Aerobic Structure Research Articles

Effects of Physical Exercise on Metabolic Diseases

Physical activity and diabetes have been linked, as it plays an important role in preventing the progression of peripheral neuropathy, and their impact is primarily on the development of muscle strength and the ability to replace the function of nerve fibers with impaired disabilities. It seems that any form of exercise added to a balanced lifestyle significantly improves the quality of the subject with diabetes (type 2 diabetes). The small differences between aerobic and endurance training as a benefit for type 2 diabetes do not promote a certain form of exercise. In conclusion, the effects of regular exercise are recognized as an effective way to improve the condition of the disease. The basis of exercise therapy is simply the ability of skeletal muscle contractile activity to increase insulin sensitivity and promote blood glucose absorption and stabilization. Thus, regular participation in aerobic structure, endurance, or competing exercise had generally favorable effects on glycemic control, body composition, endothelial function, physical work capacity, and self-reported well-being.

Integrated aerobic granular sludge and membrane process for enabling municipal wastewater treatment and reuse water production

Aerobic granular sludge (AGS), as an aggregate of numerous self-immobilized functional microorganisms, has been recognized as an increasingly viable option for wastewater treatment and reuse water production. This study aimed at evaluating the application of AGS reactor as primary, ultrafiltration (UF) as secondary and nanofiltration (NF) as tertiary treatment for the treatment of municipal wastewater, focusing on determining the membrane fouling mechanism and reuse water production. AGS reactor, UF and NF exhibit high removal efficiency for COD (51.33%, 90.48% and 99.26%) and nutrients (53.63%, 94.84% and 98.06% total nitrogen, and 49.8%, 97.07% and 98.73% phosphorus), indicating that the integrated aerobic granular sludge and UF/NF process could provide high pollution removal and quality reuse water. As for filtration behavior of UF and NF, shear stress produced by agitation speed could significantly improve flux, due to the dispersion of pollutants. Besides, for AGS, improved simultaneous nitrification and denitrification by the internal anaerobic, anoxic, and aerobic structure and the richer biological community increased foulant removal, while the larger pore size and mature structure also reduced foulant deposition. Moreover, shear stress also diminished the total fouling resistance, reversible fouling and irreversible fouling, as well membrane cleaning efficiency was promoted, by controlling AGS deposition on membrane. In addition, the fouling mechanism of conventional floc sludge and that of AGS were deeply analyzed and respectively compared, from three aspects, namely, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and Atomic Force Microscope (AFM). Overall, the results demonstrated an alternative option for water treatment and reuse water production in an integrated AGS and membrane process.

Anaerobic purification and crystallization to improve the crystal quality: ferredoxin II from Desulfovibrio gigas

Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB), which are strict anaerobes, contain an electron-transfer chain from pyridine nucleotides to molecular oxygen. This unique enzymatic equipment allows the bacterium to produce ATP when exposed to air from the degradation of internal reserves of polyglucose. Ferredoxin II (Fd II) is a small electron-transfer protein isolated from the strict anaerobic sulfate-reducing bacterium Desulfovibrio gigas. The protein contains 58 amino acids and an iron-sulfur cluster. The cluster [3Fe-4S] spontaneously undergoes conversion to [4Fe-4S] when it is used as an electron mediator in the phosphoroclastic reaction. The iron-sulfur geometries and interconversion mechanism appear to have physiological significance between the oxidized and reduced states. Crystallization of Fd II in an anaerobic environment was achieved at a higher resolution of 1.37 A and the differences between the anaerobic and aerobic structures will reveal the unique iron-storage function and electron-transfer mechanism of ferredoxin II from D. gigas.