induced RA inflammatory markers in the right knee of Wistar rats. The rodents were subjected to aerobic, resisted, and combined physical training protocols with variations in the total training volume (50% or 100% of resistance and aerobic training volume) for 8 weeks. All physical training protocols reduced cachexia and systemic inflammatory processes. The histological results showed an increase in the inflammatory influx to the synovial tissue of the right knee in all physical training protocols. The rats that underwent combined physical training with reduced volume had a lower inflammatory influx compared to the other experimental groups. A reduction in the mRNA expression of inflammatory genes and an increase in anti-inflammatory gene expression were also observed. The physical training protocol associated with volume reduction attenuated systemic and synovial inflammation of the right knee, reducing the impact of Zymosan-induced RA in rats.

POS-447 BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF AEROBIC TRAINING ON THE NUCLEUS PULPOSUS OF THE INTERVERTEBRAL DISC OF DIABETIC RATS: ATTENUATION OF OXIDATIVE STRESS AND RENAL DYSFUNCTION

Cells of the nucleus pulposus (NP) of the intervertebral disc (IVD) produce inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α and IL-6, inducing oxidative stress, which leads to degenerative processes and pain. Degeneration of the IVD has been associated with chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus (DM). Hyperglycemia and glycated molecules trigger inflammation, increasing the pro-inflammatory cytokines levels, oxidative stress and renal dysfunction. To mitigate this scenario, aerobic training (AT) protocols have shown effective results in the treatment of both DM and IVD degeneration.